Agenda December 6-10• Journal• French Revolution Lecture

Journal: How are the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution connected? How did the Enlightenment come as a result of the Scientific Revolution? Summarize the effects of the Enlightenment.

The French Revolution Begins

The Old Order

• The Privileged Estates– 1st estate-Roman Catholic

Church– 2nd estate-Rich Nobles

• The Third Estate– 97% of the people belong

to the 3rd estate– 3 Groups

• Bourgeoisie• Workers• Peasants

The Forces of Change• The Enlightenment

Ideas• Economic Troubles

– High Taxes– High Cost of living– Bad Weather– Price of Bread

• A Weaker Leader

“The Third Estate is the People and the People is the foundation of the State; it is in fact the State itself; the…People is everything. Everything should be subordinated to it…It is in the People that all national power resides and for the People that all states exist.” Comte D’Antraigues

Dawn of Revolution

• The National Assembly– Establish June 17, 1789– 3rd Estate (Mostly Bourgeoisie) – Influenced by the Enlightenment– Proclaimed end to Absolute Monarchy and

beginning of Representative Government

• Storming the Bastille– July 14

A Great Fear Sweeps France• Rebellion Spread from City to Country• Peasants became outlaws

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

The Assembly Reforms France

• The Rights of Man• A state-controlled

Church• Louis Tries to Escape

"All the citizens, being equal in [the eyes of the law], are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.” Article VI

Divisions Develop

• A Limited Monarchy– Created in 1791– Created Legislative

Assembly

• Factions Split France• Emigres and Sans-

Culottes

War and Execution• France at War• Jacobins Take Control

– Declared King Deposed– Set aside Constitution of

1791– Created National

Convention on Sept. 21 1792

– Abolished monarchy declared France a Republic

• The War Continues

Jean-Paul Marat

Georges Danton

The Terror Grips France• Revolution had

enemies from within• Robespierre Assumes

Control• Reign of Terror

“The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror. If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror: Virtue without which terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then from virtue” Robespierre

End of Terror• Robespierre executed

July 28th 1794• New Plan of Government

Drafted– 1795– Created 2 house

legislature– Created the Directory– Made Napoleon

Bonaparte commander of Army

Napoleon Forges an Empire• Early Life• Hero of the Hour

– October 1795 Royalists marched on National Convention

– 1796 Directory app. Napoleon to lead army against Austria and Sardinia

• Coup d’ Etat– November 1799– 3 Consuls– Napoleon as dictator

Napoleon Rules France• Napoleon pretends to be constitutionally

chosen leader• Restoring order at home

– Strengthened government– Efficient tax collection– Created National Banking System– Steps to clean up government– Signed Concordant with Pope Pius VII– Napoleonic Code

• Napoleon Crowns Himself Emperor

Napoleon Creates an Empire

• Wanted to reassert French Power• Loss of American Territories• Conquering Europe• Battle of Trafalgar• The French Empire