hv uav multispectral compared to hyperspectral final
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HV-UAV multispectral compared to hyperspectral data collection as applied to vegetation indexes calculation
Prof. Sabino Aurelio Bufo*, Dott. Massimo Bavusi**
DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE
*Dipartimento di Scienze – Università degli Studi della Basilicata – sabino.bufo@unibas.it** Terralab S.r.l. – info@terralab.eu – www.terralab.eu** Tab Consulting S.r.l. – info@tabconsulting.it – www.tabsrl.com
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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Contents Assessing the robustness of Vegetation Indices
(VIs) to estimate Durum Wheat grown (precision agriculture).
Comparing satellite remote sensing (multispectral reflectance) and hyperspectral measurements (first year)
Comparing UAV multispectral vs field hyperspectral data collection (second year)
Working in progress for environmental applications
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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First Year MAPRE Project Regional Project on ‘Advanced Precision
Agriculture Tools to Reduce the Environmental Impact of Wheat Cropping (Triticum Durum, Desf.)’. Funded by P.S.R. Basilicata (European Fund for Regional Development) 2007/2013.
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
ExperimentalField (10 ha)
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MethodRemote sensing: The RapidEye Satellite Constellation http://blackbridge.com/rapideye/products/ortho.htm
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
Multispectral reflectance values, monitored by satellite, were used to determine specific indices of plant health.
Spectral bands Blue: 440-510 nm (B)
Green: 520-590 nm (G)
Red: 630-685 nm (R)
Red Edge: 690-730 nm (RE)
NIR: 760-850 nm
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MethodMostly used indices: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), or structural index (canopy development)Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE), or chlorophyll index
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
NDVI = NDRE = NIR – Red NIR + Red
NIR – Red Edge NIR + Red Edge
Spectral bands Blue: 440-510 nm (B)
Green: 520-590 nm (G)
Red: 630-685 nm (R)
Red Edge: 690-730 nm (RE)
NIR: 760-850 nm
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MethodOther indices:
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
Spectral bands Blue: 440-510 nm (B)
Green: 520-590 nm (G)
Red: 630-685 nm (R)
Red Edge: 690-730 nm (RE)
NIR: 760-850 nm
• Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI) or Nitrogen uptake index: CCCI = NDRE/NDVI
• Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) or water stress index: (NIR-BLUE)/(NIR+BLUE)
• Meris Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI), or chlorophyll assessment index:
(NIR-RedEdge)/(RedEdge-RED).
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MethodField measurements (walking):
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
FieldSpec® HandHeld 2:Hand-held Vis-NIR Spectroradiometer, working in the 325 nm – 1075 nm spectral range, with an accuracy of ±1 nm and a resolution of <3 nm at 700 nm, equipped with GPS accessory
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Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
8Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
NDVI, March, 2013
NDVI, March, 2013
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
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NDVI, April, 2013
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
NDVI, April, 2013
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
10Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE)
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
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NDRE, March, 2013
NDRE, March, 2013
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
11Normalized Difference Red Edge Index (NDRE)
NDRE, April, 2013
NDRE, April, 2013
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
12Meris Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI)
MTCI, March, 2013
MTCI, March, 2013
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
13Meris Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI)
MTCI, April, 2013
MTCI, April, 2013
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
14Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)
MDWI, March, 2013
MDWI, March, 2013
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
15Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)MDWI, April,
2013
MDWI, April, 2013
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
Results
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
16Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI)CCCI, March,
2013
CCCI, April, 2013
CultivarsC= CoreT= TirexS= Simeto
Second Year FRUINDEX Project
Regional Project on ‘Reduction of environmental impact in the production of durum wheat by means of fertilization based on reflectance measurements and related vegetation indices’.
Also funded by P.S.R. Basilicata (European Fund for Regional Development) 2007/2013.
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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Instrumentation and techniques
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
Field Spec HandHeld2Spectroradiometer
•Spectral range: 325 nm – 1075 nm•Accuracy :±1 nm•Resolution: <3 nm at 700 nm
SenseFly Ebee
Resolution: 1.2 Mp x 4Ground resolution at 100m:10 cm/pxSensor size: 4.8 x 3.6 mm per sensorPixel pitch: 3.75 umImage format: RAWUpward looking irradiance sensor
Multispec 4c
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UAV
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Synonymous and variants: RPA (Remotely Piloted Aircraft), RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft), SAPR (Sistemi Aerei a Pilotaggio Remoto), APR (Aeromobile a Pilotaggio Remoto); Autonomous Aircraft
The vectorHardwareWeight (inc. supplied camera): Approx. 0.69 kg (1.52 lbs)Wingspan: 96 cm (38 in)Material: EPP foam, carbon structure & composite parts
Propulsion: Electric pusher propeller, 160 W brushless DC motor
Battery: 11.1 V, 2150 mAhCamera (supplied) : WX (18.2 MP)Cameras (optional), S110 RGB, thermoMAP,Carry case dimensions, 55 x 45 x 25 cm (21.6 x 17.7 x 9.8 in)
OperationMaximum flight time: 50 minutesNominal cruise speed : 40-90 km/h (11-25 m/s or 25-56 mph)Radio link range: Up to 3 km (1.86 miles)Maximum coverage (single flight): 12 km² / 4.6 mi² (at 974 m / 3,195 ft altitude AGL)Wind resistance: Up to 45 km/h (12m/s or 28 mph)Ground Sampling Distance (GSD): Down to 1.5 cm (0.6 in) per pixelRelative orthomosaic/3D model accuracy
1-3x GSDAbsolute horizontal/vertical accuracy (w/GCPs)Down to 3 cm (1.2 in) / 5 cm (2 in)Absolute horizontal/vertical accuracy (no GCPs)1-5 m (3.3-16.4 ft)Multi-drone operation : Yes (inc. mid-air collision avoidance)Automatic 3D flight planning: YesLinear landing accuracy: Approx. 5 m (16.4 ft)
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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UAV in AgricultureIndex variationsPatterns in canopy height, vigour, colour, densityDeveloping erosion channelsDamage observationsPlant statistical variations & comparisons to other data (e.g. planter data)Patterns in dry soil vs. wet soilDetermine relative location of drainage tile & whether functioning/brokenDisaster management
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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UAV in Agriculture
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
Platform
Cost
Time consumptio
n
Spatial
resolutio
n
Spectral
resolution
Cloud sensitivi
tyCoverage
On demand services
Satellite
high low 2-30
m
4 or more bands
highSquare
kilometers
No
UAV low low
3 -20 cm
4 bands low Up to 10
Km2 Yes
Field low high
Depending on the step
Hyperspectr
al ability
low few hectares Yes
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Fruindex project: location
Location: Genzano di Lucania (Basilicata, Italy)Coordinates: 40°49'15.35"N, 16° 4'43.96"ESoc. Coop. Agr. LA GENERALE
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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Fruindex project: test site
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
N fertilization: 100 or 150 Kg/ha applied in two rates April and May
Wheat accessionsTirex and Core
6 replicates
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Fruindex project: Flight plan
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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Fruindex project: vegetation indexes
NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation
Index)
NDWI (Normalized Difference Water
Index)
NDVI is directly related to the photosynthetic capacity and hence energy absorption of plant canopies
MTCI (Meris Terrestrial
Clorophyll Index)
MTCI is sensitive to chlorophyll content
NDRE (Normalized Difference RedEdge
Index
NDRE is sensitive to chlorophyll content
CCCI (Canopy Chlorophyll
Content Index)
(NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)
(NIR-RE)/(NIR+RE)
NDRE/NDVICCCI is sensitive to the
chlorophyll content
NIR-RE/RE-Red
NIR-Blue/NIR+Blue
NDWI is sensitive to changes in water content of vegetation canopies
VariGREEN Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index
(Green-Red)/(Green+Red+Blue)
Related to the resistance to adverse climatic conditions
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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NDVI: (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)
FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May
Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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NDRE: (NIR-RE)/(NIR+RE)
FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May
Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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CCCI: NDRE/NDVI
FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May
Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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MTCI : NIR-RE/RE-Red
FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May
Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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NDWI: NIR-Blue/NIR+Blue
FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May
Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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VariGREEN : (Green-Red)/(Green+Red+Blue)
FieldSpec - April FieldSpec - May
Multispec4c - April Multispec4c - May
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
FieldSpec - May
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NDVI vs production
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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Advantages of UAV multispectral mapping
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
Control of sprayers based on remote sensing data can lead to a reduction of 80 % -90 % of the doses of herbicide.
Full coverage herbicide
Patch-sprying
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
Other applicationsVegetation and biodiversity monitoring
Other applications
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
Landslide characterizationExecutive planning
Many thanksfor your kind attention
Summer School of Hydrology Applied Course on UAVs for Environmental Monitoring, Matera, July 27-31, 2015
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