5.05 d_3 2nov07 loh yueh feng opsp iufro new
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ENHANCING PROPERTIES OF OILPALM
STEM PLYWOOD THROUGH PRE-
TREATMENT OF PHENOLIC RESIN
Loh Yueh Feng
Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Serdang Selangor MALAYSIA
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100,000 hectares + 13.6million OPS due toreplanting each year(Anon 2005)
Total 4.5 million m3
plywood can be produce
INTRODUCTION
Rapid growth of oil palm
Plantation in Malaysia.
1990 (1.7 MILLION ha)2006 (4.5 MILLION ha)
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INTRODUCTION
Based on 13.6 MILLION stems, about 4.5million m3 of OPS plywood can be producedeach year.
Taking the selling price of OPS plywood atRM1,000/m3, this would generate a revenueof RM4.5 billion to the plywood industry.
If the QUALITY can improved, the price canbe doubled, the revenue from palm plywood
will reach RM 4.5 billion/year
Export market: United States, UnitedKingdom, and Japan Due to its environmentfriendliness, lightness, and easy to workwith.
International acceptance: Certified asGREEN PRODUCT if the use of non-woodmaterial > 10% - under sustainable forestresources
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Contain two distinctly different materials:Contain two distinctly different materials:
solid vascular bundle and loosesolid vascular bundle and loose
parenchyma cellsparenchyma cells
Rough surfaceRough surface Less stable (shrink and swell more)Less stable (shrink and swell more)
1. Low Quality Veneer1. Low Quality Veneer
high adhesive consumption
Use as core veneers
COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL
PALM STEM PLYWOOD
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COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL
PALM STEM PLYWOOD
Low strength OPS plywoodLow strength OPS plywood
Low dimensional stabilityLow dimensional stability
Low-grade Palm Plywood
Categorised under Utility-Grade
Current market price USD260/m3
2. Low Price Palm Plywood2. Low Price Palm Plywood
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Unevenly distributionof vascular bundlesalong the radialdirection of stem -variation of density
values at differentparts of the oil palmstem.
Wide range density ofoil palm veneers- affect theperformance ofPlywood
COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF OIL
PALM STEM PLYWOOD
3. Variation of density3. Variation of density
high density
(600 kg/m3)
medium density
(400-600 kg/m3)
low-medium
density(
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Enhancement of veneer quality through
resin treatment
To develop effective resin treatment to
improve the quality of OPS veneers
To determine suitable adhesive spread rate
for oil palm stem veneers To determine the mechanical properties of
pre-treated OPS plywood
OBJECTIVES
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MaterialsOPS veneer : Outer layer (1st stage peeling, 358 - 442kg/m3)
Inner layer (2nd stage peeling, 272 - 446kg/m3)
Treatment resin : Low Molecular weight PhenolFormaldehyde
Binder : Urea Formaldehyde
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METHODOLOGY
Phase 1: Oil Palm Trunk VeneerProduction
Phase 2: Pre-treatment of OPTveneer using PF resin.
Phase 3: Production of Plywood
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Oil Palm Stem Plywood
Untreated
(Control)
Treated
with Lmw PF
200g/m2
UF
Spread rate
250g/m2
UF
Spread rate
100%
Outer
Type
100%
Inner
Type
100%
Outer
Type
100%
Inner
Type
250g/m2
UF
Spread rate
200g/m2
UF
Spread rate
100%
Outer
Type
100%
Inner
Type
100%
Outer
Type
100%
Inner
Type
Parameter Used In This Study
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Phase 1: Veneer ProductionPhase 1: Veneer Production
Log cutting Peeling Clipping
Veneer stackingInner peelingDrying
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Phase 2: Development of treatment method
1. OPS veneers were segregated into outer and inner type
2. Dry the veneer to 6-8% MC
3. Soaking of veneers in LmwPF by passing the veneersthrough a container full with LmwPF resin for ~5seconds
4. Pre-pressing (between 2 rollers) to squeeze out theexcessive resin. The pressure is set until screw tight.
MC of treated veneers should be between 20-30%5. Drying of phenolic treated veneers at 60C for 48 hours.
Final MC between 6-7%
The optimum procedure for treating OPS
veneers with LmwPF is as follows:
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Phase 2: Treatment of VeneerPhase 2: Treatment of Veneer
UF and PF resin
Veneer treated with PF
Roller pressing machineVeneer after pressing
Treatment
Continue
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Continue
Sticker
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Phase 3: OPS Plywood ManufacturedPhase 3: OPS Plywood Manufactured
Glue spread Cold press
Hot pressOPS plywood
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Properties Assessment
Mechanical Test
Static bending test BS EN 310 Bonding test BS EN 314-1
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Average Density Increment of OPT Veneer and Plywood after
Treated with Lmw PF
146247092531539318.98Inner
197178575436756515.86Outer
Increase in
Plywood
Density
(%)UntreatedTreated
Increase
in
Veneer
Density
(%)
UntreatedTreated
Resin
Solid
Uptake
(%)
(Kg/m3)
Veneer Density OPT Plywood
(Kg/m3)
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Percentage of MOR increment
Inner type gave highpercentage of incrementabout 119% for 200g/mglue spread rate.
The lowest incrementwas 250g/m glue spread
rate with 22%.
Shows that, treatmentdo help increase strengthproperties of OPS veneerand reduced the amountof resin consumption.
Mean of MOR For OPS Plywood
34.55
26.37
43.62
35.02
12.47
17.1
27.3
20.83
0
510
15
20
2530
35
40
4550
M
P
aOuter
Inner
Untreated Treated
200 200250 250
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Percentage of MOE increment
The highest result for MOE
increment is outer type with
250g/m glue spread rate.
Treating the veneer withLmwPF resin had increasedthe stiffness by 67%
The lowest increment was
inner type with 200g/m glue
spread rate.
Shows that treatment helpto increase stiffness
properties of the boards.
Mean of MOE For OPS Plywood
4763
7722
5205
2031
3090 3179
1944 1903
0
10002000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
M
P
a Outer
Inner
Untreated Treated
200 200250 250
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Glue Bond Shear Strength of Phenolic-treated OPS Plywoodin Dry Test and Wet Test (cold water)
1.047
0.622
0.711
0.605
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
S
h
ear
Stren
th
M
P
a
Outer Lay-up
Inner Lay-up
TreatedUntreated
Dry Test
0.534
0.378
1.683
0.939
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
S
hear
Stren
th
M
P
a
Outer Lay-up
Inner Lay-up
Untreated Treated
Wet Test
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84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
Untreated Treated
Outer
Inner
0
20
40
60
80
100
Untreated Treated
Outer
Inner
Percentage of Wood Failure of Phenolic-treated OPS
Plywood in Dry Test and Wet Test (cold water)
Dry Test
Wet Test
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Strength Retention of Phenolic-Treated OPS Plywood
75.1062.48
160.74150.96
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
Outer Lay-up
Inner Lay-up
Untreated Treated
Further improvement of
bond quality
On going analysis is
currently conducted to
look at the cured
glueline whether some
crosslinking had
occurred betweenPhenolic-treated
veneer and UF resin.
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Conclusions
Treatment of OPS veneer with LmwPF has significantlyimproved the strength.
Segregating the veneers by density (outer= 358 - 442kg/m3
inner= 272 - 446kg/m3 ) had increased the averagestrength of the OPS plywood.
Greater improvement was seen in the performance ofplywood made from the lower-density-inner veneers.
The technique used in this study was able to enhance thestrength and bond quality properties of plywood madefrom OPS veneer, as well as, reduced the amount of resin
consumption.
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