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BIBLIOGRAPHY 129

INDEX

AAdversarial democracy, 65Age of Reason, 43Ahrari, Ehsan, 96, 111Akbar Hydari Agreement, 103Akhu, 28, 47Alesü nkechü, 45Allen, B.C., 19American Baptist missionaries, 1, 34,

35, 36, 42, 44, 60, 84, 110American missionaries, 2, 11, 36,

39, 44, 45, 52, 54, 56, 59,84, 87, 112

American Protestantism, 40Anal Nagas, 80Angami Nagas, 19, 32, 42, 100Angamis, 79, 84, 85Anglo-Burmese war, 75, 99Anti-traditionalists, 4Anyiza, 61AoNagas, 2, 32, 36, 42, 44, 65Armed Forces (Special Powers)

Act (AFSPA), 91AruLani, 21Ayeng, 62Azü, 38, 48

BBalance of authority, 56Balfour, Henry, 36, 51, 100, 101Banking’ concept of education, 54Barbarism, 51, 61, 66Beliefs, spirituality and, 20, 21, 22Bentinck, William, 17Bhattacharya, C. K., 79Biblical literalism, 47Biel, Robert, 19, 24Boiling cauldron, 75Boiling pot, 75–76Border disputes, 75, 76Boyd, Richard, 94Bridle path, 46, 89British colonialism, 2, 75British colonization, 17British commercial interests, 114British East India Company, 11, 15,

16, 18, 74British Folklore Society, 36, 51Bronson, Miles, 31, 34, 40, 41–42,

44, 53, 78Bronson, Rhoda, 35Brown, Godhula, 36Bruce, Charles, 17

© The Author(s) 2016T. Thong, Colonization, Proselytization, and Identity,DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43934-1

131

Bruce, Robert, 17Burdette, C.E., 42Bureaucratization, 55Butler, John, 79, 82

CCapitalism, 19, 23, 24Capitalization, 59, 60Carey, William, 43–44Chandra, Subhas, 104Chasie, Charles, 52, 55, 69China, illegal British

trade activity, 17Chin-Kuki-Mizo

(CHIKIM), 81Christian civilization, 36–37Christian colonies, 88Christian identity, 86Christianity

advent of, 85–88in Naga Hills, 34–37in Nagaland, 2, 35, 36

Christianity Today, 50Christianization, 60–63Christian population,

in Nagaland, 33Christians, 2Christian village, 70Chungli, 84City-state, 94Civil government, 66–67Civilization, westernization

and, 8–9Civilizational competence, 69Civilizational incompetence, 69Clark, E.W., 36, 44, 52, 61,

70, 114Clark, Mary, 35, 39, 44Clemmer, Richard, 52Collective ethnonym, 78, 83, 93Colonial education, 55

Colonialism, 2, 4, 8, 11, 15, 16,24, 29, 56, 74–75, 82, 91,96, 97, 104, 105, 116

Colonization, 15, 17, 23, 24, 29,30, 55, 59, 69, 73, 74, 75,82, 93, 99, 103, 114

Commerce, 11, 15, 19, 58, 74Commodification of nature

capitalism, 23, 24cash-making commodity, 26colonialism, 24Hornbill Festival, 25–32house tax, 24permanent environmental

damage, 25unemployment rate, 31

Common language, education,and, 88–90

Compartmentalization, 63Consensual democracy, 70Council of Naga Baptist Churches

(CNBC), 87Criminals, 67Crown Colony Eastern

Agency, 104Crusades, 95, 100Cutter, Oliver, 41

DDas, Samir, 75, 96, 97Decolonization, 10, 90, 98,

110, 115, 116Deloria, Vine, Jr., 54Democracy by consensus, 65Democratization, 64–70Demon worshipers, 35Directorate of Tourism

of Nagaland, 29Disciples of all nations, 86Drinking prohibition of, 37, 38Dubashi, 69

132 INDEX

EEastern Nagaland Peoples’

Organization (ENPO), 77Eastern Nagas, 80, 111Eastern Orthodox Church, 2East India Company, 11, 16,

18, 34, 74Education

and common language, 88–90Western-style, 52

Educationizationbalance of authority, 56banking’ concept, 54Christianity, 45Colonial education, 55colonization, 55culture of literacy, 52Government employment, 55modern educational

system, 54morung, 53Naga institution, 53objective of, 53self-employment, 58social polarization, 55–56socio-cultural paradigm, 55socio-economic disparity, 55stratification, 55theoretical knowledge, 53traditional education, 53, 54unemployment, 57–59Western education, 53, 54

Environmental damage, 25Etherington, Norman, 43Ethnic groups

hilly terrains, 94hyphenated, 77non-unified, 99in Northeast feel, 96Northeast India, 74, 76stateless aspiration, 96

Ethnic identity, 104–106

Ethnicity, 74, 76, 80, 83, 84, 89,104–105, 110

Ethnogenesis, 81Ethno-nationalism, 111Europe, tea plantations

in, 16–19Exposition Universelle, 29

FFeast of Merit, 20Fiber, S. E., 94First Anglo-Burmese War

in 1824, 75, 99Franke, Marcus, 81, 82, 83,

101–102, 103–104, 111Freire, Paulo, 54

GGandhi, Mahatma, 91, 103Gaonbora, 68Gaonburas, 66Gerontocracy, 56Gibbon, Edward, 41Gocek, Fatma Muge, 7, 9, 10Government employment, 55, 57, 60Government of India, 56, 70, 81, 90,

106, 107, 109, 116Grange, E.R., 18Greater Nagaland, 106–107Great Hornbill, 26

HHall, Edward, 30Hedgehog Review (2003), 24Heraka Movement, 109, 110Hindu socio-religious

structure, 74Hornbill Festival, 25–32

INDEX 133

Hornbill International RockContest, 27

House tax, 24, 47, 68Human right violations, 90, 106Hutton, J. H., 2, 82, 100, 102–103

IIlliterate savages, 41Indian government, 83Indian National Army (INA), 104Indian National Congress

(INC), 102, 103Indian political approach, 111Indo-Naga political issue, 97Inner line bifurcation, 115Inner Line Regulation, 89Institutional government, 65, 66, 69InterVarsity Press, 49Introduction of literacy, 41, 45, 52,

89, 115

JJadonang Movement, 109Jamir, Moa, 27Jenkins, Francis, 8, 17–18, 34,

35, 42Jhum cultivation, 21Jubilee Conference, 42Judaism, 40Judeo-Christian Bible, 40, 46, 47, 48,

50, 110Judeo-Christian scriptures, 37, 39

KKahhang yeng, 62Karen National Union

(KNU), 98Keating, Michael, 95Keesing, Roger, 56

Kepenuopfü, 61Kethaghanu, 46Kikon, Dolly, 26, 113, 116KonyakNagas, 65Kuki National Front (KNF), 80

LLadder theorists, 66Lingua franca, 88, 89, 115Literacy projects, missionaries

and, 40–50Literal colonization, 69London Baptist Mission, 75Lotha, 79, 81, 88

MMagna Carta, 43Makhel, 22Mar Thoma Syrian Church, 2Maurel, Christian, 10Melting pot, 75–76Militarization, 116Missionaries, and literacy projects, 40–50Mizo National Front (MNF), 81Modernization, westernization

and, 9–11Modi, Narendra, 26Molungkimong, 36Molungyimsen, 36Monetized economy, vs. traditional

Naga economy, 19–23Moody Press, 49Morung, 25, 49, 53–54, 99Mother Earth, 21, 22, 23

NNaga Club, 101–102Naga culture

non-literate, 11

134 INDEX

and society, 2westernization of, 51–70

Naga economybeliefs and philosophy of life, 20monetized vs. traditional, 19–23non-accumulative economic

practice, 20Naga Hills, 1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 17, 18–19,

21, 32, 41, 43, 46, 64, 67, 68, 75,78, 80, 82, 87, 89, 93, 102, 109,113–114

Christianity in, 34–37Naga Hills Baptist Church Advisory

Board, 87Naga Hills Baptist Church Council

(NHBCC), 87Naga Hills District, 89,

102, 114Naga Hills District Tribal

Council, 102Naga Hoho (NH), 90Naga identity

deconstruction and reconstructionof, 82–91Christianity, 85–88education and common language,

88–90religious/nonreligious

organizations, 90–91tribalization, 83–85

ethnic minorities, 6formation, 1, 2, 73–91Northeast India, 4politics of, 6punitive posting, 74Western colonization, 52

Naga institution, 53Nagaisation process, 80Naga King Chilly, 28Nagaland Baptist Church Council

(NBCC), 48, 49, 87, 90Nagaland for Christ, 87, 88, 107

Nagaland Liquor Total ProhibitionAct 1989, 48

Naga National Council (NNC), 90,102, 103

Naga nationalist movement, 11, 90,93–94, 98–104, 105, 106–107,108

Naga People’s Movement for HumanRights (NPMHR), 90

Nagamese, 5–6, 88Nagas

Christianity, 2, 4folklore, 22folktales, 11intermarriage, 3native language, 3westernization, 2, 4Western lifestyle, 31

Naga Students’ Federation(NSF), 90

Naga system of social ordering, 64Namsang Nagas, 42National Ceasefire Agreement

(NCA), 98Nationalism

ideology of, 111and religious identity, 107–110

National races, 97National Socialist Council

of Nagaland, Isak-Muivah(NSCN-IM), 106

Nation-stateorigin of, 94–98proliferation of, 98quest for, 11

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 78, 79, 91, 103,109, 111

Ngada, 28, 32Night schools, 45, 46Nine-Point Agreement, 103Noga Hills, 78Non-literate Naga culture, 11, 52

INDEX 135

Non-literate society, 40, 53North-East Frontier Agency

(NEFA), 80Northeast India

insurgency, 75Naga identity, 6tea plantations in, 17–19

OOrganizations

Naga identity, 90–91

PPablo, Richard, 37Pachuau, Joy, 76, 83Paradigm of power pyramid, 68Patterson, Thomas, 9, 10Pawsey, Charles, 102Peace of Westphalia, 94, 96Peace treaty, 75Peal, S.E., 1Pemberton, Robert, 18Perrine, S.A., 35, 44, 64Peters, Ralph, 98Phillips, E.G., 9, 36, 44Phizo, A.Z., 90, 102, 103Pi jisha thsünang, 66Political identity

ethnic vs., 104–106territoriality, 106–107

Political independence, 5, 76,96, 98, 103, 106, 116

Political movement, 116Political path, 46, 89Politics, 11, 45, 54, 64, 65,

66, 69, 85Polygamy prohibition of, 38Pre-Christianized Nagas, 61Pre-colonial society, 57Proselytization, 4, 11, 33–50, 82, 94

Ptolemy, Claudius, 77Pure traditionalists, 3

QQuasi-Christians, 2

RReid, Robert, 103, 112Religion, 62, 85Religiosity

horizontal, 63vertical, 63

Religious identity, nationalism,107–110

Religious text, impact, 46–50Rengma Nagas, 23, 32, 61, 66Rengmas, 79, 84Rice beer.See AzüRobertson, T.C., 35

SSavagery, 51, 66Schelkle, Waltraud, 10Self-determination, 116Self-employment, 58Self-identification, 80, 115Self-interested Europeans, 98Semi-traditionalists, 3Serampore Baptist Mission, 34Seven Sisters states, 74Singh, K.S., 65, 80Singh, Ram Subhag, 78Skepticism, 81Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, 55, 79Smith, William, 31, 32, 57, 66Social drinker, 49Social polarization, 55–56Socio-politico-cultural state, 94Sovereignty, 94

136 INDEX

Spirituality, and beliefs, 20, 21, 22Strathern, Andrew, 56Stratification, 55–56Stumbling Block: a Study of Alcohol

and Christian Responsibility(Jackson), 49

Sustainable economy, 59

TTak-Wing Ngo, 94Tanquist, J. E., 100Tea, discovery of, 11, 15–16, 17–19,

74, 113Tea plantation projects, 76, 105, 113Tea plantations

Assam, 17by British East India

Company, 11, 15, 74in Europe, 17in Northeast India, 18–20

Terra incognita, 82Territorial integrity, 94, 116Territoriality, political identity,

106–107Textual religion, 41–46Thanksgiving and Dedication

Sunday, 47Thomas, Jacob, 34Tourism, 26, 27, 29, 30Traditional Naga economy, monetized

economy vs., 19–23Traditional religion, 61, 109Trask, Haunani-Kay, 30Treaty of Yandabo, 99Treaty of Yandaboo, 75Tribal Council, 102Tribalization, of Nagas, 83–85Tribal people, 18, 20, 24, 44,

64, 74, 83, 89

UUnemployment, 26, 30, 31,

57–59, 70Unemployment rate, 31United Methodist Church, 50

VVerdery, Katherine, 78Viswanathan, Gauri, 45

WWeede, Erich, 98Western Christianity, 2, 11, 34, 36,

37–40, 52, 114Western colonialism, 8, 91, 96, 97Western decolonization, 90, 98Western education system, 31Western invasion, 93, 115Westernization

and civilization, 8–9and modernization, 9–11Nagas, 4, 8

Westernized Christianity, 107Western lifestyle, 31, 32, 42Western powers, 75Western-style education

system, 4, 31, 32, 41, 82, 88Western values, 4, 16, 37–40Wirsing, Robert, 94, 95Wood, Ellen, 24World History, 45World War I, 100, 105World War II, 96, 102, 103,

104, 115

INDEX 137