biomass, environment and health: a macro assessment
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Biomass, Environment and Health: A Macro Assessment. P.R. Shukla. Structure of the Presentation. Biomass Energy Use Biomass Energy and Environment Local / Global Environment and Health Biomass Electricity and Climate Change Mitigation - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Biomass, Environment and Health:
A Macro Assessment
P.R. Shukla
Structure of the Presentation 1. Biomass Energy Use
2. Biomass Energy and Environment
3. Local / Global Environment and Health
4. Biomass Electricity and Climate Change Mitigation
5. Ancillary Benefits from mitigation of Local Emissions and Climate Change
Global Biomass Energy Consumption Energy Consumption Per Capita
Energy Consumption
Peta joules 1993
% change since 1973
Mega Joules1993
% change since 1973
Africa 4 815 76 6 991 0
Europe 552 -14 761 -21
North / Central America
1 825 106 4 130 53
South America 2 748 26 8 888 -17
Asia 9 009 47 2 690 1
Oceania 185 16 6 693 -14
World 19 926 47 3 594 4
Source: WRI (1996)
Biomass Energy in Asian Countries Country Energy Consumption
Per Capita
Energy Consumption Petajoules
1993% change since 1973
Per Capita1993
% change since 1973
Bangladesh 277 27 2 401 -20
Bhutan 12 79 7 345 21
Cambodia 54 21 5 560 -11
China 2 018 54 1 687 15
India 2 824 58 3 132 4
Indonesia 1 465 54 7 642 4
Lao PDR 39 35 8 366 -15
Malaysia 90 61 4 686 -3
Biomass Energy in Asian Countries (cont…)
Country Energy Consumption
Per Capita Energy Consumption
Mongolia 13 0 5 689 -41
Myanmar 193 48 4 324 -4
Nepal 206 88 9 882 12
Pakistan 296 101 2 228 8
Philippines 382 44 5 892 -9
Sri Lanka 89 45 4 996 6
Thailand 526 75 9 141 19
Viet Nam 251 54 3 516 -1
Other 274 - - -
Total 9 009 47 2 690 1
Source: WRI, 1996
Petajoules 1993
% change since 1973
Per Capita1993
% change since 1973
Biomass Energy and Carbon Emissions
Global GHG EmissionsBTC
Fossil Fuels (1990) 6 1850 to 1986 Total
Fossil Fuel 195 Deforestation + Land-use Change 117
1980’s (annual) Fossil Fuel 5.4 Deforestation + Land-use Change 1.6
Forests and Carbon Forests cover 3.4 billion hectares of land or
25% of Earth’s surface Forests store 340 BTC in Vegetation and 620
BTC in Soil Elimination of deforestation can reduce
release of 1.2 BTC of carbon flux each year 100 BTC carbon can be sequestered over the
century by foresting upto a billion hectares
Biomass and Carbon Unsustainable fuelBiomass use contributes 0.5
BTC each year Biomass burning emit 22 million tons of
methane and 0.2 million tons of NOx Biomass products annually sequester 1 BTC Biomass products hold 25 BTC. This amount
can be doubled if Biomass substitute other materials
Biomass/ Energy crops can mitigate 1- 4 BTC by the mid-century by substituting fossil fuels
Sequestration Potential of Global C (1995-2050)
Measure
ForestationAgro-forestryRegenerationSlowingdeforestationTotal
C sequestered(BTC)30.60.7
11.5 - 28.710.8 - 20.8
60 - 87
Cost($/tC)
6-8522
3.7 - 4.6
Total Cost($ Billion)
1743
30 - 6044 - 97
280 - 340
Biomass Production under Changing Climate
Higher Productivity from: CO2 Fertilization Higher Precipitation
Lower Productivity from: Pest, Disease, Fire Species Migration Change in Soil Nutrients
Biomass for Energy
Availability of Land Competition with other
biomass substitutes Conversion Technologies
Synfuels Energy Conversion
Biomass Yield From Various Activities
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Ene
rgy
Yie
ld (G
J/H
ecta
res/
Yea
r)
Biomass fromCommercialForests, USA
Maize, USA(Grain+Stover)
Sugarcane(TotalAbove groundBiomass)
AlamoSwichgrass ,
USA
Eucalyptus at AracruzBrazil
Ave
rage
Yie
ld fo
r Z
ambi
a on
10
000
Hec
tars
Ave
rage
of F
ive
Exp
erim
enta
l Pl
ots,
Tea
xs (1
993-
94)
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Ene
rgy
Yie
ld (G
J/H
ecta
res/
Yea
r)
CommercialForests, USA
Maize, USA(Grain+Stover)
(Total
Biomass)
Alamo,
USA
Eucalyptus atBrazil
Rec
ord
yiel
d (1
994)
,Io
wa
Cor
n-G
row
er's
Con
test
Ave
rage
Yie
ld fo
r Z
ambi
a on
10
000
Hec
tars
Ave
rage
of F
ive
Exp
erim
enta
l Pl
ots,
Tea
xs (1
993-
94)
Ave
rage
for
Yea
rs 2
-6 fo
rE
xper
imen
tal P
lot,
Ala
bam
a
Max
imum
Sta
nd y
ield
(198
6-91
)
Glo
bal A
vera
ge Y
ield
(198
7)
Ave
rage
Yie
ld (1
985-
87)
Low
Est
imat
e
Hig
h E
stim
ate
Ave
rage
Com
mer
cial
yie
ld o
n80
000
Hec
tare
s (19
86-9
1)
Biomass Energy and Climate Change Mitigation
Biomass Energy Options
Synthetic fuels (Synfuels) Liquids (to replace refined oil products) Solids like Charcoal (to replace coal)
Biomass Electricity Technologies Gasifier Engine Direct Combustion
Electricity Generation Cost
0
2
4
6
8
10
100 KW Biomass 1 MW Biomass 50 MW Biomass 500 MW Coal
Technology
cent
s / k
wh
Fuel Cost O&M Cost Capital Cost
Cost of Delivered Electricity Cost
0
2
4
6
8
10
100 KW Biomass 1 MW Biomass 50 MW Biomass 500 MW CoalTechnology
cent
s / k
wh
Fuel Cost O&M Cost T&D Cost Capital Cost
Costs of Biomass and Coal power
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Price of Biomass ($ / GJ)
Gen
erat
ion
Cos
t (ce
nts /
kw
h)
50 MW Biomass plant 1 MW Biomass plant100 KW Biomass plant Coal Plant
Cost of Biomass and Coal Power (with environmental taxes)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4Biomass Price ($ / GJ)
Gen
erat
ion
Cos
t (C
ents
/ kw
h)
50 MW Biomass plantCoal PlantCoal plant ($ 1/GJ Tax)Coal plant ($ 2/GJ Tax)
Biomass Electricity under Carbon Emissions Limitations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035Year
Gig
a W
atts
BAU 10% Emissions Reduction
20%Emissions Reduction
Institutional Issues for Biomass Power
Market Failure Weak Market Linkages Biomass Energy Feedstock System Financing the Biomass Growers Risk Coverage Decentralized Power Generation Role of the Government
Biomass Power: Implementation Issues
Ownership Decentralization Technology Choices Management of Finances Identification of Niche Market Participatory Approach Monitoring and Control Dissemination Approach
Climate Changeand Health
Health Impacts of Climate ChangeDirect Health Impacts from:
Exposure to Thermal Extremes Altered Frequency of Extreme Events Enhanced Weather Variability
Indirect Health Impacts from Changes in: Vector Borne Diseases Incidence of Diarrhea, infectious diseases Sea Level Rise: Water Contamination and
dislocation disorders Mal-nutrition from changes in food supplies
Climate System temperature precipitation
Malaria System
susceptibles
immunes
deaths
infected
diseased
Mosquito System
Mosquito longevity
Frequency of biting of human
Mosquito density
Parasite development
1
5 2 3
6
4
7
Human System
Linkages of Climate and Malaria
1 2 3
4 5
6 7
Climate Change Malaria transmission Potential InfectionDevelopment of immunity Loss of immunity
Morbidity Mortality
Major Tropical Vector Borne Diseases
Disease Population at Impact of Risk (Million) Climate Change
Malaria 2400 Highly LikelySchistosomiasis 600 Very LikelyFilarisis 1094 LikelyDengue 1800 Very LikelyYellow Fever 450 Very LikelyRiver Blindness 123 Very LikleyGuinea Worm 100 Unknown
Biomass Energy:Ancillary (Health) Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation
Ancillary Benefits of Biomass Power1 MW Biomass vs. Coal Power
70
31.48
19.45
2.296.15
13.1
66.36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
S02 NOX Particulate
Em
issi
ons (
ton)
Coal Power Biomass PowerCarbon EmissionMitigation/ year
1376 Ton
Local Pollution (ton/year)
Pollutant
WHO Guidelines Effects Annual Mean 98
Percentile(Micrograms/cum of
air)
Sulfur Dioxide
40-60 100-150 Exacerbations of respiratory illness (short-term Exposure), Increased respiratory symptoms like chronic bronchitis from long-term exposures.SPM
Same as for sulfur dioxide
Black Smoke
Total SPM
40-6060-90
100-150150-230
Combined Exposure to SO2 and SPM may have pulmonary effects Nitrogen
Dioxide
1 hour24 hour
400-
-150
Effects of lung infection in asthmatics from short-term exposures.
Health Effects of Air Pollutants
Indoor Air Pollution from CookstovesYea
rMeasurement
conditionsNo.of
measurements
Particulate Concentration
(Micrograms/cum)198
2Cooking with Biomass
22 15800 Cooking with
dung32 18300
Cooking with charcoal
10 5500198
8Cooking, measured 0.7 meters from the ceiling.
390 4000-21000
Individual Exposure during cooking (2-5 hrs each day)198
3in 4 villages 65 6800
1988
in 5 villages 129 4700198
8in 2 villages 44 3600
1988
in 8 villages 165 3700
Biomass EnergyOption for Long-Term
Climate Change Mitigation
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1990 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095
Carbon CaptureEnergy EfficiencyWindSolarBiomassHydroNuclearGasOilIndia 550 ppmv emission
Stabilization of GHG Concentration Mitigation Options for India
Emissions Gap
Mitigation T
arget
1990 2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 20802095
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Mill
ions
of T
onne
s of C
arbo
n pe
r ye
ar
soil carbon sequestrationsequestration from fossil power generationsequestration from synfuels productionsequestration from H2 productionend-use technology improvementsnuclearsolarbiomass550 ppmv emissions
Stabilization of GHG Concentration Global Mitigation Options
Mitigation T
arget
Conclusions Biomass Energy has an important role in
meeting the objectives of UNFCCC Biomass production will be impacted by
climate change Biomass Energy offer direct health benefits
as a substitute for fossil energy Biomass energy as can contribute to health
benefits as climate change mitigation option Biomass energy links climate change and
sustainable development