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PROJECT – II

Internship report on

Analysis of avian influenza surveillance and epidemiological projects in European, African and Asian countries

Submitted by

Dr. PAVADE GOUNALAN Ph.D (Veterinary Pathology)

France

Submitted to

The Scientific and Technical Department World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

Paris, France

2010

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Acronyms and Abbreviations AECID : Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Internacional para el Desarrollo AHIF : Avian Human Influenza Facility AI : Avian Influenza AU-IBAR : African Union Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources AusAID : Australian Government overseas aid program CIRAD : French research centre working with developing countries to tackle international agricultural and development issues DIVA : Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals EDRSAIA : Early Detection, Reporting and Surveillance for Avian Influenza ELISA : Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay EU : European Union FAO : Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations GIS : Geographical Information system HI : Haemagglutination Inhibition HPAI : High Pathogenic Avian Influenza LPAI : Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza M€ : Million Euros M USD : Million United States Dollars OFFLU : OIE-FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenzas OIE : World Organisation for Animal Health PCR : Polymerase Chain Reaction RT-PCR : Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction SADC : South African Development Community SPINAP–AHI : Support Programme to Integrated National Action Plans on Avian and Human Influenza $ : Dollar TAD : Transboundary Animal Diseases USA : United States of America USAID : United States Agency for International Development USD : United States Dollar WAHID : OIE World Animal Health Information Database

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INTRODUCTION The rapid spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) across over 60 countries in three continents has highlighted the speed with H5N1 HPAI can spread, and that an outbreak of disease in one country can be a threat to others. National and regional avian influenza surveillance programmes and transparent reporting of disease outbreaks to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) have enabled the international community to monitor the global disease situation and target their interventions accordingly. H5N1 HPAI and other notifiable avian influenzas (Annex 1) remain a significant threat to animal health and welfare, public health, agricultural productivity, economies and the livelihoods of some of the world’s poorest farmers. In 2010 H5N1 HPAI remains endemic in several countries. Egypt and Indonesia continue to officially declare to OIE that the disease is enzootic. Several other countries including Bangladesh and Vietnam report ongoing outbreaks. The disease continues to have a significant impact on poultry health and production in these countries, and results in substantial economic losses. HPAI H5N1 remains a threat to the international community. As well as causing devastating losses in poultry populations, H5N1 HPAI is an important zoonosis, and like other animal influenza viruses there is potential for it to evolve into a pandemic virus. It is well acknowledged that to reduce direct zoonotic risks from H5N1 HPAI it is best to control the virus in the poultry source. Early detection allows a more rapid response, increasing the chances of effective control and therefore keeping direct losses to a minimum. Effective surveillance vastly improves the chances of early disease detection, informs control strategies so that interventions are targeted properly, allows monitoring of the disease situation so that a body of evidence can be gathered to eventually self declare freedom from disease. There are various approaches to avian influenza surveillance and these are often adapted to the local setting. On an international level transparent reporting of outbreaks to OIE allows OIE to notify its Members and the wider international community so that appropriate science-based measures can be taken to contain the disease and prevent further spread. In response to HPAI H5N1 donor funds from international agencies have been mobilised on a large scale to improve capacity for avian influenza surveillance and response. This has resulted in unprecedented levels of avian influenza surveillance programmes world wide, including in poultry and wild birds. Surveillance has been undertaken by a variety of bodies including national governments, international organisations, research institutions, NGOs, and regional bodies. Inevitably this has led to the potential for duplication of effort and lack of coordination. The OFFLU Applied Epidemiology technical activity decided that it should be important to compare and contrast approaches to avian influenza surveillance in different regions; and to identify gaps and areas of overlap. In 2009 the group designed a template to collect high level data on the avian influenza surveillance programmes in different regions.

METHODOLOGY

In April 2009 the OFFLU applied epidemiology technical activity designed a template (Annex 2) to collect information about objectives, funding, and duration of surveillance projects and the institutes involved. The template was completed by the OIE Regional Representations in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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RESULTS The responses received from the various European, African and Asian Countries have been summarised and tabulated (Annex 3) along with information about outbreaks of AI in respective countries retrieved from World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID). Analysis of responses from the OIE European Region:

1. Information about AI surveillance and epidemiological activities were received from 23 European countries: Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, and United Kingdom. The OIE European region is made up of 53 countries: Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yug. Rep. of Macedonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldavia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan.

2. Out of the 23 European countries, 7 countries have reported HPAI in poultry and 14

countries have reported HPAI in wild birds during the period 2005 – 2009. (Source: WAHID, OIE). The subtype reported in all of these outbreaks is H5N1. Six countries have also reported LPAI in poultry. The LPAI subtypes were H5N2, H5N3, H7N2 and H7N7.

3. All European respondents have a national surveillance and epidemiological programme for

AI in poultry and wild birds.

4. Funding for European surveillance and epidemiological projects is through the respective government funds and the European Commission with the exception of : Armenia-FAO, World Bank and Japanese Funding programme; Azerbaijan-FAO; Bosnia and Herzegovina – National fund, FAO and World Bank; Turkey – World Bank loan, European Union, USAID, National fund and beneficiaries

5. The surveillance and epidemiological programmes in European countries are ongoing,

usually having annual duration and renewal every year. 6. The stated objectives of surveillance for AI in poultry in the European countries are:

• To detect sub-clinical infections of notifiable LPAI virus and • To detect HPAI virus, contributing to the demonstration of a free status in the frame

of international trade.

The surveillance programmes follow general (passive) and targeted (active) types of surveillance. The surveillance is targeted to all species of poultry (breeders, layers, turkeys, ducks, partridges, quails, ostriches, and backyard flocks) and usually involves serological surveillance. It is followed by virological testing, if serology testing is positive.

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7. The objective of surveillance in wild birds is to detect LPAI and HPAI virus in higher risk species of wild birds and those living in close proximity to domestic poultry, and also from hunted game birds. The surveillance programmes follow general (passive) and targeted (active) types of surveillance.

Surveillance programmes for wild birds usually involves virological surveillance. Anseriformes (water fowl) and Charadriiformes (shorebirds and gulls) are the main sampling targets. Active surveillance is conducted on living and clinically healthy and/or clinically diseased, injured or hunted birds. Cloacal swabs/fresh faeces and tracheal/oropharyngeal samples are collected. Passive surveillance is conducted on sick and dead wild birds. Cloacal and tracheal/oropharyngeal swabs and/or tissues namely the brain, heart, lung, trachea, kidney and intestines are collected for virus isolation and molecular detection.

8. All laboratory tests are apparently carried out in accordance with Chapter 2.7.12 on HPAI of

the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Fifth Edition, OIE and Commission Decision 2006/437/EC approving a Diagnostic Manual for avian influenza as provided for in Council Directive 2005/94/EC.

9. An international research project entitled “Constanze” was conducted in which researchers

from three countries namely Germany, Austria and Switzerland bordering Lake Constance have studied AI in relation to wild birds in that region. Since the start of the project in September 2006, a total of 778 wild birds have been sampled, 329 of them in Switzerland, 369 in Germany and 80 in Austria. LPAI viruses of different subtypes were detected in 29 of these birds. But there was no case of H5N1 HPAI.

10. Germany and Netherlands have reported carrying out preventive vaccination against HPAI,

while Portugal reported carrying out vaccination against LPAI. Vaccination has been carried out in these countries after approval from the European Commission.

• Germany has carried out vaccination in three commercial poultry holdings (ducks,

geese, laying hens) within the frame of a research oriented field study (Decision 2006/705/EC).

• Netherlands has carried out preventive vaccination of backyard poultry and organic/free-range laying hens which could not be effectively kept indoors on a voluntary basis throughout the whole country (Decision 2007/590/EC).

• Portugal reported several LPAI outbreaks of the H5 subtype chiefly in poultry intended for restocking supplies of game. European commission (Decision 2008/285/EC) approved an emergency vaccination plan against LPAI of poultry intended for restocking supplies of game. After eradication of the LPAI outbreak in Portugal preventive vaccination is to be continued until end of July 2011 in one holding of valuable breeding mallard ducks (Decision 2010/189/EU).

Analysis of responses from the African Region:

1. Information about AI surveillance and epidemiological activities were received from 53 African countries: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo D. Republic, Congo Republic, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,

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Rwanda, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

2. Out of the 53 African countries, 13 countries have reported HPAI in poultry and 3 countries

have reported HPAI in wild birds during the period 2005 – 2009 (Source: WAHID, OIE). The subtypes involved in all these outbreaks have mainly been H5N1 and once H5N2. There were no reports of LPAI.

3. The surveillance and epidemiological projects on AI are regional wherein a single project

covers 4 or 6 or 15 or 47 countries (Fig.1 and Fig. 2). The various surveillance and epidemiological projects in Africa are tabulated as below.

No. Name of HPAI surveillance and

epidemiological project African countries covered by the

project 1. EDRSAIA project (July 2008-

September 2009) Early detection, reporting and surveillance of AI in Africa

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Togo, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe (15 countries)

2. OSRO/RAF/811/ILR project (February 2009-December 2009) Operationalise surveillance activities for the early detection of HPAI in the SADC region

Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe (4 countries)

3. OSRO/RAF/719/USA project (April 2008-December 2009) Strengthen HPAI surveillance, preparedness and response capacity in southern Africa

Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe (4 countries)

4. FAO project (2007-2009) Strengthening systems of surveillance and control of HPAI in Maghreb and Egypt

Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia (6 countries)

5. GRIPAVI Project (February 2007-December 2010)

Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, South Africa, Zimbabwe (6 countries)

6. SPINAP-AHI Project (2007-2010) Support programme to integrate national action plans for avian and human influenza

Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo D. Republic, Congo Republic, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe (47 countries).

7. Own surveillance programme (Continuous since 2005)

South Africa

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4. African countries undertake AI surveillance programmes and are supported financially by external agencies including the European Commission /World Bank/ United States Agency for International Development (USAID)/ French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs etc.

Project title Source Amount of funding

SPINAP - AHI European commission US$ 4.43m

SPINAP-AHI (Lesotho)

EU and AU IBAR $ 300,000

EDRSAIA USAID Not known OSRO/RAF/811/ILR USAID USD 260 000 OSRO/RAF/719/USA USAID USD 1,099,175

USD 260, 000 GRIPAVI French Ministry of Foreign

Affairs > 3,6 M€

FAO project (North Africa and Egypt)

Spain (AECID) 1,7 M USD

5. The duration of surveillance programmes in African countries varies from 1 to 3 years; some

of them have been already completed. Others are due to be completed in 2010.

6. Objectives of surveillance programmes in African countries are reported to involve strengthening capacity for HPAI surveillance, preparedness and response. The activities of AI surveillance programmes followed in most African countries include

a. Training field staff in disease diagnosis, b. Training in sampling and surveillance techniques, c. Supply of reagents to all national laboratories through demand-supply hub for

performing serological surveillance on poultry, d. Creating awareness among the target groups about the disease through pamphlets,

posters, booklets and T-shirts and e. Implementation of scanning, active and passive surveillance through development of

surveillance guidelines and harmonised data capture forms for HPAI surveillance.

7. In two projects namely GRIPAVI and OSRO/RAF/811/ILR, the AI surveillance programme is linked with the surveillance of Newcastle disease.

8. Apart from South Africa and Zimbabwe, no information was provided about wild bird

surveillance in other African countries, although it is known to take place. 9. Routine vaccination against HPAI has been reported in Egypt from year 2006 onwards in

birds. Also Sudan and Niger have reported preventive vaccination against HPAI in birds in 2006 and 2007 respectively.

Analysis of responses from the Asian Region: 1. Information about AI surveillance and epidemiological activities were received from 7

Asian countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam.

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2. All the 7 countries have reported HPAI in poultry during the period 2005-2009. The subtype reported in all of these outbreaks is H5N1. One country has also reported LPAI in poultry.

3. The surveillance and epidemiological projects on AI are national as well as regional

covering 2-3 countries. The various projects in Asian countries are as follows.

No. Name of HPAI surveillance and

epidemiological project Asian country or countries covered by

the project 1. Immediate technical assistance to

strengthen emergency preparedness for HPAI (October 2009 – September 2010)

Bangladesh

2. National AI and Influenza pandemic preparedness and response plan (January 2007 – December 2011)

Nepal

3. FAO Integrated Avian Influenza Programme (Ongoing)

Myanmar

4. Avian Influenza surveillance in wild birds in the unauthorized per bird markets of Hanoi, Vietnam (from July 2009)

Vietnam

5. United Nations programme at strengthening the management of public health emergencies in Vietnam with a focus on the prevention and control of diseases of epidemic potential, including HPAI (January 2007 – December 2010)

Vietnam

6. CIRAD project on Epidemiology and ecology of AI and Newcastle disease (GRIPAVI project) (2007-2011)

Vietnam

7. CIRAD project on Management of epidemiological emerging risks in southeast asia (GREASE project) (2009-2013)

Southeast Asia, China,

8. CIRAD project on Research for evaluation of surveillance in southeast asia (REVASIA project) (2009 – 2011)

Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam

9. CIRAD project on Resistance of Influenza viruses in environmental reservoirs and systems (RIVERS project) (Feb. 2007-July 2010)

China, Cambodia

10. CIRAD project on Identification of the conditions for the emergence and persistence of AI virus in the environment (ECOFLU project) (2007-2010)

Thailand

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4. Epidemiological and surveillance programmes are supported financially by external agencies like French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, CIRAD, European Union, United Nations, USAID, AHIF, Aus AID, World Bank etc.

Project title Source Amount of funding Strengthen emergency preparedness for HPAI in Bangladesh

USAID USD 3 082 800

AI control project in Nepal World Bank Not known FAO Integrated AI programme in Myanmar

AusAID, USAID, AHIF

0.85 USD, 0.375m USD, 1.315 mUSD

Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza programme in Vietnam by UN

UNDP USD 16, 212, 441

GRIPAVI by CIRAD in Vietnam

French Ministry of Foreign affairs

Not known

GREASE by CIRAD in South east asia, China

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Not known

REVASIA by CIRAD in Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Not known

RIVERS by CIRAD in China, Cambodia

European Union Not known

ECOFLU by CIRAD in Thailand French Ministry of Research

Not known

5. All the surveillance programmes in Asian countries are ongoing and the duration varies from 2 to 5 years.

6. The objectives of the surveillance and epidemiological programmes are reported to involve

the understanding the role of environment in the survival of the virus and in the re-emergence of outbreaks; quantitative assessment of AI surveillance systems; epidemiology and ecology of AI in local areas and Capacity building for prevention and control of HPAI.

7. The activities of AI surveillance programmes followed in Asian countries include:

a. Active and Passive surveillance in poultry and wild birds b. Laboratory and epidemiology capacity building c. Training of technicians and field personnel to monitor AI d. Retrospective studies of the determinants of H5N1 outbreaks e. Ecology of the AI virus

8. Vaccination against HPAI has been reported by Vietnam in 2006 and 2007.

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SUMMARY 1. Responses with information about AI surveillance and epidemiological projects were

received from 23 European countries (around 50% of countries representing the OIE European region), 53 African countries (100 %) and 7 Asian countries.

2. 7 out of the 23 European country, 13 out of the 53 African country and 7 Asian country

respondents have reported outbreaks of HPAI in poultry during the period 2005- 2009. 14 out of 23 European country respondents have reported outbreaks of HPAI in wild birds when compared to 3 out of 53 African country respondents during 2005-2009. (Fig.3 illustrates the percentage of European and African countries that have reported outbreaks of HPAI in poultry and wild birds during 2005-2009). Asian countries have not reported incidence of HPAI in wild birds. European and Asian countries have isolated notifiable LPAI in poultry while there were no reports of notifiable LPAI infections in poultry in African countries. Both the European countries and African countries have a decreasing trend in number of HPAI outbreaks in poultry and wild birds from 2006 to 2009 (Figs.4 and 5). 2006 witnessed the highest number of HPAI outbreaks in poultry in both European and African countries.

3. All European countries have national surveillance programmes for AI while in Africa,

surveillance programmes are regional covering 4 or 6 or 15 or 47 countries. In Asian countries the surveillance programmes are both national and regional.

4. Most of the European AI surveillance programmes are co-funded by their national

government and the European Commission while in African and Asian countries AI surveillance programmes are funded by international funding bodies.

5. European surveillance programmes are ongoing and renewed each year while African and

Asian programmes continuation depends on external sources of funding from international organisations.

6. All European and Asian country programmes follow systematic general and targeted

surveillance in poultry and wild birds while 15 African countries employ Participatory epidemiology/ Participatory disease surveillance. Participatory epidemiology is the use of participatory approaches and methods to improve understanding of animal diseases and veterinary services, and to design solutions to disease problems with livestock keepers. African countries include creating awareness, capacity building for diagnosis, monitoring, screening and general surveillance in poultry as objectives for surveillance programmes.

7. European surveillance programmes have the objectives of monitoring the prevalence of AI

viral infections in poultry and wild birds, characterizing influenza viruses detected as a result of surveillance, and confirmating HPAI free status for trade partners. African surveillance programmes for AI have objectives that include strengthening the diagnostic capacity of the laboratory to support HPAI diagnosis, creating awareness about risks of AI among the public, and contributing to the reduction of the socioeconomic impact of AI.

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Asian surveillance programmes have objectives like monitoring the prevalence of AI virus in poultry and wild birds, capacity building, training of personnel, retrospective studies of the determinants of previous outbreaks and study of ecology of AI virus.

8. In Europe, an international research project entitled “Constanze” conducted by Austria, Germany and Switzerland studied AI in relation to wild birds around Lake Constance. They were able to isolate 29 different LPAI in wild birds.

9. European countries namely Germany and Netherlands, African countries namely Niger and

Sudan, and Asian country Vietnam have carried out preventive (prophylactic) vaccination for HPAI, when their countries faced significant risk from AI. In Egypt where the disease is endemic, routine vaccination is being used.

Vaccinated birds cannot be differentiated serologically from naturally infected birds using the commonly available diagnostic tests. Hence, serological surveillance for AI in the face of vaccination presents certain challenges, owing to the inability to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) with conventional serology. Proper implementation of DIVA strategies should be followed to overcome this.

CONCLUSION

Sustainability of surveillance is a key issue. With H5N1 HPAI remaining endemic or persistent in at least 3 areas of the world there is a need to maintain vigilance and effective surveillance world wide. Surveillance programmes in Africa and Asia are dependant upon external funding and their sustainability is therefore dependent upon renewal of these funds. It is not clear what will happen when many of the African programmes come to an end in 2010.

There is more homogeneity between national AI surveillance programmes in the European region than in Africa and Asia. There are several factors that will contribute to central European coordination. The European AI surveillance programme is coordinated by the European Commission and the European Union Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza. AI surveillance in Europe is prescribed in European legislation (EC Council Directive 2007/268/EC) and transposed into the national legislation of each country. The legislative framework in Europe covers specific design of the national AI surveys and provides national veterinary authorities with the powers to implement the surveillance activities; it also ensures funding of national programmes, whereas African and Asian surveillance programs are coordinated and funded by multiple external agencies.

Some countries in Africa receive more support for AI surveillance than others i.e. they receive funding from several external sources. African countries that receive more support for surveillance from external sources are clustered in the southern African region. Countries in central and south west Africa receive support from fewer external sources. This disparity is likely to lead to a bias in surveillance activity. In the Asian countries, Vietnam where the disease is endemic receives more funding for AI surveillance than others. AI surveillance in Africa is focussed on HPAI in poultry, whilst in Europe and Asia surveillance covers all AI subtypes H5 and H7 and includes a component of wild bird surveillance in all countries.

For surveillance to be effective in countries that are vaccinating to protect against AI, there is a need to differentiate infected birds from vaccinated birds (DIVA).

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Fig.1: Countries integrated in the SPINAP-AHI project

Fig.2: Countries integrated in the other projects

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Fig.3 Percentage of European and African countries* that have reported outbreaks of HPAI (2005-2009) in poultry and

wild birds

010203040506070

Europe Africa

(%) Poultry

Wild birds

Fig.4 Evolution from 2005 to 2009 of the number of European and African countries* that have reported

HPAI outbreaks in poultry

0123456789

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Year

No.

of c

ount

ries

Europe

Africa

Fig.5 Evolution from 2005 to 2009 of the number of

European and African countries* that have reported HPAI outbreaks in wild birds

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Year

* 23 European and 53 African countries that have sent their responses

No.

of c

ount

ries

Europe

Africa

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Annex – 1

From the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code 2010 Article 10.4.1. Notifiable avian influenza:

1. For the purposes of international trade, avian influenza in its notifiable form (NAI) is defined as an infection of poultry caused by any influenza A virus of the H5 or H7 subtypes or by any AI virus with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) greater than 1.2 (or as an alternative at least 75% mortality) as described below. NAI viruses can be divided into highly pathogenic notifiable avian influenza (HPNAI) and low pathogenicity notifiable avian influenza (LPNAI):

a. HPNAI viruses have an IVPI in 6-week-old chickens greater than 1.2 or, as an alternative, cause at least 75% mortality in 4-to 8-week-old chickens infected intravenously. H5 and H7 viruses which do not have an IVPI of greater than 1.2 or cause less than 75% mortality in an intravenous lethality test should be sequenced to determine whether multiple basic amino acids are present at the cleavage site of the haemagglutinin molecule (HA0); if the amino acid motif is similar to that observed for other HPNAI isolates, the isolate being tested should be considered as HPNAI;

b. LPNAI are all influenza A viruses of H5 and H7 subtype that are not HPNAI viruses.

Poultry means all domesticated birds, including backyard poultry, used for the production of meator eggs for consumption, for the production of other commercial products, for restocking supplies of game, or for breeding these categories of birds, as well as fighting cocks used for any purpose

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Annex – 2 Information about avian influenza surveillance and epidemiology activities in regions, sub-regions and countries Title of project or activity: Objective(s) of the project or the activity: Type of programme: (for surveillance programmes please specify the type of surveillance including – clinical, serological and/or virological; poultry vs wild birds; and if possible species of poultry involved) Leading national and/or international institution(s) (details of the institute implementing the programme including contact info and, where relevant/if known, the laboratory testing the surveillance samples)

Country or countries covered by the programme (If the programme is conducted within one country, please specify the administrative regions covered)

Start and finish dates (if continuous/ongoing activity please indicate) Source and amount (if known) of funding Weblink to project (if not available provide copy or summary of the description of the programme)

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Annex – 3 European countries:

Occurrence of AI (2005- 2009)

HPAI LPAI

Country

Poultry Wild birds

Poultry

Type of surveillance programme for avian influenza (AI)

Vaccination

Armenia -Serological, virological and clinical surveillance among wild birds to prevent AI introduction into the country

Austria (H5N1 2006)

-Serological surveillance in chicken, turkey, ducks, geese, and ratite sera -Active surveillance: RT-PCR screening of swabs from live wild birds. Typing and virus isolation in positive cases -Passive surveillance: RT-PCR screening of dead wild birds. Typing and virus isolation in positive cases -Regular clinical, serological and virological investigation of wild waterfowl and a mallard sentinel herd at Lake Constance

Azerbaijan (H5N1 2006)

(H5N1 2006)

-Clinical and virological surveillance of domestic birds and wild birds (duck, geese, swallow, crane, bittern, curlew, magpie)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

(H5N1 2006)

-Serological, virological and clinical surveillance in the domestic poultry and wild bird populations -Education of stakeholders in epidemiology and surveillance of the disease including laboratory diagnostic training -Capacity building for diagnostic activities, early detection, and disease control

Croatia (H5 in 05, 06)

-Serological surveillance in different species of poultry -Virological surveillance in sick and/or dead wild birds and on clinically healthy and/or clinically diseased, injured, or hunter killed wild birds

Cyprus -Active surveillance on living and clinically healthy poultry species, including breeders, layers, turkeys, ducks, partridges, quails, ostriches, and backyard flocks -Active surveillance on living and clinically healthy and/or clinically diseased, injured or hunted birds and Passive surveillance of sick and dead wild birds

Czech Republic

(H5N1 2007)

(H5N1 2006, 2007)

(H5N3 2009)

-Serological examination of all species of poultry including those reared in free range systems -Active surveillance on living and clinically healthy and/or clinically diseased, injured or hunted birds -Passive surveillance of sick and dead wild birds is targeted on areas where there is increased incidence in morbidity and mortality in wild birds

Denmark (H5N1 2006)

(H5

2006)

(H5

2006) (H7N1 2008)

-An early warning system for AI has been set up, whereby owners of poultry or other birds are obliged to notify the local animal health unit in case of suspicion of AI -Active and passive surveillance in all species of poultry using serological and virological tests -Active and passive surveillance in wild birds by

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HPAI LPAI

Country

Poultry Wild birds

Poultry


Vaccination

virological testing Estonia - Serological surveillance in poultry

-Virological surveillance in wild birds Finland -Serological surveillance in poultry

-Active and passive surveillance by virological tests in wild birds -Clinical suspicions of AI are investigated

Germany (H5N1

2006, 07, 08)

(H5N1 2006,

07, 09)

(H5N3 08, 09) (H7N7 2009)

-Serological monitoring in poultry using ELISA and HI -Virological monitoring in wild birds using real time PCR, virus isolation and characterization

HPAI vaccination in birds in 2008, 2009 (research purpose)

Greece (H5N1 2006)

-Serological survey for LPAI in poultry -Active and passive surveillance in wild birds

Hungary (H5

06,07)

(H5N1 2006

-Serological testing in all categories of poultry followed by virological testing if positive -Active and passive surveillance in wild birds using virological tests

Ireland -Serological surveillance in poultry (chickens, turkeys, ducks) using HI test -Virological surveillance in wild birds using PCR

Latvia -Surveillance in poultry (commercial and backyard flocks-breeding and laying hens, turkeys, ostriches, and ducks) -Surveillance in wild birds (live and hunted birds)

Netherlands -Serological surveillance in poultry -Active and passive surveillance in wild birds

HPAI vaccination in birds in 2008, 2009

Norway (Not

typed)

-Serological and virological surveillance in poultry (commercial holdings of breeding hens, laying hens, slaughter turkeys, quail, ostrich, emu) and wild birds (ducks and geese shot in hunting season)

Portugal (H5N2 2007)

-Clinical and virological surveillance in poultry and wild birds

LPAI vaccination in birds in

2007 Slovakia

(H5N1 2006)

- Serological surveillance in chicken, turkeys, geese, ducks, farm birds, pheasants, wild ducks, wild turkeys, and ostriches -Virological surveillance of wild birds

Slovenia (H5N1 2006)

-Serological surveillance in different poultry species : fattening turkeys, chicken breeding flocks, laying hens, ratites, pheasants, partridges, backyard holdings, and backyard duck holdings -Active and passive virological surveillance in wild birds

Switzerland (H5N1 2006, 2008)

-Active surveillance in poultry in free range holdings and holdings in risk areas -Active and passive surveillance in wild birds -Clinical surveillance in poultry and wild birds -Active surveillance of wild birds in the Lake Constance region

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HPAI LPAI

Country

Poultry Wild birds

Poultry


Vaccination

Turkey (H5N1

2005, 06, 07, 08)

(H5N1 2006)

-Active clinical surveillance in backyard and commercial poultry -Passive surveillance in poultry -Serological and virological surveillance in backyard poultry -Surveillance in wild birds

United Kingdom

(H5N1 2007, 2008) (H7N7 2008)

(H5N1 2006, 2007, 2008)

(H7N2 2007)

-Wild bird surveillance – Virological testing for H5N1 AI -Poultry surveillance – Serological followed by virological if the serology is positive for finding low pathogenic H5 or H7 strains of AI -Passive surveillance by clinical investigations which include clinical, virological and serological testing

African Countries:


HPAI LPAI Country

Poultry Wild birds Poultry

Type of surveillance programme for avian influenza (AI) Vaccination

Benin (07, 08)

-Participatory epidemiology /Participatory disease surveillance in all species of poultry

Burkina Faso (H5N1 2006)

-Participatory epidemiology /Participatory disease surveillance in all species of poultry

Cameroon

(H5N1 2006)

-Strengthening the capacity for prevention and control of avian and human influenza -Enhancing the information and communication for the creation of awareness -Supporting the coordination of integrated country actions plans

Cote d’Ivoire

(H5N1 2006, 2007)

(H5N1 2006)

- Participatory epidemiology /Participatory disease surveillance in all species of poultry -Strengthening the capacity for prevention and control of avian and human influenza -Enhancing the information and communication for the creation of awareness -Supporting the coordination of integrated country actions plans

Djibouti (H5N1 2006)


Egypt (H5N1 06, 07, 08, 09)

(H5N1 2007)

-Strengthening the systems of surveillance and control of HPAI

HPAI vaccination in birds in 2006 (also wild sp.),

2007, 2008, 2009

19


HPAI LPAI Country



Ghana

(H5N1 2007)


Niger

(H5N1 2006)


HPAI vaccination in birds in

2007

Nigeria (H5N1 2006, 07, 08)

(H5N1 2007)

-Participatory epidemiology /Participatory disease surveillance in all species of poultry -Strengthening the capacity for prevention and control of avian and human influenza -Enhancing the information and communication for the creation of awareness -Supporting the coordination of integrated country actions plans

South Africa

(H5N2 2006)

-Serological surveillance in commercial and non-commercial chickens -Surveillance in ostriches -Surveillance in EMU birds

Sudan (H5 2006)


HPAI vaccination in birds in

2006

Togo (H5N1 2007, 2008)


Zimbabwe (H5N2 2005)


20

Asian Countries:


HPAI LPAI Country



Bangladesh (H5N1 07, 08, 09)

-Active surveillance by using SMS gateway to find clinical cases in domestic birds -Passive surveillance in the vicinity of affected farms for virus detection from domestic birds including ducks

Cambodia (H5N1 06, 07, 08, 09)

-Evaluation of AI surveillance programmes by quantitative assessment using modelling/simulation, GIS, scenario trees, cost effectiveness - Generating scientific knowledge about the survival of AI viruses in experimental and natural environment -Remote sensing studies of AI virus survival in water from Earth observation satellites

China (H5N1 05, 06, 07, 08)

-Generating scientific knowledge about the survival of AI viruses in experimental and natural environment -Remote sensing studies of AI virus survival in water from Earth observation satellites -Management of AI disease risk by surveillance, ecology and risk analysis

Myanmar (H5N1 06, 07)

-Serological, virological and clinical surveillance in ducks, chickens and wild birds -Laboratory and epidemiology capacity building

Nepal

(H5N1 2009)

( 06, 07, 08)

-Clinical surveillance in sick and dead birds -Detection of AI virus subtypes in chickens, duck and wild birds -Serosurveillance in wild birds

Thailand (H5N1 05, 06, 07, 08)

-Evaluation of AI surveillance programmes by quatitative assessment using modeling/simulation, GIS, scenario trees, cost effectiveness -Epidemiological studies on the ecology of AI virus by identifying the biotic and non biotic reservoirs/carriers, persistence, emergence and spread of the virus through spatial/temporal diffusion analysis, risk assessment and modelling

Vietnam

(H5N1 05, 06, 07, 08, 09)

- Retrospective studies of the determinants of H5N1 outbreaks in north vietnam -Repeated cross sectional studies on poultry, pigs and wild birds by using serology and virology in north Vietnam -Determine the prevalence of AI virus in wild birds within the pet markets in Hanoi -Training of Vietnamese technicians and field personnel -Lab capacity building to monitor H5N1 AI in wild birds -Evaluation of AI surveillance programmes by quatitative assessment using modeling/simulation, GIS, scenario trees, cost effectiveness

HPAI vaccination in birds in 2006, 2007

analysis of avian influenza surveillance and ...web.oie.int/comun_intra_extra/documentation...

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