1. 114 Mary Jo Ray 1 of 40

2. Learning Objectives What are the average and maximum longevity for humans? What genetic and environmental factors influence longevity? What ethnic factors influence average longevity? What factors create gender differences in average longevity? 2 of 40

3. Average Longevity 1900-2003 80 yrs 74 yrs 3 of 40

4. Maximum Longevity House mouse, 4 Dogs, 29 Cats, 36 Polar bears, 42 Horses, 62 Chimpanzees, 59Average and Maximum Longevity For Asian elephants, 86 Average Longevity age at which half the individuals born in a particular year will have died. Maximum Longevity the oldest age to which any individual of a species lives. What is the difference between active life expectancy and dependent life expectancy? The difference between living to a healthy old age and simply living a long time. 4 of 40

5. Genetic and EnvironmentalFactors in Average Longevity Genetic Factors Family History Cant pick your history Environmental Factors Disease Toxins Lifestyle Social class 121 We can control most Jeanne Calment 5 of 40

6. Ethnic Differences Are ethnic differences associated with genetics? Is that the only association? The differences are complex. Sociocultural, economic conditions, healthcare disease, etc 6 of 40

7. Gender Differences in Average LongevityWomen have nearly a seven year edge over men.Why? Men are more vulnerable to disease than women. Men are risk-takers. Men smoke and use alcohol more than women. Men allow stress to enter their lives more than women. Anything else? 7 of 40

8. International Differences Dramatic Differences in Longevity Around the World From 38 years in Sierra Leone, West Africa to 80 years in Japan Factors Genetic Sociocultural Economic 111 Anything else? 8 of 40

9. International Data on Life Expectancy 9 of 40

10. Learning Objectives What are the key issues in defining health and illness? How is quality of life assessed? What normative age-related changes occur in the immune system? What are the developmental trends in chronic and acute diseases? What are the key issues in stress across adulthood? 10 of 40

11. Defining Health and Illness Health A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease or impairment. Illness Presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment. 11 of 40

12. Quality of Life Relating to specific diseases or conditions To what extent does distress from illness or side effects associated with treatment reduce the persons will to live? Valuation of life value placed on staying alive Relating to end-of-life issues How much one enjoys life, has hope for the future, and finds meaning in every day events, determines how long a person wants to live.Quality of life ones perception of theirposition in life in context of their culture 12 of 40

13. Changes in the Immune System How does the defense system work? How does aging affect the immune system? Not well understood; more susceptible to infection and cancer Aging is related to how well the system works. Autoimmunity Immune system can attack the body itself. Rheumatoid arthritis 13 of 40

14. Changes in the Immune System cont. Psychoneuroimmunology Psychology Neurological Immunological system changes (Cohen & Herbert, 1996) AIDS and Older Adults 15,000 people over 65 have AIDS (CDC, 2008) Rapid progression from HIV positive to AIDS 14 of 40

15. Chronic and Acute Diseases Acute Diseases Conditions that develop over a short period of time and cause a rapid change in health. Example: UTI, strep Go down in the elderly Chronic Diseases Conditions that last a long time (min. 3 mo.) and may be accompanied by residual functional impairment that necessitates long-term management. Example: arthritis and diabetes Goes up in the elderly 15 of 40

16. The Role of Stress bad for your health in the long run Stress as a Physiological State Sympathetic nervous system (heart rate, respiration, blood flow, muscle strength, etc) Impaired immune system, increase risk of cardiovascular disease, increase risk of cancer Gender differences? Men want to be alone, women want to be with other people. (fight or flight vs. tend and befriend) Stress and Coping Paradigm Interaction of a thinking person and an event (People experience stress differently) Two people stuck in traffic different levels of stress. Why? 16 of 40

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18. The Role of Stress (cont.) Appraisal (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) Primary appraisal: categorize the event Secondary appraisal: evaluate the event Reappraisal: changes in the situation may change the appraisal Coping dealing with stressful events Death of a spouse 18 of 40

19. The Role of Stress Aging, Stress and Coping Who has more stress? Older or Younger? Management strategies Avoid stressful situations Change thinking about the situation Relaxation techniques --- deep breathing --- Progressive Muscle Relaxation --- visualization 19 of 40

20. Effects of Stress on Health Short-term stress vs. long-term stress Chronic Stress Immune system suppression Increased susceptibility to: Viral infections Risk of atherosclerosis Hypertension Impaired memory and cognition Inhibited menstruation women 20 of 40

21. Learning Objectives What are the most important issues in chronic disease? What are some common chronic conditions across adulthood? How can people manage chronic conditions? 21 of 40

22. General Issues in Chronic Conditions Common Chronic Conditions Arthritis Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (leading cause of death in US) Diabetes Mellitus Cancer (2nd leading cause of death in US) Risk increases with age males at greater risk Incontinence More embarrassing than dangerous 15% community dwelling elders 35% community dwelling elders with dementia 70% nursing home residents 22 of 40

23. Cancer Incidence Rates 1973-2000 23 of 40

24. Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases 24 of 40

25. Cancer Rates by Race & Ethnicity 25 of 40

26. Managing Pain Myths and Stereotypes Part of growing old Elders should just accept the pain How to manage pain? Pharmacological More meds than any other age group all meds prescribed Non-pharmacological Therapeutic touch, massage, vibration, heat, cold Acupuncture and acupressure Biofeedback Distraction techniques Relaxation, meditation, and imagery 26 of 40

27. Learning Objectives What are the developmental trends in using medication? How does aging affect the way the medications work? What are the consequences of medication interactions? What are the important medication adherence issues? 27 of 40

28. Patterns of Medication Use Explosion of new medication available People over 60 take nearly 50% of all prescription and over the counter medication. New drugs can be dangerous to older adults. New drugs are frequently very expensive. 28 of 40

29. Developmental Changes and Medication Absorption Time needed for medications to enter the bloodstream Once in the bloodstream the drug is distributed throughout the body. Drug Metabolism Drug Excretion Drugs not recommended for older adults Good strategy: start low and go slow. 29 of 40

30. Medication Side Effects and Interactions Polypharmacy The use of multiple medications in the same person Interactions Potentially dangerousAdherence to Medication Regimens Difficult with older patients Many older patients go to more than one doctor so accurate knowledge of drugs taken is important. 30 of 40

31. Example of a Drug Regimen 31 of 40

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33. Functional Health and DisabilityLearning Objectives What factors are important to include in a model of disability in late life? What is functional health? What causes functional limitations and disability in older adults? Britains Oldest Married Couple Ralph 107 Phyllis 101 Married 77 years 33 of 40

34. Functional Health and DisabilityDisability in Late Life Definition of disability? Effects of a chronic condition on a persons ability to engage in activities that are necessary, expected, or desired in their society Compression of morbidity Becoming disabled later with a shorter period of disability before death A model of the disablement process Interventions strategies: Extraindividual factors environmental & healthcare (surgery, meds, social support services, physical environment support) Intraindividual factors behavioral & personality (exercising, positive outlook,etc) 34 of 40

35. Model of theDisablement Process 35 of 40

36. Functional Health and DisabilityDetermining Functional Health Status Determining Functional Health Status Frail older adults physical disabilities, very ill, cognitive decline or psychological disorders, and need assistance with everyday tasks *(minority of older adults; chance increases with age) *Needs help with more than one ADL Activities of daily living: ADL basic self-care task eating, dressing, bathing, toileting, walking Instrumental activities of daily living: IADL actions requiring planning & intellectual competence (shopping, paying bills, taking meds correctly, keeping appointments) 36 of 40

37. Functional Health and DisabilityLimitations and Disability in Older Adults? Strong predictors Cerebrovascular disease Arthritis Coronary artery disease (weaker predictor) Other predictors Smoking Heavy drinking Physical inactivity Depression Social isolation and perceived poor health 37 of 40

38. Percentage of Medicare Enrollees Age 65 and Older 38 of 40

39. Disability and the Need forAssistance 39 of 40

40. Functional Health and DisabilityWhat Causes Functional Limitationsand Disability in Older Adults? How Important are Socioeconomic Factors? Do Gender and Ethnicity Matter? Britains Oldest Married Couple Ralph 107 Phyllis 101 Married 77 years 40 of 40

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