MICROBIOLOGY COURSE 3rd PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION

3RD YEAR.

• General guide lines and course for the examination.

• Study objectives.• Basic guidelines. Prof. Abbas Hayat

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY• Cell structure

– Optical methods.• 1. Light Microscope, Electron Microscope,

Dark field illumination, Phase contrast.– Eukaryote and Prokaryote Cell structure.– Staining Methods. Grams stain Zeihl –Nelson,

special stains– Differences between Gram positive & Gram

negative cell wall.– Protoplasts, Spheroplasts and L forms.– Capsule, Flagella, Pili ( Fimbriaea). Endospores.– Morphologic changes during growth.

• Microbial genetics.– Mutation, Intracellular Transfer & Genetic

recombination, transformation. Transduction by bacteriophage. Plasmid mediated conjugation.

•Cultivation of Microorganisms.Culture Medias, culturing techniques, Differential Medias, Selective Medias, Enriched Medias, Co2 incubation, anaerobic methods.

• Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.– Mechanism of action and clinically used Anti

microbial drugs.– Resistance to anti microbial agents.– Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing– Sterilization & Disinfectation.

• Anti septic and Disinfectants.• Chemical methods.• Physical methods. Dry heat, Moist heat,

Pasteurization, Tyndillization, Flaming, Hot air oven, autoclave, Ethylene Oxide, gamma radiations, UV light, etc.

Sterilization & Disinfectation.– Anti septic and Disinfectants.– Chemical methods.– Physical methods. Dry heat,

Moist heat, Pasteurization, Tyndillization, Flaming, Hot air oven, autoclave, Ethylene Oxide, gamma radiations, UV light, etc.

Host- Parasite relationship– Infections

– Attribute of Microorganism That Enable Them To Cause Disease.

– Mechanisms of Non- Specific Host Resistance.

– Resistance & Immunity. Natural Immunity. Acquired Immunity. Genetic influences.

Miscellaneous

• Differences between Exotoxins and Endo toxins, Bacteria producing, and mode of action.

Immunology: Antigens and Antibodies.

– Definitions and cellular basis of Immune Response.

– Antibodies: Structure and Formation.– Antigen-Antibodies Reactions.

Serology, Precipitation reactions, gel diffusion tests, agglutination Reactions, Coombs test, Toxin- Antitoxin Reactions. Inhibition Reactions, Immunofluorescence

– Electrophoresis.– Radioimmunoassay.– Enzyme Linked

Immunoassays (ELISA). – Complement mediated

reactions, and the Compliment fixation Test.

Immunization: Active and Passive immunization, and Recommended Schedule.

Antibody –mediated & Cell Mediated Reactions.

– Antibody =mediated hypersensitivity.– Anaphylaxis, Arthus Reaction, serum

sickness, immune Complex Disease, drug hypersensitivity.

– Cell Mediated & Hypersensitivity: Tuberculin Hypersensitivity.

– Tests to evaluate cell mediated Hypersensitivity.

– Role of Lipid waxes & Adjuvant. In development of cell mediated Reactions.

– Auto immune Diseases.– Transplant immunity.– Tumor Immunity.– Transplant Immunity.

SPECIAL MICROBIOLOGY: BACTERIA FUNGI AND VIRUSES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE • Pyogenic Cocci.

– Staphylococci. Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing, Diagnosis Prevention, and Coagulase test. Catalane test. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA. Etc

– Streptococci and post streptococcal sequels. A.S.O. titer etc.

– Pneumococci. Diseases Optochin Test etc

– Neisseria: Morph. Culturing Types Diseases, Biochemical Oxidase test N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitidis. C.S.F. Findings etc.

Gram Positive bacilli.– Aerobic spore forming: Bacillus Anthrax.– Anaerobic spore forming: Clostridium tetani,

botulinum, perfringens difficile, Pseudomembraneous colitis, Gas gangrene etc.

• Corynaebacterium. Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing, and Diagnosis Prevention: special stains, culturing, and Elks test. Shick test, effects of Exotoxins etc.

• Mycobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis’s, other Mycobacteria or atypical mycobacterium, Koch’s phenomenon. Mantoux test. Primary and reactivation disease, Diagnostic methods, MDRT. Treatment, D.O.T.`s etc.

• Enteric gram negative bacteria Coli forms, lactose fermenters and non fermenters, diseases produced, e. coli Klebseilla Enterbacter Proteus , Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella. TSI medium reactions

• Vibrio cholera.

Small gram negative rods. Brucella, Hemophilus influenzae and others, Bordetella pertussis.Campylobacter and Helicobacter species Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing , Diagnosis and prevention.

• Spirochetes & Other Spiral organisms.

– Treponema, Borrelia Leptospira.

– Fusobacterium (Vincent’s angina).

• Rickettsial diseases, classify, vectors involved Q fever, Weil Felix test, Morphology Types Diseases, Culturing ,Diagnosis Prevention etc.

• Chlamydia. C. trachomitis, psittacosis, Genital tract infections, Respiratory Tract involvement (TWAR). Lymphogranuloma venereum, other agents.

Mycoplasma species Non Gonococcal urethritis,

Legionella pneumophilia,

Listeria monocytogens.

SOME IMPORTANT ORGANISMS AND DISEASES.

• Actinomyces Nocardia and Streptomyces.• Diagnostic techniques used in

microbiology. Specimen collection, Processing of specimens, Staining, Urine, faces urine cultures etc. , Serology.

• Causes of food poisoning prevention and diagnosis.

• Causes of meningitis and C.S.F. findings in different types.

• Causes Urinary Tract Infection and diagnosis and treatment.

• Typhoid fever, classification of salmonella and diseases produced. Diagnosis, specimens during different stages of Disease, Widal test, Culture mediums, Typhi dot test, etc.

• S.T.I`s and lab. diagnosis. esp. Serological Tests For Syphilis.

• Hospital acquired infections and prevention.

• Upper and lower Respiratory infections, and their diagnosis.

• Pyogenic infections.• Zoonosis.• Urogenital tract infections.• Food borne infections.• Brain abscess and meningitis.• Intrauterine infections.• Routes of transmission of infections.

• Infection Control Methods.• Hepatitis.ABCD&E.• HIV and opportunist infections.• Emerging infections. Re emerging

infections • Specimen collection and lab.

Methods.• Sterilization techniques

PARASITOLOGY

• Life Cycles, Intermediate hosts, definitive hosts, vectors, diseases produced, diagnosis and treatment.

Protozoa.• . Entamoeba histolytica other free Living

Amoeba, Naeglaria, acanthamoeba.

• Differences between Ent. Histolytica and Ent. coli. Species, differences between bacillary and amoebic dysentery, Intestinal and extra intestinal lesions of E. histolytica & E. coli

• Giardia, Trichomonas, Balantidium coli.

Haemoflagellates • Trypanosomiasis,I. sleeping sickness

transmitted by Tse Tse fly trypansoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense ii. American causing Chagas disease, transmitted by Tiresome Bug, Xeno diagnosis.

• Leishmania amastigote and promastigote forms Leishmania donovani (visceral leishmania) L. tropica: Cutaneous leishmaniasis baziliensis (Mucocutaneous).

• Plasmodium: Vivax, Malariae, Falciparum Ovale, Life cycle shizogony sporogony, Diagnosis,

• Thick and Thin Film. Stains used cerebral malaria, malignant tertian fever, Black water fever, Exo erythrocytic cycle. Etc.

• Pnumocystis Carinii,

• Cryptosporidium etc.

Trematodes; tape worms or Liver flukes.

– Clonorchiasis sinensis Chinese Liver fluke, Fasicoliasis , fasicola hepatica, buski.

– Paragonium westermani. Lung flukes. Fish tape worm.

– Shistosomiasis, S. haematobium blood flukes Liver intestinal bladder plexus , S. japonicum blood fluke, small intestine liver, S. mansoni colon rectum liver vessels

Cestodes, Tape worms.

– Taenia solium, – T. saginata,– Echinococcus granulosis: Life

Cycle Hydatid cyst.– Hymenolepsis nana.– Diphylobrothrum latum: Fish

tape worm.

Nematodes; Intestinal and Tissue , life cycles

intermediate and definitive hosts Nematodes. • INTESTINAL NEMATODES

• Ascaris lumbricoides round worm. • Ancylostoma duodenale hook worm.• Nectar americanus: cousin of A. duodenale,

difference between the two • Srrongyloides stercoralis. • Trichuris trichuris. Whip worm.• Trichenella spiralis.• Larva migrans: Cutaneous creeping eruptions.• Entrobius vermicularis: Cecum colon& anal

region. Scotch tape test.

TISSUE NEMATODES• Wuscheria bancrofti: lymph nodes, Microfilaria

in blood. Mosquito bite , nocturnal.• Brugia malayi: lymph nodes same habitat.• Loa Loa: S.C. tissue migratory, eye microfilaria

in blood. Chrysops bite.• Onchocerca volvulus: blinding worm, S.C.

tissue microfilaria in blood skin and eyes, black fly.

• Dracunculus medinensis: S.C. tissue leg, foot.• Toxocara species: cat and dog round worm :

Liver Lungs Eye Brain.

Some Important Questions in Parasitology:

Name protozoa of medical importance, differences between Entamoeba histolytica and Ent. coli.– Differences between amoebic and bacillary

dysentery.

– Intestinal and extra intestinal lesions of amoeba.

– List Trematodes and give the life cycle of……..

– List Cestodes and give the Life Cycle of E. granulosis, how will you diagnose a case of Hydatid cyst?

– Name hemoparasites, and describe life cycle of plasmodium falciparum, lab. Diagnosis and complications.

– Name Haemoflagellates and give life cycle of…..

– List intestinal nematodes or tissue nematodes and give the life cycle, pathogenicity, diagnosis etc of……………………

– Write short notes on a. Acanthamoeba, Casoni test, Toxoplasma gondi etc.

– Name Microfilaria and give the vectors disease and diagnosis of ………

MYCOLOGY• Classify fungi of medical importance.

• Superficial mycosis or Dermatophytes their classification and diagnosis.

• S.C. fungi: Sporothrix Schenckii , Chromomycosis, Mycetoma.

• Deep seated fungal infections. Coccidioides immitis , Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomycosis dermatidis,

• Opportunist Mycosis a. Candida albicans b. Cryptococcus neoformans c. Aspergillosis d. Zygomycosis ( Mucormycosis).

• Actinomycetes.• Nocardia and related species. • Lab. Diagnosis of fungal diseases.

• Short notes on Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Germ tube test, etc.

• How do fungi cause disease, 1. . Hypersensitivity, 2. Mycotoxicosis 3. Mycetismus 4. Infection.

VIROLOGY• General Properties of Viruses; definition,

symmetry, type of disease, RNA & DNA viruses.

• Differences between viruses and bacteria.

• Classify RNA and DNA viruses and mention some of the diseases they produce.

• Oncogenic viruses.

• Lab. Diagnosis of Viral diseases.• Virus isolation techniques.• Arbo viruses.• Name Hepatitis viruses ,and the

serological tests used to see the patient status in Hep B infection during different stages..

• Give the lab. Diagnosis of Hep c infection: ELISA PCR VIRAL LOAD, DNA PROBES, RIBA, WESTERN BLOT etc.

• Latent viral infections.

• H.I.V. infection.

• EB virus, Cytomegalovirus Mumps, Measles, Rubella virus.

• Short notes on Negri bodies, inclusion bodies, Shingles, Chicken pox…etc.

Any thing not included is also in course.