Mr. TomaMidwest City High School

AP World History

Mongols were a nomadic society oDrove herds of goats and sheepoAte meat and milk from herded animalso Traded hides and dairy products for

jewelry, weapons and cloth Mongol society divided into tribes

oDivided into kin-related clansoClans and tribes combined during war

Leaders were elected by free men

12th Century- Kabul Khan led alliance that defended Mongols against the Qin in China

Temujin (Chinggis Khan) led Mongols after his father was poisoned by rival nomadic group

Temujin was taken prisoner by a rival tribe in 1182 CE but escaped

Joined the camp of a Mongol chieftan Won reputation of being a warrior and military

leader 1206 CE, elected khagan, leader of Mongol tribes

Warriors in Mongol Tribeso Calvary only, short bows

Forces were divided into tumens, or fighting units of 10,000 men

Used messenger force to carry urgent messages

Bravery - a must; warrior code Used spies and informants to create maps

of areas they were going to invade

1207 CE- first military campaign and defeated Tangut kingdom of Xi Xiao Xi Xia ruler submitted to Khano Attacked Jin Empire o Was difficult to overtake, but used

captured Chinese to create new weapons

Captured artisans, scholars Killed or sold others into slavery Devastated towns they conquered

Attacked and took over the Kara Khitai Empire by 1219 CE

Conquered Khwarazm Empire in 1219 CEo Modern day Iran, Turkimenistan,

Afghanistan

Map on page 304

Established capital at Karakorum All religions tolerated by Mongols Script was devised for Mongolian

language Mongol conquests brought peace to

some regions Secure trade routes

1226 CE- Khan took an army of 180,000 to complete conquest of China

Conquered Xi Xia, but Chinggis Khan dies in battle in August 1227 CE

Chinggis Khan’s body was taken back to Karakorum for burial

Remaining land divided between 3 sons and grandson

Elected Ogedei to succeed Chinggis Ogedei directed troops for more conquests

After Chinggis Khan’s death, the Mongol empire was divided into four khanates o Golden Horde Empire, Djagatai Empire, Ilkhan

Empire, Empire of Kubilai Khan The Golden Horde was led by Chinggis Khan’s

grandson Batu o Led invasion of Russia, wanted to press into

Europe Russia was divided into many little kingdoms and

they couldn’t defend against invaders From 1237-1238 CE, Mongol forces invaded Russia

and took many Russian cities Returned in 1240 CE and took Kiev

Moscow was gradually rebuilt As Moscow grew in strength, the Golden Horde

declined o Golden Horde did not occupy or run the Russian

governmento Forced princes to extract taxes and tribute

Religious toleration for Orthodox church 1380 CE- Battle of Kulikova, Russian forces defeat

Golden Horde Russia was cut off from European influence, but

were protected from attacks

Increased Eurasian trade = prosperityo Mongols are massive conduit between Europe,

Middle East and Asiao Honey, glassware, slaves, gunpowder, firearms,

spies, gems, textiles, rugs High Taxes on Peasants

o must give crops and labor to Mongols and regional princes, often become serfs for protection

Conquest of Europe was interrupted by the death of khagan Ogedei

Hulegu, ruler of the Ilkhan Empire, captured Baghdad in 1258 CEo Killed Abbasid caliph

Mongols defeated by Mamluks of Egypt in 1260 CE

Hulegu was forced to reconsider his plan to conquer the entire Muslim world o Mongols defeated in 1260 by armies of

Mamluks of Egypto Hulegu’s cousin, Berke, new khan of

Golden Horde, converted to Islam

Used local lords to administer taxes and census-taking

Tolerant of scholars, artisans

Assimilated Persian outlooks

Mongol khans extract taxes and tribute

Reinvigorate Eurasian trade routes

Conquered the Xi Xia and Jin Empires, turned toward the Song Dynasty

Kubilai Khan led forces against Song 1235-1279 CE- Mongols fought against the

Chinese Kubilai ruled most of China by 1271 CE Set up Yuan Dynasty in 1279 CE Kubilai passed many laws to make

distinction between Mongol and Chinese Built capital at Tatu (present day Beijing)

Mongol women did not practice Chinese customs

Social Standing in Yuan Dynastyo Mongolso Muslim and Asian nomadic allieso north Chineseo Ethnic Chinese from north and southo Minority Chinese from the south

Kubilai Khan welcomed the Polo’s from Venice Marco Polo lived and served as an administrator

for 17 years Most Chinese (ethnic Chinese) thought Kubilai

Khan was a barbarian and did not reconcile to Mongol rule

Merchants prospered Developed a navy Kubilai sought to reduce peasant tax, forced labor Sought to establish elementary schools in villages

The fall of Yuan Chinao Song loyalists revolted in the Southo Successors lacked capacity for leadershipo Famineo Corruption

• Rising taxes for peasants, forced labor White Lotus Society- secret religious sect,

dedicated to overthrowing government Fighting, chaos Mongols escaped to central Asia Ju Yuanzhang- founded the Ming Dynasty

Timur-i Lang (Timur the Lame) was a nomadic Turk

Moved armies from Samarkand to Persia, Mesopotamia, India and S. Russia

Barbaric destruction

Timurid Empire Ended in 1405

after his death

Don’t use scholar-gentry Use foreigners or Mongols for bureaucrats

(Marco Polo) Essential imperial structure remains the

same Toleration of scholars, artisans Pax Mongolica Increase in Eurasian trade (Silk Roads) Extract taxes from peasants Elevated status of merchants

• What was Mongol nomadic life like? In the course of expansion, did the Mongols abandon their nomadic lifestyles? Explain.

• How did the leadership of Chinggis Khan allow the Mongols to expand?

• How was the Mongol empire divided after the death of Chinggis Khan? What develops in each of these places?

• Describe the process of Mongol conquest over the Xi Xia, Jin and Song empires.

• What is the Mongol relationship with Russia like?• What is the Mongol relationship with the Middle

East like?