a decade of frontier oceanography achievements during wais
TRANSCRIPT
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A Decade of Frontier
OceanographyAchievements during WAIS
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Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
New York UniversityNew York, U.S.A.
David Holland Adrian Jenkins British Antarctic SurveyNatural Environment Research CouncilCambridge, U.K.
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Notable Ice Shelves of West Antarctica
PIG
FRIS
RIS
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Main Seas Bordering West Antarctica
WEDDELL
BELLINGS-HAUSEN
AMUNDSEN
ROSS
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Observational Advances
O.1 Ice-Shelf-Front HydrographyO.2 Hot-Water DrillingO.3 Radio-Echo SoundingO.4 Phase-Sensitive RadarO.5 Topographic SoundingsO.6 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Numerical Modeling
M.1 Z-levelM.2 Terrain-FollowingM.3 Isopycnic-CoordinateM.4 ISOMIP
Outline
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Ice-Front Cruises
Ice-Front Moorings
Autonomous vehicles
Observational Techniques
Radio Echo Soundingvia airplane
Phase-Sensitive Radar
Hot-Water Drilling
Topographic Soundings
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O.1 Ice-Shelf-Front Hydrography
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O.1 Ice-Shelf-Front Hydrography
Foldvik et al., Antarct. Res. Ser., 1985
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O.1 Ice-Shelf-Front Hydrography
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O.1 Ice-Shelf-Front Hydrography
Sea Ice Pine Island Glacier
Polynya
Temperature Section
Temperature Section
Jacobs et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 1996Jenkins et al., J. Glaciol., 1997Hellmer et al., Antarct. Res. Ser., 1998
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Melting 12 tonnes of snow
Heaters and pumps
O.2 Hot-Water Drilling
Drill Stand
Courtesy of Keith Nicholls, B.A.S.
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CT+CM
CT
CT
CT
CT+CM
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
TTT
T
T
T
Thermistorcable
Inductive loopfor CT and CM820 m
485 m
40 m
CM = current meter
T = thermistorCT = conductivity+temperature
O.2 Hot-Water Drilling
Courtesy of Keith Nicholls, B.A.S.
Ocean
Glacier
Bedrock
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O.1 Hot-Water Drilling
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O.2 Hot-Water Drilling
Courtesy of Keith Nicholls, B.A.S.
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O.3 Radio-Echo Sounding
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O.3 Radio-Echo Sounding
Thyssen et al., Polarforschung , 1993
Flight Tracks
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O.3 Radio-Echo Sounding
Marine-Only Ice
Thickness
Marine-Ice Thickness: … 300 m
(> 50 % of total thickness)
Thyssen et al., Polarforschung , 1993
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O.4 Phase-Sensitive Radar
Courtesy of Craig Stewart, B.A.S.
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O.4 Phase-Sensitive Radar
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O.4 Phase-Sensitive Radar
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O.4 Phase-Sensitive Radar
Jenkins et al., FRISP Report 14, 2003
380 382 384 386 388 390 392 394 396-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Day number
Thi
ckn
ess
chan
ge (
m)
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BEDMAP Bedrock
Depth
Bedmap Web Pages, 2001
O.5 Topographic Soundings
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BEDMAP Ice
Thickness
Bedmap Web Pages, 2001
O.5 Topographic Soundings
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O.6 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Courtesy of Nick Millard, S.O.C.
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M.1 Z-Level
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M.1 Z-Level
Grosfeld et al., 2001
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M.2 Terrain-Following
Hellmer, GRL, 2004
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M.3 Isopycnic-Coordinate
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M.3 Isopycnic-Coordinate
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M.3 Isopycnic-Coordinate
Flow Schema
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M.3 Isopycnic-Coordinate
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2-Year Simulation: MICOM
M.3 Isopycnic-Coordinates
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Standard Experiment
- Protocol
M.4 ISOMIP
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Participating Models
M.4 ISOMIP
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• Sub-ice-shelf cavities are probably the least accessible regions of the world ocean.
Conclusions
• They influence both the ice sheets and the deep ocean.
• Models provide much insight, but there is some disagreement between them.
• New observations and model intercomparison provide real hope of resolving these problems.