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Chapter 1 Introduction to Brazil

In Brazil, doing business is essentially another form of social

interaction. Deals are won and lost upon the strength of

relationships and the ability to nurture a sense of chemistry. When

first starting out, its important to work through a local contact, a

despachante, who has the ability to introduce you to the right

people, set up meetings and deal with paperwork. Ask your corporatecommunications department for help in finding one.

Brazilians are essentially looking for two things: someone they like and

trust, and someone who is competent in business. Its important to build a

strong relationship first, which will then naturally lead to trust. You must

invest time in getting to know people on a personal level, in order to allow

for open and honest discussions in business. Brazilians like to take their time

when it comes to closing deals, so don't expect business deals to be rushed.

Getting straight down to business can be seen as offensive, even

aggressive. Indulge in small talk, whether its asking about their children or

chatting about the latest news or futbol (soccer) results. Don't be surprised if

you are asked seemingly personal questions, as this is part of the getting-to-

know-you process. Reciprocate such questions and show an interest in their

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lives and background.The same goes when calling someone on the phone:

chat first, talk business second. Don't sound like you're so pressed for time

that you don't have time to be social. You're likely not to hear from them

again if you do.

Also, the American custom of using first names in the workplace is

disconcerting to Brazilians, who are accustomed to very defined ways of

addressing each other according to social status, age, rank and position. Use

formal names, when possible: Senhor Silva (Mr. Silva) or Senhora Silva

(Mrs. Silva).

And dont be surprised if meetings start and run late. While Americans are

used to rigid schedules, the concept of punctuality is very different in Brazil.

In general, when scheduling meetings, allow for some degree of tardiness.

Appearance is important to Brazilians. They are very fashion-conscious and

follow European styles. Women can either wear a stylish business suit or a

dress with a jacket. Sandals are OK, and panty hose is optional. Men should

invest in the best suit they can afford, with a European design and cut and a

good-looking silk tie. Do not wear a tie with a short-sleeved shirt it

screams tourist. Likewise, avoid undershirts, white socks or socks with

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sandals. Also, make sure you have a good haircut and look well-groomed,

including your fingernails.

Also, do not wear green and yellow together: those are the colors of the

Brazilian flag, and are not appropriate for clothing, unless youre going to a

futbol game.The American hand symbol for OK (holding your index

finger to your thumb while keeping the other three fingers straight) is

obscene in Brazil. Instead, use the "thumbs up" sign.

Chapter 2 History and Ethnic Relations

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Emergence of the Nation. In 1530 the Portuguese began to colonize the new

land of Brazil, but during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries their

hold on this vast territory remained tenuous as they struggled with an

unfamiliar environment, indigenous peoples, and with French and later

Dutch attempts to undermine Portuguese control.People harvesting sugar

cane in Salvador. Northeast Brazil has the most African cultural

influence, due to early plantation labor.

A useful exercise is to compare the early colonization of the United States

and Brazil since it sheds light on the ensuing differences between the two

modern nations. Both countries imported large numbers of African slaves,

but in Brazil the practice began earlier, lasted longer, and involved the

importation of two to three times more slaves than in the United States.

Estimates range from three to four million Africans forcibly taken to

Brazil. Moreover, in contrast to the large number of families who came to

settle in the North American colonies, the Portuguese colonists were more

often single males. Thus, in the early 1700s, when the importation of slaves

into North America was just beginning, the proportion of Africans to

Europeans was much smaller in the United States than in Brazil, where the

slave trade had been operating for more than a century.

The smaller ratio of Portuguese colonists to slave and indigenous peoples in

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Brazil and the resultant tendency of single men to take African or indigenous

women as concubines or wives led to the great racial mix that characterizes

Brazilian society today. Extensive miscegenation occurred in Brazil among

Africans, Portuguese, and indigenous peoples colonial times, and later with

the arrival of new immigrants from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.

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Chapter 3 About the brazil

Location and Geography.

Brazil, the world's fifth largest country in geographical expanse and then

Brazil largest nation in Latin America, comprises slightly under half the land

mass of the South American continent and shares a border with every South

American country except Chile and Ecuador. It is the size of the continental

United States excluding Alaska.Brazil's physical environment and climate

vary greatly from the tropical North to the temperate South. The landscape is

dominated by a central highland region known as the Planalto Central

(Brazilian Highlands, or Plateau of Brazil) and by the vast AmazonBasin

which occupies overone-third of the country.The central plateau juts into

theseaina few areas along Brazil's 4,500-mile-long, (7,240-kilometer-long)

coast, but it more often runs parallel to the ocean, creating a fertile, lowland

area.Brazil is a land rich in natural resources, principally iron ore, bauxite,

manganese, nickel, uranium, gold, gemstones, oil, and timber.

General Climate

Although most of Brazil lies in the tropics, more than 60 percent of the

population live in areas which are cooled either by altitude, sea winds or

polar fronts. While the coastal cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Salvador

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can get extremely hot, plateau cities such as So Paulo, Braslia and Belo

Horizonte have mild climates, and the southern cities of Porto Alegre and

Curitiba have mild winters, but while Curitiba has a warm summer,

Porto Alegre has a hot summer.

Despite the popular image of the Amazon as a region of blistering heat,

temperatures of more than 32C (90F) are in fact rare. The annual average

temperature in the region is 22-26C (72-79F), with not much variation

between the warmest and the coldest months. The hottest part of Brazil is the

northeast, where temperatures of more than 38C (100F) are frequently

recorded during the dry season between May and November. Along the

Atlantic coast from Recife to Rio de Janeiro, average temperatures range

from 23 to 27C (73-81F). Inland, on higher ground, temperatures are

lower, ranging from 18 to 21C (64-70F). South of Rio the seasons are

more defined and the range of temperatures significantly wider, with the

annual average falling between 17 and 19C (63-66F).

Brazil's most intense rain falls around the mouth of the Amazon near the city

of Belm, and also in the upper regions of Amazonia where more than 2,000

millimetres (78 inches) of rain fall every year. Most of Brazil has moderate

rainfall of between 1,000 and 1,500 millimetres (39 to 59 inches) a year,

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most of it coming between December and April. The driest part of the

country is the northeast, where rainfall is irregular and the evaporation

rate very high, making it difficult to grow crops.

Political Life

Government. The Federal Constitution of Brazil provides for three

independent governing branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Although the constitution has undergone several revisions in the last

century, the most recent in 1988, it has always retained this division of

governmental powers.

Voting in Brazil today is universal and compulsory for all literate citizens

from eighteen to seventy years of age and optional for those who cannot read

and write.Leadership and Political Officials. Brazil's return to free elections

in the mid-1980s after two decades of military dictatorship has not resulted

in greater social and legal equity, and unequal treatment of rich and poor is

ongoing. Government officials and well-to-do individuals who have

committed crimes still are more likely to escape the long arm of the

law than are those of lesser social status. In part, this is because Brazil is a

country in which laws and regulations are passed, yet a significant

proportion of them are ignored. Still, today there is growing intolerance of

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political corruption and a host of official inquiries are evidence that

Brazilians are starting to reject impunity and demand accountability of their

public officials.

One concept is key to understanding Brazilian political culture: jeitos, ways

of cutting through obstaclessuch as rules and red tapeto achieve a

desired end. Jeitos are partly a response to Brazil's notorious bureaucratic

thicket which makes getting a government documentbe it a driver's

license, passport, or marriage licensea cumbersome process.

Those who can afford to hire despachantes (dispatchers), professional

facilitators who know how to "do jeitos", to get things done. Others do jeitos

on their own; perhaps a small "gratuity" to a low-paid government clerk will

produce the desired document.

A personalistic system of patron-client relationships is another key to the

nation's political culture. One becomes a government bureaucrat or politician

and rises through the ranks by developing influential connections and getting

help from personal networks. Ambitious individuals cultivate powerful

patrons who promote and protect them, and their own career trajectories

typically rise and fall with those of their patrons.

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Law

Supreme Federal Court building at the Praa dos Trs Poderes.

Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions and civil law concepts

prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified,

although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a

complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines;

however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases.

Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in

law creation and in law cases.

The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was

promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All

other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. As of April

2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions,

which must not contradict the Federal Constitution. Municipalities and the

Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgnicas), which act in

a similar way to constitutions. Legislative entities are the main source of

statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may

enact legal norms. Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities,

although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate

to pass on legal judgments. There are also specialized military, labor, and

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electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court.

This system has been criticised over the last few decades for the slow pace

of decision making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve,

and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.

Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world

to transmit its sessions on television, and also via YouTube. More recently,

in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on

the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court

and the most important decisions made by them.

Brazil continues to have high crime rates in a number of statistics, despite

recent improvements. More than 500,000 people have been killed by

firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003, according to a new report by the

United Nations. In 2010, there were 473,600 people incarcerated in Brazilian

prisons and jails.

Culture

The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its

strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other influences, the

Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and

colonial architectural styles.

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The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous

and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.. Some aspects of

Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German

and other European immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South

and Southeast of Brazil. The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's

language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music,

dance and religion.

Food

Food in Daily Life. Rice, beans, and manioc form the core of the Brazilian

diet and are eaten at least occasionally by all social classes in all parts of the

nation. Manioc is a root crop that is typically consumed as farinha , manioc

flour sprinkled over rice and beans, or farofa , manioc flour sauted in a bit

of oil with onions, eggs, olives, or other ingredients.

To this core, meat, poultry, or fish are added, but the frequency of their

consumption is closely tied to financial well-being. While the middle and

upper classes may consume them on a daily basis, the poor can afford such

protein sources far less often.Traditionally the most important meal of the

day is a multicourse affair eaten after midday. For middle-class and elite

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families it might consist of a pasta dish or a meat or fish course accompanied

by rice, beans, and manioc and a sweet dessert or fruit followed by tiny cups

of strong Brazilian coffee called cafezinho. For the poor it would be

primarily rice and beans. The evening repast is simpler, often consisting of

soup and perhaps leftovers from the midday meal.

As Brazil urbanizes and industrializes, the leisurely family-centered meal at

midday is being replaced by lanches (from the English, "lunch"), smaller

meals usually consumed in restaurants, including ones featuring buffets that

sell food by the kilo and such ubiquitous fast-food eateries as Mc Donalds.

The poor, who cannot afford restaurants, are likely to eat the noon meal at

home, to buy snacks sold on the street, or to carry food with them to work in

stacked lunch buckets. In rural areas itinerant farm laborers who are paid

by the day and who carry such buckets have been dubbed bias-frias, "cold

lunches."Meals may be accompanied by soft drinks including guaran,

made from a fruit that grows in the Amazonbeer, or bottled water.

Symbolism.

Most Brazilians would agree that the symbols that best characterize their

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nation are the exuberant revelry of the pre-Lenten celebration of carnival and

the wildly popular sport of soccer, called futebol in Brazil.

Carnival is a four-day extravaganza marked by parades of costumed dancers

and musicians, formal balls, street dancing, and musical contests, a truly

national party during which Brazilians briefly forget what they call the "hard

realities of life." Carnival is symbolic of the national ethos because it plays

to many of the dualities in Brazilian life: wealth and poverty, African and

European, female and male. The key to carnival's popularity is its break with

and reversal of the everyday reality. Through the use of costumenotably

called fantasia in Portugueseanyone can become anybody at carnival time.

Class hierarchies based on wealth and power are briefly set aside, poverty

is forgotten, men may dress as women, leisure supplants work, and the

disparate components of Brazilian society blend in a dizzying blaze of color

and music.

Brazilians are also passionate about soccer and are rated among the best

players of the sport in the world. Every four years when the world's best

teams vie for the World Cup championship, Brazil virtually shuts down as

the nation's collective attention turns to the action on the playing field. And

when Brazil wins the World Cupas it has on more occasions than any

other countrythe delirium of the populace is palpable. Brazilian flags are

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hoisted aloft, everyone wears green and yellow (the national colors), and

thousands of Brazilians, seemingly intoxicated with pride, take to the streets

in revelry.

Religion

Religious Beliefs. Brazil is the largest Catholic country in the world even

though the percentage of Brazilians who belong to the Catholic Church has

declined in recent years, down from 95 percent in the 1950s. Today about 73

percent of Brazilians identify themselves as Catholic but an unknown

number are Catholics by tradition, not by faith.Although church and state are

separate in Brazil and, by law, there is freedom of religious belief and

expression, a close relationship exists between the Catholic Church and the

state. Major Catholic holidays are public holidays and a priest (or bishop)

always presides at the inauguration of public buildings. Also, church-based

welfare and educational institutions, such as religious seminaries, receive

financial support from the federal government. At various times in Brazilian

history the Catholic Church has either strongly endorsed the state or

vigorously challenged the status quo, as in the case of liberation theology, a

late-twentieth century movement that provided religious justification for

questioning the yawning gap between haves and have-nots in Brazil.

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Linguistic Affiliation.

Nearly all Brazilians speak Portuguese, a Romance language, belonging to

the Indo-European language family. The Portuguese language was

introduced to Brazil by the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century. Prior to

the arrival of the Portuguese, the native population spoke languages

belonging to at least four major language families: Arawakan, G, Carib,

and Tupi-Guarani. Tupi-Guaraniwhich was spoken by coastal Indians, the

first to come into extensive contact with the Portugueseserved as the basis

for lingua geral, a language developed by the Jesuits for their missionary

work with the Indian population.

Aside from a small number of recently contacted indigenous peoples, all

Brazilians speak Portuguese. Brazilian Portuguese differs somewhat in

grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation from the language of Portugal.

Brazilian Portuguese contains a large number of indigenous terms,

particularly Tupi-Guarani words for native plants, animals, and place-names

that are not found in continental Portuguese. While regional accents

exist in Brazil, they are not very pronounced and native Portuguese speakers

from one region have no difficulty understanding those from other regions.

The vast majority ofBrazilians are monolingual in Portuguese, although

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many middle-class and elite Brazilians study English and to a lesser extent

Spanish, French, and German. Brazilians are very proud of their linguistic

heritage and resent that many foreigners, particularly North Americans,

think Brazilians speak Spanish.

CHAPTER 4 Basic Economy.

Today Brazil has the eighth largest economy in the world. It is a major

producer of such agricultural products as sugarcane, soybeans, oranges,

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coffee, cocoa, rice, wheat, and cotton. It is also a major supplier of beef with

vast cattle ranches primarily in the southern and western regions of the

country. Nevertheless, because of the tremendous growth of industry,

agriculture accounts for only 13 percent of the nation' gross domestic

product.Agriculture employsdirectly or indirectly about one-quarter of

the Brazilian labor force. Five million agricultural workers are wage laborers

concentrated in the plantations of the North (sugarcane, cotton, coffee,

cocoa) and the increasingly mechanized agricultural enterprises of the

Southeast and South (soybeans, wheat, sugar, oranges).

More than 70 percent of these workers lack contracts and social benefits and

less than 40 percent are employed year round. There are also 4.8 million

landless families who survive as tenant farmers, sharecroppers, and casual

laborers.

In the last decades of the twentieth century, increasing mechanization and

monopolization of the best farmlands by agribusinesses has accelerated the

displacement of small family-owned farms. Nevertheless, there are still

some five million family farms ranging in size from 12 to 250 acres (5 to

100 hectares) that occupy about 143 million acres (58 million hectares). In

contrast, large commercial agricultural enterprises cover almost three times

that area.

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During the 1960s and 1970s Brazil experienced economic growth from

agricultural modernization and, by the early 1980s, agricultural production

had increased to the extent that Brazil had become the fourth largest food

exporter in the world. But, at the same time, Brazil was not adequately

feeding its own people. It is sixth worldwide in malnutrition, ahead of only

Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

Chapter 5 Child Rearing and Education.

Like so many aspects of Brazilian life, educational opportunities are tied to

social class. Brazil has never invested heavily in public education and most

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middle-class and elite families send their children to private school.

Education is also linked to race and geography. A white person in the

Southeast has an average of 6.6 years of schooling, whereas a person of

color living in the Northeast has spent an average of just 3.5 years in

school.

Despite the low level of funding, the last four decades of the twentieth

century witnessed a significant increase in the number of Brazilians

attending school and a concomitant rise in the literacy rate in 2000 about

82 percent of Brazilians are literate. In 1960 almost half the population had

little or no schooling, a figure that fell to 22 percent by 1990.

Notably, school is one setting in which females are often more successful

than males. In some regions of Brazil, girls are more likely than boys to be

in school and women tend to be more literate than men.

Higher Education - Two-thirds of all public monies spent on education in

Brazil goes to universities, the other third to public primary and secondary

schools. While public universities in Brazilwidely considered superior to

their private counterpartscharge no tuition, they have very competitive

entrance exams which generally favor students who have attended costly

private schools with high academic standards.

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The value placed on higher education by certain segments of Brazilian

society may explain why it receives such a large share of revenue. Economic

success in Brazil is said to come more from who one knows than what one

knows, and where one is educated, influences who one knows. University

education then, aside from training students in a particular profession, also

confers (or confirms) social status which, in turn, provides the personal

connections that can influence future success.

Agriculture and food production.

A performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of

Brazilstradebalance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies

adopted by the developed countries.

In the space of fifty five years (1950 to 2005), the population of Brazil grew

from 51 million to approximately 187 million inhabitants,an increase of over

2 percent per year. In order to meet this demand, it was necessary to take the

development of cattle and crop raising activities a step further. Since then,

an authentic green revolution has taken place, allowing the country to create

and expand a complex agribusiness sector.However, some of this is at the

expense of the environment, including the Amazon.The importance given to

the rural producer takes place in the shape of the agricultural and cattle-

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raising plan and through another specific program geared towards family

agriculture (Pronaf), which guarantee financing for equipment and

cultivation and encourage the use of new technology, as shown by the use of

agricultural land zoning. With regards to family agriculture, over 800

thousand rural inhabitants are assisted by credit, research and extension

programs. The special line of credit for women and young farmers is an

innovation worth mentioning, providing an incentive towards the

entrepreneurial spirit.

With The Land Reform Program, on the other hand, the country's objective

is to provide suitable living and working conditions for over one million

families who live in areas allotted by the State, an initiative capable of

generating two millionjobs. Through partnerships, public policies and

international partnerships, the government is working towards the guarantee

of an infrastructure for the settlements, following the examples ofschools

and health outlets. The idea is that access to land represents just the first step

towards the implementation of a quality land reform program.

Chapter 6

Brazilian exports in

2006

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Over 600,000 km of land are divided into approximately five thousand

areas of ruralproperty; an agricultural area currently with three borders: the

Central-western region (savanna), theNorthern region (area of transition)

and parts of theNortheastern region (semi-arid). At the forefront of grain

crops, which produce over 110 million tonnes/year, is the soybean, yielding

50 million tonnes.

In thebovine cattle-raising sector, the "green ox," which is raised in

pastures, on a diet of hay and mineral salts, conquered markets in Asia,

Europe and the Americas, particularly after the "mad cow disease" scare

period. Brazil has the largest cattle herd in the world, with 198 million

heads, responsible for exports surpassing the mark of US$ 1 billion/year.

A pioneer and leader in the manufacture of short-fiber timbercellulose,

Brazil has also achieved positive results within thepackaging sector, in

which it is the fifth largest world producer. In the foreign markets, it answers

for 25 percent of global exports of raw cane and refined sugar; it is the world

leader in soybean exports and is responsible for 80 percent of the planet's

orange juice, and since 2003, has had the highest sales figures forbeefand

chicken, among the countries that deal in this sector.

.Brazil is similar to many Latin American countries when

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analyzing the five Dimensions.

Brazil's highest Hofstede Dimension is Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) is 76,

indicating the societys low level of tolerance for uncertainty. In an effort to

minimize or reduce this level of uncertainty, strict rules, laws, policies, and

regulations are adopted and implemented. The ultimate goal of this

population is to control everything in order to eliminate or avoid the

unexpected. As a result of this high Uncertainty Avoidance

characteristic, the society does not readily accept change and is very risk

adverse.Brazil has a slightly higher Individualism (IDV) rank of 38

compared to the average Latin population score of 21. However, virtually all

the Latin countries are considered to be Collectivist societies as compared to

Individualist cultures. This is manifest in a close

long-term commitment to the member 'group', be that a family, extended

family, or extended relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is

paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules.

Power Distance Index (PDI) - that is the extent to which the less powerful

members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and

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expect that poweris distributed unequally. This represents inequality (more

versus less), but defined from below, not from above. It suggests that a

society's level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as much as by the

leaders. Power and inequality, of course, are extremely fundamental facts

of any society and anybody with some international experience will be

aware that 'all societies are unequal, but some are more unequal than others'.

Individualism (IDV) - on the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that

is the degree to which individuals are inte-grated into groups. On the

individualist side we find societies in which the ties between individuals are

loose: everyone is expected to look

after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we

find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong,

cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and

grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning

loyalty. The word 'collectivism' in this sense has no political meaning: it

refers to the group, not to the state. Again, the issue addressed by this

dimension is an extremely fundamental one, regarding all societies in the

world.

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Masculinity (MAS) - versus its opposite, femininity, refers to the

distribution of roles between the genders which is another fundamental issue

for any society to which a range of solutions are found. The IBM studies

revealed that (a) women's values differ less among societies than men's

values; (b) men's values from one country to another contain a dimension

from very assertive and competitive and maximally different from women's

values on the one side, to modest and caring and similar to women's values

on the other. The assertive pole has been called 'masculine' and the modest,

caring pole 'feminine'. The women in feminine countries have the same

modest, caring values as the men; in the masculine countries they are

somewhat assertive and competitive, but not as much as the

men, so that these countries show a gap between men's values and women's

values.

Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) - deals with a society's tolerance for

uncertainty and ambiguity; it ultimately refers to man's search for Truth. It

indicates to what extent a culture programs its members to feel either

uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructured situations. Unstructured

situations are novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual.

Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility of such

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situations by strict laws and rules, safety and security measures, and on the

philosophical and religious level by a belief in absolute Truth; 'there can

only be one Truth and we have it'. People in uncertainty avoiding countries

are also more emotional, and motivated by inner nervous energy. The

opposite type, uncertainty accepting cultures, are more tolerant of opinions

different from what they are used to; they try to have as few rules as

possible, and on the philosophical and religious level they are relativist and

allow many currents to flow side by side. People within these cultures are

more phlegmatic and contemplative, and not expected by their environment

to express emotions.

High Context Culture - In order to communicate effectively with people in

other countries, its important to know the business hierarchy and how

people relate to each other. One way to understand this is in terms of "high

context" and "low context," a classification based on how people in different

cultures communicate.

High context refers to societies in which people have close connections.

High-context

people are generally defined as:

Less verbally explicit. Instead, they rely more on indirect verbal interaction

and are proficient at reading non-verbal cues.

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Having less written/formal communication. High-context cultures are

more interested in fostering trust than in signing contracts.

Having strong boundaries. They have more clearly defined roles of

authority, and differences in status are valued.They rarely call people by

their first names.Relationship-focused. Decisions and activities are focused

around personal, face-to-face relationships.

Brazil is a high context culture.

Long-Term Orientation (LTO) - versus short-term orientation: this fifth

dimension was found in a study among students in 23 countries around the

world, using a questionnaire designed by Chinese scholars It can be said to

deal with Virtue regardless of Truth. Values associated with Long Term

Orientation are thrift and perseverance; values associated with Short Term

Orientation are respect for tradition, fulfilling social obligations, and

protecting one's 'face'. Both the positively and the negatively rated values

of this dimension are found in the teachings of Confucius, the most

influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however, the

dimension also applies to countries without a Confucian heritage.

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Chapter 7 BrazilIndia relations.

Brazil and India also share historical ties as a result of the

Portuguese Empire. More recently, Brazil and India

have co-operated in the multilateral level on issues such

as international trade and development, environment,

reform of the UN and the UNSC

Country comparison

Brazil India

Population 190,732,694 1,210,193,422

Area8,514,877 km(3,287,597 sq. mi)

3,287,240 km (1,269,210 sq.mi)

Population Density 22/km (57/sq. mi) 364/km (943/sq. mi)Capital Braslia New Delhi

Largest CitySo Paulo - 11,037,593(19,889,559 Metro)

Mumbai - 13,922,125(21,347,412 Metro)

GovernmentFederalpresidentialconstitutional republic

Federalparliamentaryconstitutional republic

Official languages Portuguese Hindi, English and 17 other

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officially recognisedlanguages. see: OfficialLanguages of India

Main religions

74% Roman

Catholicism, 15.4%Protestant, 7.4% non-Religious,1.3% Kardecistspiritism, 1.7% Otherreligions, 0.3% Afro-Brazilian religions

80.5% Hinduism, 13.4%Islam, 2.3% Christianity,1.9% Sikhism, 0.8%Buddhism, 0.4% Jainism,1.2% other religions

GDP (nominal)US$2.425 trillion($12,200per capita)

US$1.946 trillion ($1,542 percapita)

GDP (PPP)US$2.309 trillion($11,845per capita)

US$4.710 trillion ($3,851 percapita)

Militaryexpenditures$31.576 billion (FY2012)

$46.219 billion (FY 2012)

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chapter 8 History

Indias links with Brazil go back five centuries. Portugals Pedro Alvares

Cabral is officially recognised as the first European to discover Brazil in

1500. Cabral was sent to India by the King of Portugal after the return of

Vasco da Gama from his pioneering journey to India. Cabral is reported to

have been blown-off course on his way to India. Brazil became an important

Portuguese colony and stop-over in the long journey to Goa. This

Portuguese connexion led to the exchange of several agricultural crops

between India and Brazil in the colonial days. Indian cattle was also

imported to Brazil. Most of the cattle in Brazil is of Indian origin.

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Diplomatic relations between India and Brazil were established in 1948. The

Indian Embassy opened in Rio de Janeiro on May 3, 1948, moving to

Braslia on August 1, 1971.

One of the major sources of tension between the two nations was the

decolonisation process of the Portuguese enclaves in India, principally Goa.

Despite pressure from India on Portugal to retreat from the subcontinent,

Brazil supported Portugals claim for Goa. Brazil only changed course in

1961, when it became increasingly clear that India would succeed is taking

control of Goa by force from an increasingly feeble Portugal, which faced

too many internal problems to pose a potent military threat to India. Still,

when Nehrus armies overwhelmed Portuguese resistance and occupied Goa,

the Brazilian government criticised India sharply for violating international

law. While Brazil tried to explain to India that its position was to be

understood in the context of a long tradition offriendship between Brazil

and Portugal, the Indian government was deeply disappointed that Brazil, a

democratic and a former colony, would support a non-democratic Portugal

against democratic and recently independent India.

During the Portuguese Empire, chillis were traded from the New World to

India and cows were sent the other way, amongst other trades.

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Cultural relations.

A successfulFestival of India was organised during the visit of President

K.R. Narayanan to Brazil in May 1998. There is also a presence of

ISKCON, Satya Sai Baba, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Bhakti Vedanta

Foundation and other Indian spiritual gurus and organisations have chapters

in Brazil.

A statue ofMohandas Gandhi is located near the Parque Iberapuera at So

Paulo and another statue is also at Rio de Janeiro. A group called the Filhos

de Gandhi (Sons of Gandhi) participates regularly in the carnival in

Salvador. Private Brazilian organisations occasionally invite Indian cultural

troupes.

Caminho das ndias, a populartelenovela in Brazil aired in 2009,

popularised Indian culture in Brazil. Books about India started to pop up on

the best-selling list, the number of travels to India by Brazilians tourists

increased dramatically and restaurants and even nightclubs with Indian

themes starting to open.

Economic relations

In recent years, relations between Brazil and India have grown considerably

and co-operation between the two countries has been extended to such

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diverse areas as science and technology,pharmaceuticals and space. The

two-way trade in 2007 nearly tripled to US$ 3.12 billion from US$ 1.2

billion in 2004.

Global software giant, Wipro Technologies, also set up abusiness process

outsourcing centre in Curitiba to provide shared services to AmBev, the

largest brewery in Latin America. AmBev's zonal vice president, Renato

Nahas Batista, said "We are honoured to be a part of Wipro's expansion

plans in Brazil and Latin America." AmBev's portfolio includes leading

brands like Brahma, Becks, Stella and Antarctica.

21st century relations

The President of India, Pratibha

Patil with Brazilian President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva in April 2008. India

and Brazil enjoy strong bilateral relations which is clearly reflected in

various international forums such as IBSA.

UNSC reform

Both countries want the participation of developing countries in the UNSC

permanent membership since the underlying philosophy for both of them

are: UNSC should be more democratic, legitimate and representative - the

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G4 is a novel grouping for this realisation.

South-South cooperation

Brazil and India are involved in the IBSA initiative.

The first ever IBSA Summit was held in Braslia in September 2006,

followed by the Second IBSA Summit held in Pretoria in October 2007,

with the third one held inNew Delhiin October 2008. The fourth IBSA

meet was again hosted in Braslia, just before the second BRIC summit.

Four IBSA Trilateral Commission meetings were already held till 2007 since

the first one was held in 2004 and had covered many areas such as science,

technology, education, agriculture, energy, culture, health, social issues,

public administration and revenue administration. The target ofUS$10

billion in trade was already achieved by 2007.

Both countries view thisas a tool oftransformation diplomacy to bring

economic growth, sustainable development, poverty reduction and regional

prosperity in the vast regions ofLatin America, Africa and Asia. The IBSA

Fund for Alleviation of Poverty and Hunger has already provided funds for

capacity building in East Timorand for the fight against HIV/AID. n

Burundi and has won the South-South Partnership Award at the 2006 UN

Day event held inNew York City on 19 December 2006.

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India to Brazil distance, location, road map and direction

India is located in India at the longitude of 77.2 and latitude of 28.58. Brazil

is located in Brazil at the longitude of -47.91 and latitude of -15.78 .

Distance between India and Brazil

The total straight line distance between India and Brazil is 14240 KM

(kilometers) and 710.58 meters. The miles based distance from India to

Brazil is 8848.8 miles. This is a straight line distance and so most of the time

the actual travel distance between India and Brazil may be higher or vary

due to curvature of the road .

Time Difference between India and Brazil

India universal time is 5.1466666666667 Coordinated Universal Time(UTC)

and Brazil universal time is -3.194 UTC. The time difference between India

and Brazil is 8.3406666666667 decimal hours. Note: India and Brazil time

calculation is based on UTC time of the particular city. It may vary from

country standard time , local time etc.

India To Brazil travel time

India is located around 14240 KM away from Brazil so if you travel at the

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consistant speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Brazil in 284.81 hours.

Your Brazil travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or

depending upon the vehicle you use.

India To Brazil road map

India is located nearly east side to Brazil. The given east direction from

India is only approximate. The given google map shows the direction in

which the blue color line indicates road connectivity to Brazil . In the travel

map towards Brazil you may find enroute hotels, tourist spots, picnic spots,

petrol pumps and various religious places. The given google map is not

comfortable to view all the places as per your expectation then to view street

maps, local places see our detailed map here.

Travel Distance from India

This website gives the travel information and distance for all the cities in the

globe. For example if you have any queries like what is the distance between

Chennai and Bangalore ? and How far is Chennai from Bangalore? It will

answer those queires aslo. Some popular travel routes and their links are

given here :- distance between India and Britain, distance between India and

Brunei, distance between India and Brussels, distance between India and

37
http://distancebetween2.com/india/britainhttp://distancebetween2.com/india/bruneihttp://distancebetween2.com/india/bruneihttp://distancebetween2.com/india/brusselshttp://distancebetween2.com/india/bulgariahttp://distancebetween2.com/india/britainhttp://distancebetween2.com/india/bruneihttp://distancebetween2.com/india/bruneihttp://distancebetween2.com/india/brusselshttp://distancebetween2.com/india/bulgaria


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Bulgaria, distance between India and Burma

Travelers and visitors are welcome to write more travel information about

India and Brazil.

It can be your previous travel experience between India and Brazil.

Available transport routes to reach Brazil like train routes, bus routes,

air routes and cruise routes.

Tourist places or any other important places on the routes between

India and Brazil.

Hotels, restaurant information on the way to Brazil.

Photos related to India and Brazil or en route.

Travel queries and other relavent information related to this page.

Chapter 9 import AND EXPORT BETWEEN INDIA

AND BRAZIL

Brazil's trade relations with India have witnessed a ten-fold increase in the

last decade and expected to reach $ 15 billion by 2015, with exports of $5.04

bn and imports of $5.58 billion close to 10 times increase in the last tenyears.

Talking to FE, an official in the Indian embassy Brazil said, "These numbers

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include $ 2 bn in export of Diesel and $3.4 bn Indian import of crude oil. So

in 2012, $5.4 bn accounts for oil trade out of total $10.6 bn - over 50%. And,

76 % of Indian imports from Brazil were crude oil, sugar and soya."

Adding, " The good news is the increase in pharmaceutical, fertilizers and

chemicals exports to Brazil from India which together is now close to $ 1

billion. Auto components and electrical and mechanical equipments have

also seen good growth, so have textiles and fibres exports. While oil trade

has different dynamics, rest of the products have seen good growth."

Brazil's Ambassador to India, Carlos Duarte has at various fora highlighted

the growing cooperation between the two developing powers in various

fields including agriculture, science and technology, energy, education,

defence, environment.

According to former ambassador R Viswanathan, "India's bilateral trade

with Brazil 20 years ago in 1992 was just $ 177 million. Then ten years

back, in 2002, it was $1.2 billion, with India's exports to Brazil declining in

2012 to $ 5.04 billion dollars from $ 6 billion in 2011."

Current data indicates that 41 % of India's exports ( $2.1 billion) in 2012

were diesel exported by Reliance and the fall in India's exports in 2012 is

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due to the 33% decline in exports of diesel.

The former diplomat goes on to add, "The second biggest export was

chemicals and pharmaceuticals which amounted to $ 697 million. The third

largest export item was polyester yarn $ 225 million. Autoparts exports

were $106 million. Apart from these items, the exports are well diversified

with a wide range of engineering products and industrial raw materials

besides textiles and traditional items. Surprisingly coal was an important

export $99 million."

Sugar ( imported by Renuka Sugar ) was the second largest import- $500

million, accounting for 9 % of total imports. Soya oil imports were $ 364

million and Copper imports were $ 294 million.

The two countries have also inked a deal worth $ 210 million for the supply

of three aircraft by 2014. This includes a comprehensive logistic package

that entails training, technical support, supply of spare parts and ground

support equipment for Embraer aircraft equipped with India's first-ever

airborne Active Electronic Scanned Array (AESA) radar, giving it thecapability to detect missiles and hostile fighters at all angles.

Of the total bilateral trade of $10 billion Reliance alone accounted for $5.5

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billion with their import of crude oil and export of diesel. India is expected

to increase its imports of crude oil in the coming years, given the increasing

capacity of Brasil to produce more oil and the ever-increasing dependence of

India on imported oil.

"The Indian exports of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, engineering and other

manufactured products as well as industrial raw materials will continue to

increase steadily with the intensification of export promotion by the Indian

exporters who are targetting Brasil as a large and growing strategic market,"

Chapter 10 India, Brazil to Strengthen Cooperation in

Tourism

The two countries will also explore the possibilities of promoting joint

venture investments in the field of hotel industry and tourism infrastructure,

India's Tourism Minister, Subodhkant Sahai, said after meeting his Brazilian

counterpart, Gastao Viera. "We have decided to promote Indian destinations

by organizing roadshows and other events in Brazil," he said.

A bilateral tourism cooperation agreement between India and Brazil was

signed in January 2004. India and Brazil are also part of IBSA, a trilateral,

developmental initiative between India, Brazil and South Africa to promote

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South-South cooperation and exchange.

The issue of cooperation between the two countries in the tourism sector was

also discussed at the 5th India Brazil Joint Commission held in New Delhi in

December, 2011.

Viera said Brazil is keen on exchange of experience in destination

management and promotion with India.

He said Brazil would also like to share with India its best practices followed

in the area of Eco-tourism and beach tourism. In return India offered to share

its expertise on rural tourism with Brazil.

As per the proposed action plan, India will organize a workshop on rural

tourism while Brazil will be holding a workshop on beach tourism.

"We are also planning to organize a tourism conference for BRICS (Brazil,

Russia, India, China and South Africa) countries," Sahai said, adding,

"Brazil is also keen to have an e-visa system with India."

There were about 20,000 tourists from Brazil who visited India in 2009.

Since Brazil is organizing World Cup in 2014 and Olympics in 2016, India

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would utilize the occasion to promote its destinations.

Tourism Ministry has proposed to appoint India Tourism Marketing

Representative office in Brazil to enhance its reach there.

brazil final prjct

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