The Islamic Gunpowder The Islamic Gunpowder EmpiresEmpires

1500-18001500-1800

Global Interdependence and Global Interdependence and ExchangeExchange

Trio of EmpiresTrio of Empires

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire (1289-1918)(1289-1918)

Safavid Empire Safavid Empire (1501-1722)(1501-1722)

Mughal Empire Mughal Empire (1523-1739)(1523-1739)

IslamIslam

Central to nation-state expansion Central to nation-state expansion Religion, culture & civilizationReligion, culture & civilization Quran – Holy book. Revelations Quran – Holy book. Revelations

given to Mohammed.given to Mohammed. Sharia – Totality of political, religious, Sharia – Totality of political, religious,

social and private life.social and private life.

5 Pillars of Islam5 Pillars of Islam

Declaration of IslamDeclaration of Islam PrayerPrayer Fasting – RamadanFasting – Ramadan Almsgiving – ZakatAlmsgiving – Zakat Pilgrimage - HajjPilgrimage - Hajj

Islam is not monolithicIslam is not monolithic

Sunni – Approximately 90% of Sunni – Approximately 90% of Muslims. Muslims.

Shi’a – Re-established with the Shi’a – Re-established with the emergence of the Safavid dynasty.emergence of the Safavid dynasty.

Sufi – Mystic tradition.Sufi – Mystic tradition.

Ottoman Empire 1298-1918Ottoman Empire 1298-1918

First of the threeFirst of the three Reached its peak in Reached its peak in

16001600 Survived through Survived through

WWIWWI Present day TurkeyPresent day Turkey

Ottoman – BeginningsOttoman – Beginnings

Grew from remnants of Turkic Grew from remnants of Turkic peoples after fall of Mongol Rulepeoples after fall of Mongol Rule

Ghazi Warriors Ghazi Warriors Osman BeyOsman Bey

Empire Building 1300-1400Empire Building 1300-1400

Janissaries (yeni cheri)Janissaries (yeni cheri) Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and former Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and former

YugoslaviaYugoslavia Official recognition of Orthodox Official recognition of Orthodox

Christian ChurchChristian Church Invasion of Timur destroyed most of Invasion of Timur destroyed most of

empireempire

Mehmed the Conqueror 1451-Mehmed the Conqueror 1451-8181

Taking of Taking of Constantinople Constantinople

““Sovereign of the Sovereign of the Two Lands and the Two Lands and the Two Seas” – Two Seas” – Established Ottoman Established Ottoman Empire in Europe Empire in Europe and Asiaand Asia

Artillery & naval Artillery & naval powerpower

Military Campaigns 1480-1520Military Campaigns 1480-1520

Shift focus from Christian Europe to Shift focus from Christian Europe to Islamic Empires in Egypt and PersiaIslamic Empires in Egypt and Persia

Fierce campaign against the SafavidsFierce campaign against the Safavids Mecca and MedinaMecca and Medina

Suleyman I 1520-66Suleyman I 1520-66

Suleyman the Suleyman the MagnificentMagnificent

Height of the Height of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Further move into Further move into Europe Europe

Renewed hostilities Renewed hostilities with Safavidswith Safavids

Franco-Ottoman Alliance Franco-Ottoman Alliance 15361536

Roman Empire vs FranceRoman Empire vs France Ottomans sided with FranceOttomans sided with France Cornerstone of European diplomacy Cornerstone of European diplomacy Countered other European alliancesCountered other European alliances Suleyman able to focus on conquest Suleyman able to focus on conquest

of other Islamic Empiresof other Islamic Empires

Relations with SafavidsRelations with Safavids

Renewed hostilitiesRenewed hostilities Took Baghdad and Tabriz, the capitalTook Baghdad and Tabriz, the capital By 1538 controlled Persian Gulf and By 1538 controlled Persian Gulf and

Red SeaRed Sea Treaty of 1555 returned Tabriz to Treaty of 1555 returned Tabriz to

SafavidsSafavids

Death and DeclineDeath and Decline

Loss to Europeans at Malta - 1565Loss to Europeans at Malta - 1565 Suleyman died in 1566Suleyman died in 1566 By 1600 lost much of its powerBy 1600 lost much of its power Survived until the end of WWISurvived until the end of WWI

Safavid Empire 1501-1722Safavid Empire 1501-1722

Origins as a Origins as a religious sectreligious sect

Officially a Shi’ite Officially a Shi’ite empireempire

Short livedShort lived Present day IranPresent day Iran

Shah Ismail 1501-26Shah Ismail 1501-26

Twelver Shi’ism Twelver Shi’ism official religionofficial religion

Violent conversionViolent conversion Qizilbash Qizilbash Claimed Ottoman Claimed Ottoman

landland

Instability 1524-87Instability 1524-87

Death of Ismail – 1524Death of Ismail – 1524 Power struggle among QizilbashPower struggle among Qizilbash Move to more secular administrationMove to more secular administration Attempt to return to Sunni originsAttempt to return to Sunni origins Number of rulers unable to stabilize Number of rulers unable to stabilize

empireempire

Abbas the Great 1587-1629Abbas the Great 1587-1629

Rejuvenated Rejuvenated empireempire

Quelled internal Quelled internal revoltsrevolts

Faced OttomansFaced Ottomans Enhanced trade Enhanced trade

with Europeanswith Europeans

Domestic AffairsDomestic Affairs

Permanent paid army to counter Permanent paid army to counter Qizilbash infightingQizilbash infighting

Centralization of powerCentralization of power Relocation of capital to IsfahanRelocation of capital to Isfahan

Conflict with the Ottomans Conflict with the Ottomans

Peace Treaty of 1590Peace Treaty of 1590 Retook Tabriz in 1605Retook Tabriz in 1605 Recaptured Baghdad 1623Recaptured Baghdad 1623 By death in 1629 Safavid Empire By death in 1629 Safavid Empire

restored to borders established by restored to borders established by Ismail IIsmail I

EuropeansEuropeans

Concluded new trade agreements to Concluded new trade agreements to offset losses to Portugueseoffset losses to Portuguese

Traded Persian silks with EnglishTraded Persian silks with English Became middleman for Indian goodsBecame middleman for Indian goods Allied with British against OttomansAllied with British against Ottomans

DeclineDecline

Abbas I feared ascension to throneAbbas I feared ascension to throne Ceased giving provincial Ceased giving provincial

governorships to Safavid princesgovernorships to Safavid princes No shah was prepared to hold empire No shah was prepared to hold empire

together together Fell to Afghan invaders Fell to Afghan invaders

Mughal Empire 1523-1739Mughal Empire 1523-1739

Struggle to Struggle to consolidateconsolidate

Succession of Succession of strong rulersstrong rulers

Eventually Eventually absorbed by British absorbed by British Empire in India – Empire in India – mid 19mid 19thth century century

Founding of the empireFounding of the empire

Previous examples of positive Previous examples of positive Muslim-Hindu relationsMuslim-Hindu relations

Babur established capital at Kabul Babur established capital at Kabul (present capital of Afghanistan)(present capital of Afghanistan)

Consolidated territory of Hindustan Consolidated territory of Hindustan (India) with use of artillery(India) with use of artillery

Humayun 1530-56Humayun 1530-56

Unstable Unstable administrationadministration

Brothers Brothers challenged for the challenged for the thronethrone

Race for territory Race for territory with Sher Shahwith Sher Shah

Held onto Mughal Held onto Mughal EmpireEmpire

Akbar 1556-1605Akbar 1556-1605

Consolidated and Consolidated and expanded empireexpanded empire

Put down Put down challenges to the challenges to the thronethrone

Continued tradition Continued tradition of tolerance of of tolerance of Hindu traditionsHindu traditions

Conquest and ExpansionConquest and Expansion

Rajasthan Rajasthan Province of Bengal Province of Bengal Hindustan Plain Hindustan Plain Province of Province of

KashmirKashmir

Religion & AdministrationReligion & Administration

Tolerated Hindu religionTolerated Hindu religion Invited missionaries to teach tenets Invited missionaries to teach tenets

of Christianityof Christianity Moved away from orthodox IslamMoved away from orthodox Islam

TransitionTransition

Campaign for the southern tip of the Campaign for the southern tip of the Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinent

Strained relations between Hindus Strained relations between Hindus and Muslimsand Muslims

Social unrestSocial unrest

Imperial Islamic SocietyImperial Islamic Society

Military Nation-StateMilitary Nation-State EconomicsEconomics Islam & ArtIslam & Art

Military Nation-StateMilitary Nation-State

Empires legitimized rule with military Empires legitimized rule with military conquest conquest

Armies were important part of Armies were important part of leadershipleadership

Use of gunpowder artillery turned Use of gunpowder artillery turned tables of warfaretables of warfare

EconomicsEconomics

Trade – extensive Trade – extensive routesroutes

Agriculture and Agriculture and commerce commerce

Point of exchangePoint of exchange

Islam & ArtIslam & Art

ArchitectureArchitecture Poetry Poetry PaintingPainting

Decline of Islamic EmpiresDecline of Islamic Empires

Limits of military stateLimits of military state Economic stagnationEconomic stagnation Cultural islandsCultural islands

Limits of Military StateLimits of Military State

Inconsistent leadershipInconsistent leadership Costly wars of conquestCostly wars of conquest Internal dissention and competitionInternal dissention and competition

Economic StagnationEconomic Stagnation

Weak middle-classWeak middle-class Trade routes began to move onto the Trade routes began to move onto the

sea routessea routes Loss of revenue with loss of territoryLoss of revenue with loss of territory

Cultural IsolationCultural Isolation

European interest was not European interest was not reciprocatedreciprocated

Resistance to outside cultural Resistance to outside cultural influences influences

Faith and tradition vs. technology Faith and tradition vs. technology

ConclusionConclusion

Empires represented growing Empires represented growing interdependenceinterdependence

Exchange of people, ideas and Exchange of people, ideas and technologytechnology

Use of artillery changed warfareUse of artillery changed warfare Legacy of art, religion and nationLegacy of art, religion and nation