taxonomy chapter 18 taxonomy field in which scientists classify organisms and assign a universally...

TaxonomyChapter 18

Taxonomy Field in which scientists classify organisms

and assign a universally accepted name Organization into groups that get more and

more specific All levels share common features Ex: Mammalia, Vertebrata, Canis

Classification System Each level is called a “taxon” 7 total levels* Kingdom—Phylum—Class—Order—Family

—Genus—Species Most general at the top (most members) Most specific at the bottom (least members) *Not including Domains (yet)

Ex: Red Tailed HawkClassification

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Falconiformes Family: Accipitridae Genus:Buteo Species: jamaicensis

What is Binomial Nomenclature? Modern classification for organisms using a

two-word naming system The 2 words are the last 2 taxonomic levels:

Genus and species

Example: Periplaneta americana =

A Cockroach!!!

How did we find that? Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Blattaria Family: Blattidae Genus: Periplaneta Species: americana

How do we write scientifically? Capitalize the Genus Lowercase the species Either: Italicize or Underline the grouping Ex: Carcharodon carcharias Ex: Ara macao

Who came up with this system? Carolus Linnaeus Loved Latin so much

changed his name to the Latin form…sweet.

Came up the hierarchal classification system

Founder of modern taxonomy

What is Phylogeny? Evolutionary History of Species Shows Relationships and Common Ancestors Uses a “Phylogenetic Tree” to shows relationships Based on: Structural Similarities, Breeding

Behavior, Geographic Distribution, Chromosome Comparisons, & Biochemistry

Presumed relationships based on MORPHOLOGY!! = structural features!http://www.amnh.org/ology/features/treeoflife/pages/cladogram.php

How do you read the tree?

Is the “Oldest” at the

bottom?

Yes and No, the tree shows

common ancestors! What is our most

common ancestor on

this tree?

What is Cladistics? Branch of taxonomy that uses cladograms to

show relationships

Cladogram Construction a stylized diagram that looks like a series of

Y's or forks in a road At each branch, or "Y" junction,

characteristics of evolutionary origin are used to separate one group from the rest.

All the organisms after that characteristic will share that trait.

Used to show common ancestry

Cladogram