spanish grammer book
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Spanish 2 Grammar Book
Ana Maria Schieffelbein
Table of Contents
1. Ser2. Estar3. Verbs Like Gustar4. Hacer5. Preterite 6. Trigger Words7. -car, -gar, -zar8. Spock verbs9. Cucaracha verbs10. Snakes 11. Snakeys12. DOP13. Commands
14. Irregulars15. IOP16. Se impersonal17. TV Dishes18. Past Participle as adj19. El futuro & ir + a +
infintitive20. Demonstrative adj21. Demonstrative pn22. Los mandatos formales23. Modal verbs24. Reflexives25. Saber vs. Conocer
Ser
Descriptions
Origin
Characteristics
Time
OccupationRelationships
Possession
Events
Dates
DOCTOR
PED
¿Que es?
¿De dόnde es?
¿Como es?
¿Que hora es?
¿Que hace?¿Quien es?
¿De quien es?
¿Cuando/ Donde es?
¿Que dia es hoy?¿ Cual es la fecha de hoy?
Estar
Estar
I Health
Emotions
Location
PresentCondition
G
N
Ar- andoEr/ir- endo-yendo
¿Que estas haciendo?
¿Como estas?
¿Como estas?
¿Donde estas?
¿Como esta?
Verbs Like Gustar
Me Gusta Gustar Gustan
Te falta faltarfaltan
Nos fascina fascinarfascinan
Les molesta molestarmolestan
All of these words are verbs like gustar, as well as indirect object pronounsMore- doler, encantar, importar, y sidgustar
ExamplesNos molestan la señorita.
ExampleMe gustan los zapatos.
Hacer
• Present tense- since and far• Preterite tense- ago• Hace t time t que t verb
Examples-Hace un aňo que fui a la italina
Hace time que verb A year ago I went to Italy
Hace dos aňos que vivo en la Francia.I have lived in France for two years.
Hacer Expressions
El Pretérito
• Preterite is a definite time in the past with a beginning or ending.
Examples Comer Escribir
Yo Comí Escribí
Tú Comiste Escribiste
Usted Comiό Escribό
Nosotros Comimos Escribimos
Ustedes Comieron Escribieror
Er/ir
¡Esto es el pretérito!Ar Er/ir
É í
aste Iste
ό Iό
amos Imos
aron ieron
Comí pan. I ate bread.Compramos la ropa. We bought the clothes.
Trigger WordsTrigger words give you clues that the sentence is going to be in the
preterite.Trigger words are most commonly relating to time in some way.
Example- Ayer escribí tres cartas. YesterdayElla caminó por el parque ayer por la manana. yesterday morningEllos comieron a las ocho.
at eight o’clock.Vivimos allí en ese momento.
in that moment
-car, -gar, -zaren el pretérito
-Car
-qué -camos
-caste -casteís
-cό -caron -Gar
-gué -gamos
-gaste -gasteis
-gό -garon
-Zar
-cé -zamos
-zaste -zasteís
-zό -zaron
Spock Verbs Ir/serFuiFuisteFueFuimosFueron
Dar Ver Di viDiste visteDio vioDimos vimosDieron vieron
HacerHiceHicisteHizoHicimosHicieron
Hacer
ir
ser
dar v
er
Cucaracha Verbs
Examples Carlos y Dora venieron al
restrante.
El mesero les trajo pan y mantequilla.
• E- yo• Iste- tu• O- usted• Imos- nosotros• Isteis- vosotros• Ieron- ustedes
La Cucaracha Verbs
Andar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Querer Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venen Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
DecirTraer
Dij-Traj-
Snakes
DormirYoDomi
NosotrosDomimos
TuDomiste
VosotrosDormisteis
Usted, ella
dormio
Ustedes
Domieron
PedirYoPedi
NosotrosPedimos
TuPediste
VosotrosPedisteis
Usted, ella
Pidiό
Ustedes
Pidieron
SnakeysLeer
YoLeí
NosotrosLeímos
TuLeíste
VosotrosLeísteis
Usted, ella
LeYό
Ustedes
LeYeron
Stem changing in the preterite leer, creer, and oir Change I to y in the third person
DOP
The DOP answers the question of what is received The direct action of the verbLoLaLosLasReflexive Pronouns attach to a command in three instances:1. Infinitive
1. Attach to the end of the infinitive 2. In front of the conjugated verb
2. Positive command1. Put it on the end of the command and put an accent over the first vowel
3. Gerund (-ing)1. Put it at the end of the verb and put an accent on the 3rd to last syllable vowel
All other times the DOP goes before the verb
Commands
AfirmativeTu- drop the ‘s’
Ud./Uds.- put it in ‘yo’ change to opposite vowel
DOP and IOP can attach to affirmative command
NegativeTu- put in ‘yo’ form Change to opposite vowelAdd an ‘s’
Ud./Uds.- put in ‘yo’ formChange to opposite vowel
DOP and IOP must go before the negative command
IrregularsDar
Doy Damos
Das Dais
Da Dan
Ir
Voy Vamos
Vas Vais
Va Van
Ser
Soy Somos
Eres Sois
Es Son
Verbos en el presente
Forms of irregular mandatos verbs (usted command)Ser- seaEstar- estéDar- déIr- vaVer- veSaber- sabe
IOP
IOPs answer the question of to whom or for whom the action is done.
MeTeLeNosOsLes
Can change to se because you cannot have double “L”s
Example: I gave it to herDar Di Se lo di. The sentence cannot be le lo di because of the double “L”s
Se Impersonal
Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.
When you use se it is always in third person
It can be used in all tenses!Se hizo muchoSe hará muchoSe había hechoMore…Se vende fruta en la frutería
TV Dishes
Irregular Commands
TV
D
IS
H
E
S
Tener- Tenga
Venir-venga
Dar- dé
Ir- vaya
Ser- sea
Hacer- haga
Estar-esté
Saber- seba
Past Participle as Adj.
To form the past participle, drop the ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) and -ido (for -er, -ir verbs). They can be used as adjectives!
hablar - ar + ado = habladocomer - er + ido = comido
Examples- La puerta está cerrada.The door is closed
El restaurante está abiertoThe restaurant is open
El FuturoIr + a + infinitive- going to be
doing something in the near future
*don’t forget how to conjugate the verb ir!
Examples- Voy a llevar….Va a leer….
é ás
á
éis emos
án El Futuro
Voy Vamos
Vas Vais
Va Van
Los Adjetivos Demonstrativos
Describes a nounDemonstrative adjectives have four forms: masculine
singular, masculine plural, feminine singular, feminine plural
Este libro (this book)
Estos libros (these books)
Esta pluma (this pen)
Estas plumas (these pens)
Ese libro (that book)
Esos libros (those books)
Esa pluma (that pen)
Esas plumas (those pens)
aquel libro (that book over there)
aquellos libros (those books over there)
aquella pluma (that pen over there)
aquellas plumas (those pens over there)
Demonstrative PNs
Takes place of a nounThese pronouns do not change in number or genderUsed to refer to an abstract object or a thought
Este (this one - masculine)
estos (these ones -masculine)
esta (this one - feminine)
estas (these ones - feminine)
ese (that one - masculine)
esos (those ones - masculine)
esa (that one - feminine)
esas (those ones – feminine)
Aquel (that one over there - masc.)
aquellos (those ones over there - masc.)
Aquella (that one over there - fem.)
aquellas (those ones over there - fem.)
Los Mandatos Informales- Tu commands
Affirmitive commands-Put in tu form Drop the “s”Come el taco.Habla con abuela.
With an DO PN, put the pn at the end of the commandHazla- do it!Lávetelas- wash them!
Negative commands-Put in tu formChange the vowelAdd the s *the DO PN always goes before
the verb!
No lo hagas- don’t do it!No te vayas- don’t go!
Modal Verbs
Modal VerbsUsed to help verbs to change their meaning
Modal + infinitive
Poder puede limpiar
Querer No quedo
limpiar
Deber demes
limpiado
Tener tengo que
limpiar
Reflexive Verbs… describe people doing things themselves
You can put the reflexive pronoun infront of the verb….Me Lavo el pelo.I wash my hair.El se peina.He combs his hair.
Or you can attach the reflexive pn to the infinitive…Lavarme el pelo.I wash my hair.Peinase.He combs his hair.
Reflexive Pronouns
MeMyself
TeYourself
SeHis/
Herself
NosOurself
SeThemself
Saber vs. Conocer
They both mean “to know”, but which one you use depends on the context of the sentence
They are not interchangeable!
Saber- use to express knowledge/ unawareness of a factSé donde vives.No sé la dirección a su casa.
Conocer- use to say that one is or is not acquainted with a person, a place, or an object
Yo no conozco a María.Alberto y Alfredo conocen María.
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