justice sector in latin america: where does it stand? alejandro ponce the world justice project
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Justice sector in Latin America:Where does it stand?
Alejandro PonceThe World Justice Project
May 2012
2World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
This presentation Comparative analysis of current performance
of justice institutions in Latin America
3World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Framework Political dimension
Oversight of government branches and making accountable government officials
Social and economic dimension Citizen security (criminal justice system)
Deterrence and redress, while ensuring that fundamental rights are protected
Dispute resolution (civil justice system)Obtain remedies in conformity with fundamental
rights (access, efficiency, and fairness)
4World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Framework Political dimension
Social and economic dimension
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Oversight function
SF 1.3 Government powers are effectively limited by the judiciarySource: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
Deve
lope
d
East
Asia
& P
ac...
Sout
h As
ia
Latin
Am
eric
a...
Mid
dle
East
& ..
.
Sub-
Saha
ran
A...
East
ern
Euro
pe...
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
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Oversight functionCh
ile
Braz
il
Colo
mbi
a
Peru
El S
alva
dor
Mex
ico
Arge
ntina
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic
Guat
emal
a
Boliv
ia
Vene
zuel
a0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
SF 1.3 Government powers are effectively limited by the judiciarySource: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
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Impunity
SF 1.5 Government officials are sanctioned for misconductSource: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
8World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Please assume that a high-ranking government officer is taking government money for personal benefit. Please also assume that one of his employees witnesses this conduct, reports it to the relevant authority, and provides sufficient evidence to prove it. Please assume that the press obtains the information and publishes the story. Which one of the following outcomes is most likely?
The accusation is completely ignored by the authorities (0.0) An investigation is opened, but it never reaches any conclusions (0.5) The officer is prosecuted and punished (through fines or time in prison) (1.0)
Braz
il
Chile
Jam
aica
Guat
emal
a
Vene
zuel
a
Colo
mbi
a
Peru
El S
alva
dor
Dom
inic
an R
e...
Mex
ico
Arge
ntina
Boliv
ia
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
9World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Ciudad de México (27 febrero 2011).- De mil 779 personas denunciadas penalmente por la Secretaría de la Función Pública (SFP) por delitos asociados a corrupción, únicamente una ha sido consignada y quedó libre bajo fianza.
Y es que la Ley de Servidores Públicos vigente no considera como delito grave el desvío, la malversación, el peculado ni ningún otro de los más de 300 que sanciona, y eso impide que los funcionarios que los cometen sean encarcelados.
10World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Framework Political dimension
Social and economic dimension Citizen security (criminal justice system)
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Dom
inic
a...
Peru
Arge
ntina
Gua
tem
ala
Colo
mbi
a
Chile
Mex
ico
Vene
zuel
a
El S
alva
dor
Boliv
ia
Braz
il
Jam
aica
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Burglary rates
Source: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
13World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Business costs of crime and violence
Region Score
Eastern Europe and Central Asia 5.1
Sub-Saharan Africa 4.3
East Asia & Pacific 5.1
South Asia 4.2
Latin America & Caribbean 3.3
Middle East & North Africa 5.3
Source: WEF Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012
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Conviction Rates (burglary)
Source: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
Rest
of t
he ..
.
Mex
ico
Chile
Colo
mbi
a
Arge
ntina
Boliv
ia
El S
alva
dor
Jam
aica
Braz
il
Peru
Vene
zuel
a
Gua
tem
ala0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
15World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Mob justice
Region % without harmEastern Europe and Central Asia 70%Sub-Saharan Africa 29%East Asia & Pacific 62%South Asia 45%Latin America & Caribbean 41%Middle East & North Africa 56%
Source: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
Assume that a criminal is apprehended by your neighbors after committing a serious crime. Which of the following two situations is more likely to happen? - The criminal gets beaten by the neighbors- The criminal is turned over to the authorities without harm
16World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Comparative analysis of the criminal justice system
Crimes are effectively investigated. Crimes are effectively and timely adjudicated. The correctional system is effective in reducing
criminal behavior. The criminal justice system is impartial. The criminal justice system is free of corruption. The criminal justice system is free of improper
government influence. The criminal justice system accords the accused due
process of law.
17World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Effective criminal justice system
Region Score
Eastern Europe and Central Asia 0.45
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.45
East Asia & Pacific 0.54
South Asia 0.45
Latin America & Caribbean 0.42
Middle East & North Africa 0.47
Developed economies 0.75
Source: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
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Criminal justice system
Chile
Jamaica
Peru
Dominican Republic
Brazil
Colombia
Guatemala
El Salvador
Argentina
Bolivia
Mexico
Venezuela
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Crimes inves-tigated
Crimes adju-dicated.
Correctional system
Impartial
Free of corruption.
Free of gov-ernment in-fluence.
Due process of law
19World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Comparative analysis of the civil justice system
People are aware of available remedies. People can access and afford legal advice and
representation. People can access and afford civil courts. Civil justice is free of discrimination. Civil justice is free of corruption. Civil justice is free of improper government influence. Civil justice is not subject to unreasonable delays. Civil justice is effectively enforced.
20World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Framework Political dimension
Social and economic dimension Citizen security (criminal justice system) Dispute resolution (civil justice system)
21World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Civil dispute During the past three years, have you or
someone in your household had a conflict with someone who refused to fulfill a contract or pay a debt?
Which one of the following mechanisms was used to solve the conflict?
Source: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
22World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Civil disputesCountry Court No actionArgentina 38% 15%Brazil 20% 37%Chile 28% 40%Colombia 31% 24%El Salvador 40% 21%Guatemala 36% 34%Mexico 35% 13%Peru 32% 14%Venezuela 36% 12%
Middle Income w/o LA 33% 33%
23World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Civil disputesCountry No action rich No action poorArgentina 15% 14%Brazil 31% 42%Chile 25% 49%Colombia 18% 30%El Salvador 6% 25%Guatemala 33% 37%Mexico 9% 17%Peru 14% 14%Venezuela 7% 22%
Middle Income w/o LA 32% 33%
24World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Civil disputesCountry Fair Slow ExpensiveArgentina 39% 15% 44%Brazil 76% 55% 67%Chile 76% 47% 85%Colombia 59% 15% 51%El Salvador 38% 12% 60%Guatemala 68% 33% 65%Mexico 48% 24% 40%Peru 54% 4% 16%Venezuela 44% 22% 63%
Middle Inc wo LA 54% 21% 39%
25World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Access to civil justiceRegion Score
Eastern Europe and Central Asia 0.52
Sub-Saharan Africa 0.48
East Asia & Pacific 0.48
South Asia 0.40
Latin America & Caribbean 0.53
Middle East & North Africa 0.55
Developed economies 0.69
Source: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
26World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Access to civil justice
Source: WJP Rule of Law Index 2011
Access and afford legal advice
Access and afford civil courts
Free of discrimination
Free of corruption
Free of improper government influence
Not subject to unreasonable delays
Effectively enforced
ADRs
0.00
0.50
1.00
Latin AmericaOther middle incomeHigh income
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Access to justice
Chile
Brazil
Colombia
Argentina
Jamaica
El Salvador
Dominican Republic
Peru
Guatemala
Bolivia
Mexico
Venezuela
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legal repre-sentation
Accessible
Impartial
Free of cor-ruption
Free of govt. influence
Quick
Enforced
ADRs
28World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Summary (1) Substantial variation in the performance of
the justice sector in the region
There is important variation in the oversight function, with some countries enjoying a fair system of checks and balances; however the perception of impunity among government officials who break the law remains widespread
29World Justice Forum | www.wjp-forum.org | worldjusticeforum@wjpnet.org
Summary (2) The judicial sector struggles to provide protection
from crime or to punish perpetrators of abuses. Nowadays, Latin American countries show the highest crime rates in the world and the criminal justice systems rank among the worst in the world.
The performance of civil justice system is mixed, although generally inaccessible for disadvantaged groups
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Thank youAlejandro Ponce
The World Justice Project
poncea@wjpnet.org
www.worldjusticeproject.org
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