AP1 Lab 1 – Cavities, Organs, Serous Membranes, Quadrants, Regions, and Directional Terms, Planes & Sections

Project 1 – Directional TerminologyStep 1: Define/Describe what is known as the "ANATOMICAL POSITION." Place your own body in anatomical position.

Step 2: Learn: ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS from Table 1.1. All of these terms assume you are referring to someone in anatomical position. Use each in a sentence different from the example in your text.

Superior (cranial)

Inferior (caudal)

Anterior (ventral)

Posterior (dorsal)

Medial

Intermediate

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep

Prone (not in your text. Google it. It’s a body position, not a directional term)

Supine (not in text. Google it. It’s a body position, not a directional term)

Step 3: Self Quiz: Quiz each other until you think you know all the directional terms. Leave your text, notes, lab sheets, etc. at your table go to the board with your study group and draw a large outline of a person (not a stick figure) in anatomical position. Work together as a group to label this person with as many directional terms as you can. Make separate drawings for prone and supine.

**Confirm accuracy of above with your instructor.**

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Project 2 – Closed Body Cavities Learn the various BODY CAVITIES and sub cavities. Use fig. 1.9 to help you find these on the torso manikins.

The DORSAL BODY CAVITY: contains mostly nervous system organs 1. Cranial cavity: encloses the brain2. Vertebral or Spinal cavity: encases the spinal cord

These 2 cavities are continuous with one another.

The VENTRAL BODY CAVITY: contains a wide variety of organs1. Thoracic cavity: contains ventral cavity organs above the diaphragm2. Abdominopelvic cavity: contains ventral cavity organs below the diaphragm

The ventral body cavities are listed here in outline form so you can see there are ‘sub cavities’ within cavities. Identify the major organ(s) found in each cavity.

1. Thoracica. Left Pleural ______________b. Right Pleural _____________c. Mediastinum (“media-sty-num”) ______________________________________________

Pericardial _________________

**Note: The sheet-like muscular diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

2. Abdominopelvica. Abdominal _________________________________________________b. Peritoneal (“perry-toe-neel”) fig.23.32. This cavity is essentially the same as the

abdominopelvic cavity and involves most but not all of the organs therein.

c. Pelvic ___________________________________________________

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The thoracic cavity has 3 subdivisions: Left and Right Pleural Cavities and the Mediastinum. The pleural cavities are actually thinner than a sheet of paper and exist between the surface of the lungs and the thoracic wall. A thin film of fluid here allows the lungs to slide easily against your thoracic wall with each breath. The mediastinum is the cavity in the center of the chest containing the heart, major blood vessels, trachea, etc. There is a “sack” around the heart called the pericardium (not shown on the model) and the space between the heart and the sack is the pericardial cavity. The pericardial cavity is therefore a subdivision of the mediastinum. A thin film of fluid here allows the heart to slide easily within the pericardial sac with each beat of the heart.

For the divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity draw an imaginary line across your hip bones. From that line up to your diaphragm is the abdominal cavity and from that line down to your groin area is your pelvic cavity. There is no physical structure that actually separates these two cavities. The peritoneal cavity is (approximately) the space between the surface of the various internal digestive organs and the walls of abdominopelvic cavity. See Fig. 23.32

**Confirm your identifications of the above with your instructor.**

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Project 3 – Identification of OrgansIdentify the following organs on the torso manikins. Some you will already know. Most, but not all, the others are seen in fig. 18.2 and 23.1. Put your heads together and good luck.

Brain and spinal cord. Together these make up your CNS, central nervous system.

Diaphragm – the dome shaped sheet of muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity. Your diaphragm is responsible for restful, quiet breathing.

See the obvious lungs and heart in the thoracic cavity.

Below that is the liver (large, reddish burgundy color) and stomach.

Remove the lungs, heart, and liver. Look on the underside of the liver and observe the green, sac like gall bladder.

ID and remove the small intestine and large intestine.

ID the pancreas (“pebbly” surface texture, right behind and below the smaller end of the stomach)

ID the appendix (like a small finger hanging down from the beginning of the large intestine on the lower right side).

ID the top of the urinary bladder and ID the uterus on the female model.

So why do you think a pregnant lady has to pee so frequently? ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Remove the stomach to expose the spleen (slightly posterior and lateral to the stomach - grayish color on the larger, darker torsos – purplish color on the smaller, lighter colored torsos).

ID the kidneys (dark brown; one on each side of the spinal column).

What structure physically separates thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? _____________

**Confirm your group’s identifications of the above with your instructor.**

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Project 4 - Serous Membranes, Mesenteries, and RetroperitonealUse info from notes given by instructor as well fig. 1.10, fig. 4.11c, fig. 22.11, and fig 23.32 to identify the 6 serous membranes. Complete naming chart on next page.

Locate and touch each serous membrane on the torso models.

What is the purpose of serous fluid between these pairs of membranes? _________________________________________________________________________________

Serous fluid is given the name of the cavity in which it is found. What is the name of the serous fluid around the lungs? _________________________What is the name of the serous fluid around the heart? _________________________What is the name of the serous fluid around most digestive organs? _________________________

Mesenteries are double layered extensions of the peritoneal membranes. They help support or suspend organs, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

On the larger, darker torso model remove the small intestine and observe the mesentery supporting the large intestine and its blood vessels. On the lighter colored torsos, see the same by looking on the posterior side of the small and large intestines.

Define retroperitoneal:

Identify some organs that are retroperitoneal: _________________________________________________

**Confirm your group’s identifications of the above with your instructor.**

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Serous Membranes – Making Sense of the Names

Location Cavity Name Membrane Names Fluid Name

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Project 5 - Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants Learn the four ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS. Use fig. 1.11

These are generalized reference points to help locate underlying organs or to identify the source of pain from underlying internal organs. None of the quadrants include any parts of the thoracic cavity. The quadrants are totally below the diaphragm. Touch the corresponding areas on the model.

Label the quadrants on the diagram. Include the full name and logical abbreviation for each.

Organ Locations: Using abbreviations identify the quadrant containing most of each of the following organs. Make your decisions based on the model, not the text diagram .

The pancreas is mostly in the…. ________________________________________

The spleen is in the…. ________________________________________________

The liver is mostly in the ….. ___________________________________________

The urinary bladder and uterus are in the... ________________________________

The appendix is in the….. ______________________________________________

The stomach is mostly in the ….. _________________________________________

The burning sensation known as heartburn occurs when stomach acids reflux back into the esophagus where it enters the stomach. In which quadrant is this pain most likely to be felt?_________________________________________________________________

A patient presents with severe pain in the RLQ. What organ would be a likely suspect?_________________________________________________________________

Following a traumatic accident your patient presents with bruising and discoloration of the Left Upper Quadrant, but no broken ribs. They are likely bleeding internally. What internal organ is a likely suspect?

______________________________________________________________________________

**Confirm your answers with your instructor.**

Quiz each other on these until your whole group knows them forwards and backwards.

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Replace the organs and reassemble the torso model.

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Project 6 - Nine Abdominopelvic Regions Learn the 9 abdominopelvic regions. Use in fig. 1.12.

All of these regions (like the 4 quadrants) are located below the diaphragm so the lungs and heart are not included in any of these regions. Fig 1.12 is a bit misleading. These 9 regions are more precise than the 4 quadrants. Keep in mind that ‘left’ and ‘right’ always refers to the patient’s left and right.

Organ Locations: Identify the region containing of each of the following organs. Make your decisions based on the torso model, not the text diagram.

The pancreas is mostly in the…. ________________________________________

The spleen is in the…. ________________________________________________

The liver is mostly in the ….. ___________________________________________

The urinary bladder and uterus are in the... ________________________________

The appendix is in the….. ______________________________________________

The stomach is mostly in the ….. _________________________________________

The burning sensation known as heartburn occurs when stomach acids reflux back into the esophagus where it enters the stomach. In which region is this pain most likely to be felt?__________________________

A patient presents with severe pain in the Right Inguinal region. What organ would be a likely suspect? __________________________

**Confirm accuracy of above with your instructor.**

Quiz each other on these until your whole group knows them forwards and backwards.

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Project 7 - Planes and Sections Use fig 1.8

Planes of the BodyDefine and identify each of the following body planes.

Sagittal plane - _______________________________________________________________

Median (midsagittal) plane- _____________________________________________________

Parasagittal plane- ____________________________________________________________

Frontal (coronal) plane - _______________________________________________________

Transverse (horizontal) plane - __________________________________________________

SectionsA “section” is a cut. To section a body part is to cut it. This may be a physical cut as when dissecting or it may be a digital cut as seen in various imaging techniques such as MRIs and CAT scans. Based on notes given by your instructor define and give examples of:

Transverse (cross) section - ________________________________________________________

Longitudinal section - ____________________________________________________________

Oblique section - _____________________________________________________________

A section along the ___________________ plane would yield anterior and posterior views.A section along the ____________________ plane would yield left and right lateral views.A section along the ____________________ plane would yield superior and inferior views.

**Confirm accuracy of above with your instructor.**

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