mr. toma midwest city high school ap world history
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Mr. TomaMidwest City High School
AP World History
Mongols were a nomadic society oDrove herds of goats and sheepoAte meat and milk from herded animalso Traded hides and dairy products for
jewelry, weapons and cloth Mongol society divided into tribes
oDivided into kin-related clansoClans and tribes combined during war
Leaders were elected by free men
12th Century- Kabul Khan led alliance that defended Mongols against the Qin in China
Temujin (Chinggis Khan) led Mongols after his father was poisoned by rival nomadic group
Temujin was taken prisoner by a rival tribe in 1182 CE but escaped
Joined the camp of a Mongol chieftan Won reputation of being a warrior and military
leader 1206 CE, elected khagan, leader of Mongol tribes
Warriors in Mongol Tribeso Calvary only, short bows
Forces were divided into tumens, or fighting units of 10,000 men
Used messenger force to carry urgent messages
Bravery - a must; warrior code Used spies and informants to create maps
of areas they were going to invade
1207 CE- first military campaign and defeated Tangut kingdom of Xi Xiao Xi Xia ruler submitted to Khano Attacked Jin Empire o Was difficult to overtake, but used
captured Chinese to create new weapons
Captured artisans, scholars Killed or sold others into slavery Devastated towns they conquered
Attacked and took over the Kara Khitai Empire by 1219 CE
Conquered Khwarazm Empire in 1219 CEo Modern day Iran, Turkimenistan,
Afghanistan
Map on page 304
Established capital at Karakorum All religions tolerated by Mongols Script was devised for Mongolian
language Mongol conquests brought peace to
some regions Secure trade routes
1226 CE- Khan took an army of 180,000 to complete conquest of China
Conquered Xi Xia, but Chinggis Khan dies in battle in August 1227 CE
Chinggis Khan’s body was taken back to Karakorum for burial
Remaining land divided between 3 sons and grandson
Elected Ogedei to succeed Chinggis Ogedei directed troops for more conquests
After Chinggis Khan’s death, the Mongol empire was divided into four khanates o Golden Horde Empire, Djagatai Empire, Ilkhan
Empire, Empire of Kubilai Khan The Golden Horde was led by Chinggis Khan’s
grandson Batu o Led invasion of Russia, wanted to press into
Europe Russia was divided into many little kingdoms and
they couldn’t defend against invaders From 1237-1238 CE, Mongol forces invaded Russia
and took many Russian cities Returned in 1240 CE and took Kiev
Moscow was gradually rebuilt As Moscow grew in strength, the Golden Horde
declined o Golden Horde did not occupy or run the Russian
governmento Forced princes to extract taxes and tribute
Religious toleration for Orthodox church 1380 CE- Battle of Kulikova, Russian forces defeat
Golden Horde Russia was cut off from European influence, but
were protected from attacks
Increased Eurasian trade = prosperityo Mongols are massive conduit between Europe,
Middle East and Asiao Honey, glassware, slaves, gunpowder, firearms,
spies, gems, textiles, rugs High Taxes on Peasants
o must give crops and labor to Mongols and regional princes, often become serfs for protection
Conquest of Europe was interrupted by the death of khagan Ogedei
Hulegu, ruler of the Ilkhan Empire, captured Baghdad in 1258 CEo Killed Abbasid caliph
Mongols defeated by Mamluks of Egypt in 1260 CE
Hulegu was forced to reconsider his plan to conquer the entire Muslim world o Mongols defeated in 1260 by armies of
Mamluks of Egypto Hulegu’s cousin, Berke, new khan of
Golden Horde, converted to Islam
Used local lords to administer taxes and census-taking
Tolerant of scholars, artisans
Assimilated Persian outlooks
Mongol khans extract taxes and tribute
Reinvigorate Eurasian trade routes
Conquered the Xi Xia and Jin Empires, turned toward the Song Dynasty
Kubilai Khan led forces against Song 1235-1279 CE- Mongols fought against the
Chinese Kubilai ruled most of China by 1271 CE Set up Yuan Dynasty in 1279 CE Kubilai passed many laws to make
distinction between Mongol and Chinese Built capital at Tatu (present day Beijing)
Mongol women did not practice Chinese customs
Social Standing in Yuan Dynastyo Mongolso Muslim and Asian nomadic allieso north Chineseo Ethnic Chinese from north and southo Minority Chinese from the south
Kubilai Khan welcomed the Polo’s from Venice Marco Polo lived and served as an administrator
for 17 years Most Chinese (ethnic Chinese) thought Kubilai
Khan was a barbarian and did not reconcile to Mongol rule
Merchants prospered Developed a navy Kubilai sought to reduce peasant tax, forced labor Sought to establish elementary schools in villages
The fall of Yuan Chinao Song loyalists revolted in the Southo Successors lacked capacity for leadershipo Famineo Corruption
• Rising taxes for peasants, forced labor White Lotus Society- secret religious sect,
dedicated to overthrowing government Fighting, chaos Mongols escaped to central Asia Ju Yuanzhang- founded the Ming Dynasty
Timur-i Lang (Timur the Lame) was a nomadic Turk
Moved armies from Samarkand to Persia, Mesopotamia, India and S. Russia
Barbaric destruction
Timurid Empire Ended in 1405
after his death
Don’t use scholar-gentry Use foreigners or Mongols for bureaucrats
(Marco Polo) Essential imperial structure remains the
same Toleration of scholars, artisans Pax Mongolica Increase in Eurasian trade (Silk Roads) Extract taxes from peasants Elevated status of merchants
• What was Mongol nomadic life like? In the course of expansion, did the Mongols abandon their nomadic lifestyles? Explain.
• How did the leadership of Chinggis Khan allow the Mongols to expand?
• How was the Mongol empire divided after the death of Chinggis Khan? What develops in each of these places?
• Describe the process of Mongol conquest over the Xi Xia, Jin and Song empires.
• What is the Mongol relationship with Russia like?• What is the Mongol relationship with the Middle
East like?
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