reconstruction, 1865- 1877 1865, the end of the civil war, to 1877, the compromise of 18771865, the...

Reconstruction, 1865- 1877Reconstruction, 1865- 1877

• 1865, the end of the Civil War, to 1877, 1865, the end of the Civil War, to 1877, the Compromise of 1877the Compromise of 1877

• Rebuilding the nation after the Civil War Rebuilding the nation after the Civil War tore it aparttore it apart

• 3 phases:3 phases:1.1. Presidential- Lincoln and Johnson, goal- UnionPresidential- Lincoln and Johnson, goal- Union

2.2. Congressional- (Radical Reconstruction), Congressional- (Radical Reconstruction), attempted protection of Black rightsattempted protection of Black rights

3.3. Redemption- White Democratic Southerners Redemption- White Democratic Southerners regained power through violent meansregained power through violent means

Edmond Ruffin

Florida Gov. John Milton

And now with my latest writing and utterance, and with what will [be] near to my latest breath, I here repeat, & would willingly proclaim, my unmitigated hatred to Yankee rule—to all political, social and business connections with Yankees, & to the perfidious, malignant, & vile Yankee race

Key QuestionsKey Questions

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the

Union?Union?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the

South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction

during the war?during the war?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated

black freedmen?black freedmen?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of

Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnestyand Reconstruction(December 8, 1863)

1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR.

Perpetual Union Theory: Never believed the South left the Union

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congr.Henry

W. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

“Iron-Clad” Oath.

“State Suicide” Theory.

“Conquered Provinces” Position.

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketPocketVetoVeto

PocketPocketVetoVeto

13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) Helped slaves

adjust to freedom

Negotiated labor contracts

Set up schools for both races

Northerners risk lives, Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

Opposition to the Freedmen’s Bureau in a Opposition to the Freedmen’s Bureau in a Penn. NewspaperPenn. Newspaper

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Freedmen’s Bureau School

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

-Fisk-Fisk-Howard-Howard-Hampton-Hampton

President Andrew Johnson

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Andrew Johnson’s Pardons:Andrew Johnson’s Pardons:Is this Reconstruction or Is this Reconstruction or

Restoration?Restoration?

Restoration States in 1865Restoration States in 1865

• Elections to fill open seatsElections to fill open seats

• Elect 58 Confederate Congressmen, 8 Elect 58 Confederate Congressmen, 8 CSA colonials, 4 CSA Generals, and the CSA colonials, 4 CSA Generals, and the VP of the Confederacy, Alexander VP of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens!Stephens!

Growing Northern Alarm!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES BLACK CODES

Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?

Black CodesBlack Codes Purpose:

* Guarantee stable labor

supply now that blacks

were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations. (replaced slave codes)

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Memphis Riot, Memphis Riot, May 1-2, 1866May 1-2, 1866

New Orleans Riot 1866New Orleans Riot 1866

“The more information I obtain . . . the more revolting it becomes.It was no riot; it was an absolute massacre by the police which was not excelled in murderous cruelty by that of Fort Pillow.” Sheridan to Grant

14th Amendment14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. (Protecting the Civil Rights Act of 1866)

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in bothhouses andgained controlof everynorthern state.

Radical Plan for Readmission

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories

were subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act: Bayonet Rule

Command of the Army Act

Tenure of Office Act

The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act

Edwin Stanton

The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army.

Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government.

Question of the constitutionality of this law.

President Johnson’s Impeachment

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February,

1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!

“Soldiers, every scar you have on your heroic bodies was given you by a Democrat. Every scar, every arm that is lacking, every limb that is gone, is a souvenir of a Democrat. I want you to recollect it . . .”

1868 Presidential Election

1868 Presidential Election

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant presided over an era of unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier Scandal.

* Whiskey Ring.

* The “Indian Ring.”

* Credit Mobilier Scandal. 5 Congressmen forced to resign

The Tweed Ring in NYCThe Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political

machine)

The Panic of 1873The Panic of 1873 Caused Northerners

to become more concerned about the economy than Reconstruction

Black “Adjustment” in

the South:

Is free simply the condition of

not being a slave?

Black “Adjustment” in

the South:

Is free simply the condition of

not being a slave?

Sherman’s Special Field Order #15Sherman’s Special Field Order #15

•40 acres and a mule promise•Latter overturned, land given back•Land redistribution never took place

Economic- SharecroppingEconomic- Sharecropping

<<< Before <<< Before

Civil WarCivil War

<<< After <<< After

Civil WarCivil War

Freedmen AdjustFreedmen Adjust

• First thing many do was to wander the First thing many do was to wander the countryside looking for sold off family countryside looking for sold off family membersmembers

• Rename to get rid of slave family name, Rename to get rid of slave family name, i.e. George Washington Carveri.e. George Washington Carver

• Built black independent churchesBuilt black independent churches

Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black Civil War

veterans.

Most white southerners were unprepared to give Blacks political power.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

The Balance of Power in Congress

The Balance of Power in Congress

StateWhite Citizens

Freedmen

SC 291,000 411,000

Miss 353,000 436,000

Louis 357,000 350,000

GA 591,000 465,000

AL 596,000 437,000

VA 719,000 533,000

NC 631,000 331,000Colored Rulein a Reconstructed State ?Colored Rulein a Reconstructed State ?

Black & White Political Participation

Black & White Political Participation

Black Senate & House Delegates

Black Senate & House Delegates

Hiram Revels (Miss) & Blanche Bruce (Miss): 1st black

Senators

Hiram Revels (Miss) & Blanche Bruce (Miss): 1st black

Senators

15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote! Republicans motivated to protect black voting rights to win elections

VI. RedemptionVI. Redemption

• The rise of Southern controlThe rise of Southern control

• The abandonment of Reconstruction The abandonment of Reconstruction

The “Invisible Empire of the South”- instrument of the

Democratic Party

The “Invisible Empire of the South”- instrument of the

Democratic Party

Ku Klux Klan & CarpetbaggersKu Klux Klan & Carpetbaggers

Word Origins of the KKKWord Origins of the KKK

• The Scots-Gaelic Sanas of Ku Klux Klan The Scots-Gaelic Sanas of Ku Klux Klan   Cu Cleócach Clainn Cu Cleócach Clainn Cloaked heroes of the ClannCloaked heroes of the Clann  Cu: Champion, hero. (Dwelly, Faclair Gaidhlig Gu Cu: Champion, hero. (Dwelly, Faclair Gaidhlig Gu Beurla, Gaelic-English Dictionary , p. 283 Beurla, Gaelic-English Dictionary , p. 283   Cleóc, Cloak, mantle, cover or concealCleóc, Cloak, mantle, cover or concealCleócach, adj. cloaked (pron. Klukah)Cleócach, adj. cloaked (pron. Klukah)  Clann, Clann, gs.gs. clainn: Offspring, descendants, children; tribe, clainn: Offspring, descendants, children; tribe, family. family.   

• During the evening the organization was perfected. Captain John B. During the evening the organization was perfected. Captain John B. Kennedy, on the committee to select a name mentioned one which Kennedy, on the committee to select a name mentioned one which he had considered, "Kukloi," from the Greek word "Kuklos," meaning he had considered, "Kukloi," from the Greek word "Kuklos," meaning a band or circle. James R. Crowe said, "Call is Ku Klux," and no one a band or circle. James R. Crowe said, "Call is Ku Klux," and no one will know what it means. John C. Lester said: "Add Klan as we are will know what it means. John C. Lester said: "Add Klan as we are all Scotch-Irish descent."all Scotch-Irish descent."

• He then repeated the words: "Ku Klux Klan," the first time these He then repeated the words: "Ku Klux Klan," the first time these words ever fell from human tongue. The weirdness of the alliteration words ever fell from human tongue. The weirdness of the alliteration appealed to the mysterious with them; so the name was adopted appealed to the mysterious with them; so the name was adopted with a feeling that they had chosen something which would excite with a feeling that they had chosen something which would excite the curiosity of their friends and carry out their idea of amusement, the curiosity of their friends and carry out their idea of amusement, which most unexpectedly to them, proved a boon to Pulaski and the which most unexpectedly to them, proved a boon to Pulaski and the South.South.

• Emily Thach run the computerEmily Thach run the computer

• Leslie and Jesse are on the Leslie and Jesse are on the Reconstruction was a success sideReconstruction was a success side

• Have class fill in blanks for slides 66-93Have class fill in blanks for slides 66-93

• Do notecards as a class for the remaining Do notecards as a class for the remaining timetime

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &

1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. “The Lost

Cause.”

The rise of the“Bourbons.”

Redeemers (prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs) people who want to take back white rule.

Southern PoliticsSouthern Politics• RepublicansRepublicans

– FreedmenFreedmen– CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers– ScalawagsScalawags

• DemocratsDemocrats– Former Confederate Former Confederate

soldierssoldiers– KKKKKK– Most whitesMost whites

The South continued to fight the The South continued to fight the Civil War after the war, guerilla Civil War after the war, guerilla

warfarewarfare

The Civil Rights Act of 1875The Civil Rights Act of 1875

Crime for any individual to deny full &equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Why did Northern Support Wane?

Why did Northern Support Wane?

“Grantism” & corruption seen as wasteful.

Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].

Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.

Tired after 12 years

1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

1876 Presidential Election

• Close electionClose election

• 3 states contested, Florida, Louisiana, & 3 states contested, Florida, Louisiana, & South CarolinaSouth Carolina

• Republicans claimed Blacks were not Republicans claimed Blacks were not allowed to vote and contested the resultsallowed to vote and contested the results

• Dispute dragged on to the next yearDispute dragged on to the next year

The Political Crisis of 1877

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877

A Political Crisis: The Compromise of 1877

Democrats agreed Democrats agreed to give all four of the to give all four of the contested states to contested states to the Republicans the Republicans and Hayes if they and Hayes if they agreed to end agreed to end Reconstruction and Reconstruction and remove the federal remove the federal troops from the troops from the South (Wormley South (Wormley Hotel Agreement)Hotel Agreement)

The North won the Civil War, but the South won Reconstruction

“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”

““The New South”The New South”• Idea articulated by Idea articulated by

Henry Grady, editor of Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution the Atlanta Constitution in the 1880’sin the 1880’s

• The Old South was The Old South was based on plantation based on plantation slavery, the New South slavery, the New South would be urban and would be urban and industrial like the Northindustrial like the North

• Did it come true?Did it come true?

Vs.

Economic ProgressEconomic Progress• Boom in textilesBoom in textiles• Tobacco and cigarette production, Tobacco and cigarette production,

James DukeJames Duke• Steel-BirminghamSteel-Birmingham• Memphis center of the lumber Memphis center of the lumber

industryindustry• Agriculture- George Washington Agriculture- George Washington

Carver promoted peanut Carver promoted peanut production to replace cottonproduction to replace cotton

Continued PovertyContinued Poverty• Sharecropping/ cotton Sharecropping/ cotton

production continuesproduction continues• Cycle of debtCycle of debt• Poor education systemPoor education system• Late start industrializingLate start industrializing• Most business owned Most business owned

by Northern investors by Northern investors and banksand banks

• Did the South become a Did the South become a colony of the North?colony of the North?

I attended a funeral once in Pickens county in my State. . . . This funeral was peculiarly sad. It was a poor fellow. They buried him in the midst of a marble quarry: they cut through solid marble to make his grave; and yet a little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. They buried him in the heart of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati. They buried him within touch of an iron mine, and yet the nails in his coffin and the iron in the shovel that dug his grave were imported from Pittsburg. They buried him by the side of the best sheep-grazing country on the earth, and yet the wool in the coffin bands and the coffin bands themselves were brought from the North. The South didn’t furnish a thing on earth for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground. There they put him away and the clods rattled down on his coffin, and they buried him in a New York coat and a Boston pair of shoes and a pair of breeches from Chicago and a shirt from Cincinnati, leaving him nothing to carry into the next world with him to remind him of the country in which he lived, and for which he fought for four years, but the chill of blood in his veins and the marrow in his bones.

-Henry Grady to the Bay State Club of Boston, 1889

Per Capita IncomePer Capita Income

Black White Avg.Black White Avg.

1857 $28.95 124.79 74.281857 $28.95 124.79 74.28

1879 42.22 80.57 60.131879 42.22 80.57 60.13

• The South did not recover economically from the war The South did not recover economically from the war until the 1940’suntil the 1940’s

PoliticsPolitics• Solid SouthSolid South is the is the

electoral support of the electoral support of the Southern US (Former Southern US (Former CSA) for the Democratic CSA) for the Democratic Party candidates for Party candidates for nearly a century from nearly a century from 1877, the end of 1877, the end of Reconstruction, to 1964, Reconstruction, to 1964, during the middle of the during the middle of the Civil Rights era.Civil Rights era.

Nadir (low point) Nadir (low point) of Race Relationsof Race Relations

• Civil Rights Act of 1875 & Civil Rights Act of 1875 & 1414thth Amendment supposed Amendment supposed to protect Black Civil Rightsto protect Black Civil Rights

• Instead Jim Crow laws Instead Jim Crow laws developed that legally developed that legally separated the races in all separated the races in all parts of Southern societyparts of Southern society

– Education, public Education, public restrooms, theatres, restrooms, theatres, trains…trains…

Segregated Drinking FountainSegregated Drinking Fountain

• Routine acts like Routine acts like using a rest room or using a rest room or getting a drink were getting a drink were an exercise in an exercise in humiliation for blacks.humiliation for blacks.

• Blacks who Blacks who challenged “Jim challenged “Jim Crow” laws often met Crow” laws often met with violence. with violence.

Black Codes were not the same Black Codes were not the same as Jim Crow Lawsas Jim Crow Laws

• The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to negate the results of the war.

• After winning large majorities in the 1866 elections, the Republicans put the South under military rule.

• They held new elections in which the Freedmen could vote.

• Suffrage was also expanded to poor whites.

• The new governments repealed all the Black Codes; The 14th Amendment's equal protection clause ensured that the Black Codes could not reappear in southern legislation. It was adopted on July 9th, 1868.

• The Black Codes of the 1860s are not the same as the Jim Crow laws.

• The Black Codes were in reaction to the abolition of slavery and the South's defeat in the Civil War.

• Southern legislatures enacted them in the 1860s.

• The Jim Crow era began later, nearer to the end of the 19th century after Reconstruction.

Voting Rights After Voting Rights After ReconstructionReconstruction

• Poll taxes, literacy Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather tests, and grandfather clauses were all used clauses were all used to deny blacks the to deny blacks the right to vote.right to vote.

• The 15The 15thth amendment amendment was circumvented.was circumvented.

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

• The US Supreme The US Supreme Court officially Court officially approved segregated approved segregated facilities. facilities.

““Separate but Equal” Separate but Equal” • The court found that states The court found that states

could legally separate the could legally separate the races by providing races by providing “separate but equal” “separate but equal” facilities. facilities.

• This, according to the This, according to the Court, would not violate the Court, would not violate the equal protection clause of equal protection clause of the 14th Amendmentthe 14th Amendment

• Of course, from schools to Of course, from schools to waiting rooms at train waiting rooms at train stations the facilities were stations the facilities were notnot equal. equal.

The United States of America The United States of America are a great place to live.are a great place to live.

Vs.Vs.The United States of American The United States of American

is a great place to liveis a great place to live

The EndThe End

RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION HISTORIOGRAPHYHISTORIOGRAPHY

““Traditional” InterpretationsTraditional” Interpretations

• Late 19Late 19thth century century• Radical Republicans dominated southern lifeRadical Republicans dominated southern life• Unscrupulous carpetbaggers and scalawags Unscrupulous carpetbaggers and scalawags

exploited the poor South; graft rampant!exploited the poor South; graft rampant!• Black supremacy oppressed poor white Black supremacy oppressed poor white

Southerners; nothing but barbaric!Southerners; nothing but barbaric!• Argues Argues race race the major issue, the major issue, • Reconstruction A BIG failure!Reconstruction A BIG failure!• Interpretation is now considered racist.Interpretation is now considered racist.

William Archibald DunningWilliam Archibald Dunning

• From New JerseyFrom New Jersey• 1857-19221857-1922• Defined first decades Defined first decades

of Reconstruction of Reconstruction historyhistory

• Condoned KKKCondoned KKK• Poor abused SouthPoor abused South• Evil scheming NorthEvil scheming North• Child-like NegroesChild-like Negroes

Progressive HistoriansProgressive Historians

• Early 20Early 20thth century century• Second American RevolutionSecond American Revolution• Largest issue: ECONOMICSLargest issue: ECONOMICS• Dominant northern capitalists exploit Dominant northern capitalists exploit

defeated Southdefeated South• South still exploited, but for different South still exploited, but for different

reasons, evil plot nonetheless.reasons, evil plot nonetheless.• A handful of scholars dispute this view.A handful of scholars dispute this view.

Charles A. BeardCharles A. Beard

• 1874-19481874-1948• Dominant northern Dominant northern

capitalists exploit capitalists exploit defeated Southdefeated South

• Economic Economic interpretation interpretation beginning in 1923beginning in 1923

• Focused on material Focused on material self interest, not self interest, not ideologyideology

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

• 1868-19631868-1963• Brought African Brought African

American experience American experience to the tableto the table

• Wrote Wrote Black Black ReconstructionReconstruction

• CommunistCommunist• Reconstruction had a Reconstruction had a

good side, benefits.good side, benefits.

Revisionist HistoriansRevisionist Historians

• Second Reconstruction Era: 1950’s and Second Reconstruction Era: 1950’s and 1960’s1960’s

• African-Americans at center of issueAfrican-Americans at center of issue

• Andrew Johnson now a pig-headed racistAndrew Johnson now a pig-headed racist

• Radical Republicans are GOOD guys!Radical Republicans are GOOD guys!

• Reconstruction had positive effects!Reconstruction had positive effects!

• Revolutionary impulse thwartedRevolutionary impulse thwarted

LaWanda F. CoxLaWanda F. Cox

• 1909-2005 1909-2005 • Moderate Moderate

Republicans Republicans spearheaded spearheaded ReconstructionReconstruction

• Not economics but Not economics but race relations the race relations the major issuemajor issue

• Genuine conviction Genuine conviction for legal equalityfor legal equality

Kenneth StamppKenneth Stampp

• 1912-1912-• Refutes DunningRefutes Dunning• Reconstruction a Reconstruction a

successsuccess• Last “great crusade Last “great crusade

of 19of 19thth century century reformers.”reformers.”

• Issue: too many Issue: too many secondary sourcessecondary sources

C. Vann WoodwardC. Vann Woodward

• 1908-19991908-1999• Reconstruction was Reconstruction was

not revolutionary not revolutionary • Very conservativeVery conservative• Strange Career of Strange Career of

Jim Crow (Jim Crow (1955)1955)• Dissertation advisor: Dissertation advisor:

Howard K. BealeHoward K. Beale

John Hope FranklinJohn Hope Franklin

• 1915-1915-• Focused on African-Focused on African-

American contributionAmerican contribution• ““And what historians And what historians

have written tells as have written tells as much about their own much about their own generation as about the generation as about the Reconstruction period Reconstruction period itself.”itself.”

• Civil Rights influenceCivil Rights influence

Post-revisionismPost-revisionism

• 1970’s1970’s

• Racial prejudice compromised efforts to Racial prejudice compromised efforts to aid freedmen.aid freedmen.

• Reconstruction was “superficial”Reconstruction was “superficial”

• New South just New South just continuation continuation of Old Southof Old South

• Reconstruction was conservative and not Reconstruction was conservative and not revolutionary at all!revolutionary at all!

Eric FonerEric Foner

• MarxistMarxist• Issue is changing class Issue is changing class

relationshipsrelationships• Use of law to preserve Use of law to preserve

plantation system and plantation system and control of laborcontrol of labor

• Economic role pertained Economic role pertained to labor controlto labor control

• Reconstruction was the Reconstruction was the 22ndnd American Revolution American Revolution

The EndThe End

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing

MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Military Reconstruction Act

Military Reconstruction Act

Johnson the Martyr / Samson

Johnson the Martyr / Samson““If my blood is to be If my blood is to be

shed because I vindicate shed because I vindicate the Union and the the Union and the preservation of this preservation of this government in its government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and and lay me upon it, and the blood that now the blood that now warms and animates my warms and animates my existence shall be existence shall be poured out as a fit poured out as a fit libation to the Union.”libation to the Union.” (February 1866) (February 1866)

• Some historians have argued that Manifest Destiny was a form American Imperialism. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• Evaluate the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions like a historian would by using specific evidence from 1820 to 1861.

• Some historians have argued that on the eve of the Civil War, the North and South were two separate societies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

•Some historians have argued that the Civil War was fought over slavery. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• Some historians have argued that Reconstruction from 1865 – 1877 was a failure. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.