bio 9b: monday, 2.28.11 title: rna structure and function

Bio 9B: Monday, 2.28.11Title: RNA Structure and Function

Homework: Read pages 300-302 in the textbook. Take active reading notes to

answer the following questions: How is RNA different from DNA? What are the functions of the 3 different types of RNA? What happens during transcription?

Do Now: In your notebook: If you had a DNA sequence of T A C A G C T, what would

the matching RNA sequence be? A U G U C G A

Today’s Objectives: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between

the types of RNA

RNA: STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS

PHA Biology 9Moretti and Dickson

RNA Structure & Function of Different Types

RNA Structure: Base Pairing 4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA:

Adenine Guanine Uracil Cytosine

RNA –> DNA Base Pairing: A ---- U G ---- C

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

RNA Structure: DNA vs. RNA

3 Major Structural Differences

DNA RNADeoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar

Double Strand Single Strand (generally)

Uses Thymine (T) Uses Uracil (U)Objectives for Class:

• Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA• Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Types of RNA: OverviewType of RNA Basic Function

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Copy genes on the DNA (transcription)

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Translate mRNA into a proteinCarry amino acid to the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)(we will not focus on rRNA)

Part of the ribosome


Basic Structure: Single Strand of RNA

Basic Function Make a copy of DNA instructions to

make a protein Takes those instructions from DNA to

Ribosome to make a protein Every 3 bases is a Codon

Remember: Small enough to leave

the nucleus. DNA is too big!

Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)


Basic Structure: Coiled RNA strand Amino Acid attached to the

top Anti-codon on the bottom

Basic Function: Transfer amino acids to the

ribosome to make a protein Anti-codon on tRNA

matches/ reads codon on mRNA

Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)


Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA)


RNA Structure & Function HW Work Time

Bio 9B: Tuesday, 2.28.11Title: RNA Structure and Function

Homework: Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take active reading notes,

paying attention to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions: How does the genetic code work? What are the steps of translation?

Do Now: In your notebook: Next Slide

Today’s Objectives: Explain the purpose of transcription and translation Describe the steps of translation Use the genetic code to translate a gene into a protein

MCAS Prep Question

The mold Aspergillus flavus grows on grain. A. flavus produces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following?

A. Produce ATP using energy released from glucose and other nutrient

B. transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm

C. Transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes

D. Send protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes

The Genetic Code The 64 Codons that code for Amino

Acids

Objectives for Class:• Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to

make a protein.

Reading The Genetic Code mRNA codons are 3

bases long and specify a particular amino acid.

To use the wheel, the 1st base (letter) of codon matches the biggest letter and you move out from the middle to read the rest of the codon.

Therefore, the 2nd base in the codon is the second biggest letter (the one in the middle ring) and the 3rd base In the codon is the smallest letter (the one in the outer ring).

The arrows show the direction you should read it.

The Genetic Code Complete Part I of

the “Decoding the Genetic Code!” Activity.(we will review the first 3 examples of question 1 after you have had a chance to complete them)

Objectives for Class:• Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to

make a protein.

Reading The Genetic Code: ExamplesFollow along with the

examples in your packet!

Example 1: CAG

1st base = C 2nd base = A 3rd base = G

Therefore theamino acid is…

Glutamine!

Example 2: GUU

Valine

Reading The Genetic Code: Longer ExampleExample 3:

GCCAGCUAG Step 1: Break

it into 3-letter sections (codons)

GCC AGC UAG

Step 2: Decode each codon

GCC = Alanine

AGC = Serine UAG = STOP

(end of protein sequence)

1

2

3

Overview: What is the hidden message in Part II

of the homework assignment? “Give Neighbor High 5”

Homework Review Question

Objectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Overview: A DNA gene is copied in the

form of mRNA Occurs in the nucleus

Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates

DNA strands2. RNA Polymerase moves along

one of the DNA strands (template)

3. RNA Polymerase makes mRNA by attaching RNA nucleotides that match the DNA template mRN

A

Transcription Detail


Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA)

mRNA (the orange strand)

DNA (the red & green strands)


Translation Detail Overview:

mRNA copy provides instructions for assembling amino acids into a protein

Occurs at the ribosome

Steps: 1. mRNA enters the ribosome2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids

to the ribosome 3. tRNA anticodons match with

mRNA codons to put amino acids in the right order

According to the Genetic CodeObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Transcription & Translation

Transcription

TranslationObjectives for Class:• Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription• Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Translation


Transcription and Translation: Video


Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Bio 9B: Wednesday, 3.2.11Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations

Homework: Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations Activity For

Tomorrow Quiz next TUESDAY!

Do Now: How was your description of a genetic mutation

similar to what a mutation actually is?

Today’s Objective: Describe the major differences between

substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part I Review

What is a Genetic Mutation? A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA

The three types of point mutations: substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide for

another) insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the

DNA sequence) deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the

DNA sequence)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II Complete Part II of the Gene Mutations Activity by comparing

substitution & frame-shift mutations Part II Review:

Original DNA Sequence


Gene Mutations Activity Part II Substitution Mutations


Substitution

Substitution/ Silent Mutation

Changes the Amino Acid

Does not Change the Amino AcidObjectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II Frame-Shift Mutations


Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide

Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide

Changes all Amino Acid after mutation



Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.3.11Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab

Homework: Pass in the codons and amino acid decoding practice

homework Complete Part II of the Computer Lab

Do Now: Which type of genetic mutation (deletion, substitution,

or insertion) seems to have the biggest impact on a gene and why?.

Today’s Objective: Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a

section of DNA into a protein.

Double Block

Reviewing Genetic Mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II Substitution Mutations


Substitution

Substitution/ Silent Mutation

Changes the Amino Acid

Does not Change the Amino AcidObjectives for Class:• Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Protein Synthesis Computer Lab

Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab

Transcription

Translation

Objectives for Class:• Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

Procedure: Log onto

http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click on

the link entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and translate it into a protein?”

A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen.

Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon.

Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated.

Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you complete the lab.

Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the computer portion of the lab is completed.

http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/

Remember R-groups?

Complete Part II of the Lab Be sure Part II is completed on a

separate sheet of paper!

Bio 9B: Monday, 3.8.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework: Study for Quiz Tomorrow!!! Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday.

(NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)

Do Now: Which of the different mutations has the biggest effect on the amino

acid sequence? What effect does this have on the protein? What would happen to an enzyme that experienced this type of mutation?

Today’s Objective: Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to

successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder Read through the Introduction to the lab. Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder

PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.

html In small groups brainstorm the Background

Information needed for this lab You should have 2 parts:

1. General genetics background info2. Info related to sickle cell anemia

Come back together as a class to brainstorm final listObjectives for Class:

• Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html


Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.9.10Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations

Homework: Type the Background Information section of your lab report for

Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)

Do Now: Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz…

Today’s Objective: Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of

transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.11.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study

Homework: Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion sections of

your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!!

Do Now: Whole Class – Brainstorm Background Information

Section.

Today’s Objective: Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and

the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia

Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic MutationsBackground Information Brainstorm

Genetics Topics: • Genes- what they do and how they make traits•DNA-molecule that carries genetic info•Chromosomes-DNA makes up chromosomes [optional]•Nucleotides-the pattern of them•Proteins-how they are made from genetic codes•Transcription and Translation•How are proteins made? [amino acids]•The sequence of amino acids•Amino acids make up the structure of the protein. The structure of the protein determines the function.•Vocabulary- Codon’s etc.•Gene Expressions [optional]•Mutations [briefly describe3 different types]

Sickle Cell Topics:• Definition: genetic disorder-hereditary –mutates the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the body.•Definition of hemoglobin•The impact of sickle cell on the body.

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder… http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html

Write the purpose of the lab Develop your hypothesis based on the purpose Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell

gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them.

Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene

Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab report.

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how

DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia

First Half of Double Block


Individual Work Time… Two Options:

1. Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and revise your other sections

2. Guided peer review of Background Information section

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic MutationsSecond Half of Double

Block

Objectives for Class:• Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how

DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia• Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

Bio 9B: Friday, 3.12.10Title: Sickle Cell Case Study – Lab Report Peer Review

Homework: Complete the Sickle Cell lab report revision for Monday. Complete the Bio-Blog homework for Tuesday (Meiosis

Vocab): http://phascience.wordpress.com/biology-9-moretti-dickson-powerpoint-notes-etc/

Do Now: Divide class into peer editing teams.

Today’s Objective: Peer review and complete the Sickle Cell Mutation

Lab Report

http://phascience.wordpress.com/biology-9-moretti-dickson-powerpoint-notes-etc/

http://phascience.wordpress.com/biology-9-moretti-dickson-powerpoint-notes-etc/

bio 9b: monday, 2.28.11 title: rna structure and function

Documents

types of rna types of

rna different

mrna types of rna

different types of rna

function differences

transfer rna trnaobjectives

types of rnabasic structure

matching rna sequence