Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial

Society in the West

Chapter 23: The Emergence of Industrial

Society in the West

AP World HistoryMr. Toma

Midwest City High School

AP World HistoryMr. Toma

Midwest City High School

The Age of Revolution

Age of Revolution (1776-1848)

American Revolution 1775

French Revolution 1789

What contributes?

Intellectual challenge, commercial growth, population pressure, tense politics

Forces of Change

Three forces working to disrupt Europe

Cultural force

Commercialization

Population revolution

Protoindustralization

Social changes throughout Europe

The American Revolution

New taxes and trade controls after 1763

Taxation Without Representation

Declaration of Independence of 1776

Issued by the new American government

American Constitution in 1789

French Revolution

Louis XVI called for a parliamentary meeting about tax reform

New assembly calls for one vote per head

New middle-class assembly becomes a political regime

Manorialism abolished: Peasents were given title to lands, church property seized, Bastille stormed July 14, 1789

New constitution with new individual rights, Kings power limited.

French Radicals

Reign of Terror (1792-1795)

Led by Maximilien Robespierre

Use of the guillotine

Prosecuted the king in 1792

1794“Cult of the Supreme Being” (Civic Religion)

Second purge let to his execution.

Pushed revolutionary reforms

Nationalism

French Authoritarians

Napoleon Bonaparte, converted France to an authoritarian empire.

Devoted most attention to expansion abroad.

Held or controlled most of western Europe by 1812

1812- France begins to fail (invasion of Russia fails)

Spread revolutionary ideas and legislation

Encouraged nationalism

Napoleon’s Empire in 1812

Revolutionary Legacy

1815, Congress of Vienna= peace settlement

Territorial adjustments

Growing political movements

Conservatives, Liberals, Radicals

Greek Revolution of 1820

Belgian Revolution of 1830

French Revolution of 1830

Reform Bill of 1832

Industrialization and 1848 Revolutions

Industrial Revolution

Chartist Movement

Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary

Democracy in France

Failures of revolutions

Industrial class structure

Adjustments to Industrial Life

Railroads and canals were constructed and linked cities throughout Europe.

Family life adjusted to urbanization.

Louis Pasteur discovered germs.

1860-1873- The number of corporations in Europe doubled.

Peasant protests declined.

Industrialization in Europe, 1850

Political Trends and New Nations

Many Western leaders worked to reduce the need for political revolution after 1850.

Nationalism in Italy and Germany

Kingdom of Italy established 1861

Germany unification in 1871

American Civil War 1861-1865

Most Western nations had a parliamentary system by 1870s.

Unificationof

Italy1859-1870

Unificationof

Germany1815-1871

Government Functions

Civil service examinations in all governments(ability over bloodline)

Governments extended regulations (factory safety, immigration, etc)

Schooling expanded (compulsory to age12)

By 1900, 90-95% of Western Europeans and Americans were literate

Governments introduce welfare measures

The “Social Question” (socialism and feminist movements)

Socialism

Rise of Socialism in Germany by Karl Marx

Class struggle = group out of power (propertyless proletariat) vs. group controlling the means of production (bourgeoisie)

Grievances of proletariat will lead to revolution; full freedom will be achieved

Class struggle would end because class systems would be eliminated

Socialist parties extend to Austria, France

More Challenges

Revisionism- argument that Marx’s ideas were wrong and success could be achieved by peaceful means

Feminist movements, 1900s

Suffrage in 1918 for USA, Germany, Britain

Most movements came from middle class women

Cultural Transformations

White-collar labor force grows in the working class

Secretaries, clerks, salespeople

Widespread advertising promoted products

Bicycle fad of the 1880’s

Mass leisure culture

Theatre, comedy routines, entertainment

Team sports

Soccer, football, baseball

1896- Olympic games

Advances in Scientific Knowledge

1859- Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of the Species

All living species evolved and adapted in order to survive

Albert Einstein- theory of relativity

Time as a factor in physical measurement

Sigmund Freud- study of the human subconscious

New Directions in Art

Romanticism- emotion is key to human experience and nature, not reason and generalization.

Art- intense passion, madness, interest in literature

Writers- to move readers to tears, not debate

Poetry- did not have to rhyme

Art and Sculpture- more and more abstract

Goya’s Saturn Devouring His Children

Western Settler Societies

Industrial Revolution created the need for new markets and the need for new raw materials and agricultural products.

Industrialization of the West’s military

Repeating rifle and machine gun

Steamships

Massive European emigration

Many societies were immigrant majorities

Emerging Power of U.S.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

America as a symbol of freedom

1861-1865 American Civil War

Industrial North, growing farms vs. Slave-holding, plantation growing South

Disputes over slaveholding

Accelerated industrialization

European Settlements

European immigrants settled in Canada, Australia, New Zealand in the 19th century

Canada won by Britain from France in 18th century

Granted self-rule in 1839 from Britain

Britain established colonies in 1788 in Australia

By 1840, Australia has 140,000 European immigrants

New Zealand was taken control over by the British in 1840

Early 19th-century Settlements

Diplomatic Tensions and the New Alliance SystemImperialist expansion fed the sense of rivalry between nation-states

1907- Most European nations were in one of two alliance systems.

Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente- Britain, Russia, France

Artillery levels and naval forces grew steadily

Germany concerned about facing enemies on east and west

World War I

Small Balkan nations won independence from the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century

1912 and 1913- Balkan nations engaged in two internal wars

Serbia didn’t gain as much territory as they thought it should be granted

1914- Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist

Russia mobilized its troops against Austria

World War I begins on August 1st, 1914