Chapter 14 part 2Empires and Encounters

1450-1750

The Rise of Russia

Slavic peoples and Rus Vikings

Orthodox Christian

rulers, but many ethic groups and

religions

1200s Invaded by

Mongol Golden Horde

Batu Khan (Grandson of Chinngis)

Alexander Nevsky

(1221-1263)Prince of Novgorod

Made peace with the Mongols and defeated Swedes

1242 Nevsky defeated Catholic Teutonic Knights

Battle of Lake Peipus.avi

RussiaMid 1400s

The end of 200 years under the “Mongol

Yoke”

Ivan III(r. 1462-1505)

Muscovite prince who

consolidated power after

Mongols

Aleksey Kivshenko’s Ivan the Great tearing the khan's letter to pieces

Tsar - Russian rulerClaimed connections to the Byzantines,

Romans, and the Orthodox Church

Orthodox Christianity, feudalism with very harsh serfdom, no Renaissance,

“backwards”, and “uneducated”

Expansion into Siberia decimated native populations. Cultural conflicts followed

Ivan IV Vasilyevich “The Terrible” (1530-1584)

1st True Tsar

Increased Power of the Monarchy

Killed all rivals and suspected rivals

Assumed ownership of all

land and economy

Oprichiniki death squad carried a dog head and a broom as their symbols

“The Time of Troubles”1598-1613

House of Romanov

Ruled Until 1917

The Transformation of Russia

TsarPeter

Alexeyevich(1672-1725)

The Great

WesternizationMake Russia

more like Western Europe

1697-1698Traveled throughout

Europe to learn military strategy, education, ships,

medicine, culture, etc.

Changed fashion and

customs• Short coats• No beards• Women’s

dress• Printing• Manners

"The Barber Wants to Cut the Old Believer's Whiskers." Woodcut. Ca. 1770

Peter made himself head of the Russian Orthodox Church

St. Petersburg(Petrograd and Leningrad)

1721 renamed Russia the

Russian Empire

Muslim Gunpowder EmpiresOttomans, Safavids, and Mughals

Golden Age of Islamic arts and culture

TurkicOttoman Empire

1299-1923

Osman

1453 Mohammed II Conquered Constantinople

1453 Fall of Constantinople

Mehmed II

The “Strong Sword of

Islam” (Sunni)

Conflicts with Persian

Safavids (Shia)

Sultans control politics and economySeparate themselves from the masses

Faced many issues with succession

Four Main Social Groups*-Men of the pen (academics)-Men of the sword-Men of negotiations (merchants)-Men of husbandry (farmers)

*social mobility became more rigid over time

Educated women of the Imperial Harem influenced politics and society (a “golden cage”)

Most women could own property and had some rights, but governed by patriarchal Sharia law

(varying degrees under different rulers)

Religious and cultural toleration

Millet and Devshirme Systems

Millet • Separated religious communities (Mus, Cath, Orth, Jew)

• Each Millet chose leaders and established religious law and education

• Accountable to Sultan for order and taxes

• Balkan Christian boys taken as a “tax”

• Converted to Islam and educated

• Given high raking positions

Devshirme

Elite Janissaries promoted from

Devshirme system

SultanSuleyman I “The Magnificent”

(1495-1566)

High Point of Empire

French King Francis I and Sultan Suleiman

Suleiman expanded the empireEuropeans feared the “Terrible Turk”

Admiral Barbarossa

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Dominated The Mediterranean

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Defeated The Pope’s Holy

Alliance

1571 Ottoman expansion into Europe ended

1683 Battle of Vienna defeated and repelled the Ottomans

?

Mughal Empire 1526-1707Muslim minority ruling a Hindu majority

Babur (1483-1530)

Founded Mughal Empire

Outnumbered 100,000 to

12,000Babur

Conquered Delhi With Canons in

1526

Babur’s Grandson, 3rd Mughal emperor

Akbar the Great

(1542-1605)

United largest section of India since Asoka

Outlawed Slavery------------------------------------------------------------------

Religious and Culturally Tolerant Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians

(why tolerance?)------------------------------------------------------------------

Centralized govt and taxes = reduce corruption

Friendly contact

with Jesuits

Built by Akbar’s son Jahan

Aurangzeb (1617-1707)

1658 - killed his brother and imprisoned his father

Forced conversions to Islam, imposed high taxes, and outlawed Hindu temple building

Banned sati,

gambling, drinking, and other

vices

1987 Sati Prevention Act

Expansionist wars

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Conflicts with Hindus and Sikhs

Sikhism

Founded By Guru Nanak(1469-1539)

Monotheistic religion that does not limit God to one religion

Common Reasons for Downfall• Diverse populations - tolerance to persecution• Succession conflicts• Corruption• Financial problems

–no “middle class”, war, no modern industries• Conservative rulers resisted outside ideas

(printing press)• Rise of Europe

Compare the actions and effects of European conquest of the Americas to either the spread of the Ottoman Empire or the creation of the Mughal Empire