Changes in Latitudes, Changes in Attitudes

•Watch the clip and sum up this argument:–The Guns, Germs, and Steel of the Europeans led to the domination of the Native Americans. European dominance had less to do with race and more to do with geography because “changes in latitudes... changes in attitudes.”

Mapping the Globe:Location

• Latitude: distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees (example: 28’ S)

• Longitude: distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees (example: 47’ W)

• Meridian: any line of longitude

• Parallel: any line of latitude

“Earth, Air, Fire, & Water”Geography and Civilizations

Unit 1Section 1

Unit 1

The Natural Elements

“The World is Round… Disparity Reigns”

•Sunlight…the energy source

•Mother Earth…–The tanning addict

“The Earth is Roundand Disparate!”

• Columbus Myth• Pythagoras (6th century B.C.)

– Numbers are the ultimate reality– Everything can be predicted or

measured in rhythmic patterns– Spheres are the most perfect

shapes

• Aristotle (4th century B.C)– Matter drawn to center of the

earth by gravity– Constellations change in location

as one moves north and south– The horizon reveals ships from

top to bottom– Earth’s shadow on the moon

during an eclipse is round

Under Pressure

•From Above–Climate Patterns/Weather

•Human Interaction, Competition, and Survival

•From Below–Landforms/Water Sources

Determining the Climate: Prevailing Winds

• Prevailing winds– System of wind belts that affect regional

weather patterns– Wind movements determined by:

• Earth’s rotation • Differential heating patterns

– Doldrums: zone of low pressure and high humidity around the equator; calm weather and light winds

– Horse latitudes: two regions (around 30’ N and S of Equator) of high pressure and light winds that blow toward the Equator

– Westerlies: winds that occur in the middle latitudes and blow from the west toward the northeast

– Polar Easterlies: winds that are variable in strength and that blow mainly from the east, pushing air out of the high-pressure zones of the poles toward the middle latitudes

Determining the Climate:Ocean Currents

The End

“Man vs. Wild”:Taming the Elements

“Man vs. Wild”:Taming the Elements

Paleolithic Period600,000 - 10,000 B.C.E.

Paleolithic Period600,000 - 10,000 B.C.E.

• Limitations of a hunter-gatherer society

• Nomads = No Civilization!

• Limitations of a hunter-gatherer society

• Nomads = No Civilization!

History-Altering Moment

• Agricultural Revolution (ca 10,000 B.C.E.)– Neolithic Period Begins

• Unnatural Selection • Domesticated vs.

Undomesticated• Fertile Crescent Advantages• Layout of the Continents

The Four Elements

•Earth = Physical Features/Resources

•Wind/Air = Climate/Weather Conditions

•Water = Lifeblood of Civilization

•Fire = Warmth, Light, Transformation

•Earth = Physical Features/Resources

•Wind/Air = Climate/Weather Conditions

•Water = Lifeblood of Civilization

•Fire = Warmth, Light, Transformation

The End

• Civilization• Definition: an advanced state

of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached

• Sedentary settlements

Geography of Civilizations:Mesopotamia

• “Land between the rivers”– Tigris and Euphrates

• Sumeria (3200 B.C.E)– Unpredictable floods– Lack of stones and metals

• Trade– Developed wheel

• Wheat– Ale

• Smelting metals• Bronze Age• Swamps = reeds and mud = baskets,

bricks, and pottery• Cities of Ur and Babylon

Geography of Civilizations:Indo-Europeans

•Hittites (1650-1200 B.C.E)–Armed horsemen–Heavy carts–Spread domesticated crops and animals from Fertile Crescent

–Iron forged to make carbon steel

Geography of Civilizations:Egyptians (3100-1000 B.C.E)

• Nile River– Predictable flooding (June-

October)– Northern current, southern

winds

• Isolation• Minerals (copper)• Nubian Trade• Papyrus scrolls• Cities of Memphis and

Thebes• Cutting limestone =

pyramids– Khufu’s Pyramid = over 2

million stone blocks

Geography of Civilizations:Phoenicians (1300-500 B.C.E.)

•Coastal cities–Sidon, Tyre, Byblos–Later Carthage

•Maritime trade•Vast cedar forests•Coastal shellfish =

purple dye

Geography of Civilizations:Hebrews (1500 B.C.E-70 C.E.)

• Nomadic herders• Famine = Egyptian

bondage• Settled to establish

Kingdom of Israel and later Kingdom of Judah

• Dietary laws• City of Jerusalem

Geography of Civilizations:Assyrians (911-612 B.C.E.)

•Brutal, militaristic•Iron weapons•Dispersal of human geography

•Major city: Nineveh

•Destroyed by flood

•Brutal, militaristic•Iron weapons•Dispersal of human geography

•Major city: Nineveh

•Destroyed by flood

Geography of Civilizations:Persians (550-330 B.C.E.)

•Mighty empire–Tolerance and learning

•Abundant resources•“Royal Road”

–Susa (Iran) to Sardis (Turkey)

–1,700 miles•Magi (wise men)

–Astrology•Coinage

Geography of Civilizations:Greeks (2000-338 B.C.E.)

• City-states–Separated by mountains–Few rivers–Numerous islands

• Sea travel = Hellenistic influence

• Intellectual ingenuity–Eupalinus’ tunnel

• Mines, sheep, vineyards, and olive trees

• Parchment texts

• City-states–Separated by mountains–Few rivers–Numerous islands

• Sea travel = Hellenistic influence

• Intellectual ingenuity–Eupalinus’ tunnel

• Mines, sheep, vineyards, and olive trees

• Parchment texts

• Mark on map where early civilizations were located.

“Man vs. Wild”:Geography and Civilization in the

Common Era

Roman Republic (509-44 B.C.E.) and Empire (31 B.C.E - 410 C.E.)

• City of Rome– 7 hills– Tiber River

• Ideal land/sea trade– Mare Nostrum (“our sea”)

• Large-scale agriculture– Cash crops: olives/grapes– Latifundia: large estates– Wheat imported– Large urban population

• Aqueducts, roads, bridges– 9 aqueducts = 22,237,000 gallons

a day– 50,000 miles of roads

• Volcanic brick + lime = concrete• Red Seaports = Eastern trade

Germanic Tribes (376-750 C.E.)

•Livestock–Milk and labor

•Ale and mead (honey and water)

•Short growing season–Malnutrition

•Hunters

Byzantine Empire (400-1000 C.E.)•Gateway to the

East–Constantinople: economic hub

–Monopoly on spices, silks, perfumes, luxury items, etc.

•Multiple trade routes

Muslims (610-1492 C.E.)

•Camels –Desert caravans–Meat, milk, cheese

•Dates and limited grains

•Mecca–Important Red Seaport

•Squeezed and isolated kingdoms of Christendom

Western Europeans (750-1500 C.E.)

• Franks, Celtic Britons, Scandinavians, etc.

• France, Spain, England, Flanders, Holy Roman Empire, etc.

• Manors– Pasture, woodlands, water,

villages• Large draft animals

– Chinese harness for horses• Three-field system• Legumes: peas and beans• Water mills• Slash-and-burn

• Franks, Celtic Britons, Scandinavians, etc.

• France, Spain, England, Flanders, Holy Roman Empire, etc.

• Manors– Pasture, woodlands, water,

villages• Large draft animals

– Chinese harness for horses• Three-field system• Legumes: peas and beans• Water mills• Slash-and-burn

The East1500-Present

•Russia (Soviet Union), Middle East (various nations), India, China, Japan

•Geographical gifts such as rice, spices, pearls, silk, etc. made Eastern trade very desirable

•Geographical/social isolation (Oceans, Himalayas, Gobi Desert/culture) from the West and food/resource scarcity/competition have put the East behind the West in recent centuries

•Recent industrial, communicative, and technological developments have greatly improved the living standard, broadened the labor force, and increased the global importance of Eastern nations

The West(1500-Present)

• United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Italy• Developed/borrowed the world’s most sophisticated technology

from materials found at home (Renaissance/Scientific Revolution/Industrial Revolution) and abroad (discoveries from Crusades, world trade, and imperialism…many innovations inspired by Muslims and Chinese)– Superior understanding of mathematics and science– Superior resources: minerals…water, iron (forged to make steel), – Superior agricultural/industrial production– Superior weaponry: muskets, artillery, rifled barrels/ ammunition,

explosives, machine guns, chemical warfare, airpower, radar, rocket propulsion, nuclear warfare, GPS

– Superior transportation: merchant marine/naval fleets, railroads, automobiles, air and space travel

– Superior economics: vast amounts of wealth/capital generated from free market capitalism

– Superior politics: freedom = development of talents/human abilities

Physical Geography of the 7 Continents

• Asia– Himalayan Mountains– Gobi Desert– Fertile plains– Subarctic regions

• Africa– Sahara Desert– Congo Tropical Rain Forest– Savanna grasslands– Highlands

• Australia– Desert– Steppe (semi-desert with occasional

rain)…the Outback– Subtropical

Physical Geography of the 7 Continents

• Europe– The Alps (mountain range)– Fertile plains– Numerous rivers– Marine climate (warm summer, cool and wet winter)

• North America– Rocky and Appalachian Mountains – Numerous rivers and lakes– Deserts– Fertile plains– Humid subtropical (hot and wet summer, mild winter), steppe, desert,

• Mediterranean (hot and dry summer, mild and rainy winter)• South America

– Amazon Tropical Rain Forest– Savanna grasslands– Andes Mountain Range

• Antarctica– Ice Cap– Global Warming Flood Machine

• Europe– The Alps (mountain range)– Fertile plains– Numerous rivers– Marine climate (warm summer, cool and wet winter)

• North America– Rocky and Appalachian Mountains – Numerous rivers and lakes– Deserts– Fertile plains– Humid subtropical (hot and wet summer, mild winter), steppe, desert,

• Mediterranean (hot and dry summer, mild and rainy winter)• South America

– Amazon Tropical Rain Forest– Savanna grasslands– Andes Mountain Range

• Antarctica– Ice Cap– Global Warming Flood Machine

Natural Resources

• Forests– Who’s got it?

•North America, Europe, South America, Central Africa, Southeast Asia

– Who needs it?•Northern/Southern Africa, Middle East

• Fertile soil / Food production– Who’s got it?

•Americas (North, South, Central), Europe, Southeast Asia, Asia (Southwest)

– Who needs it?•Africa, Asia (Northeast and Central)

• Oil (Petroleum)– Who’s got it?

•Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, North America, South America

– Who needs it?•Everyone

• Forests– Who’s got it?

•North America, Europe, South America, Central Africa, Southeast Asia

– Who needs it?•Northern/Southern Africa, Middle East

• Fertile soil / Food production– Who’s got it?

•Americas (North, South, Central), Europe, Southeast Asia, Asia (Southwest)

– Who needs it?•Africa, Asia (Northeast and Central)

• Oil (Petroleum)– Who’s got it?

•Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, North America, South America

– Who needs it?•Everyone

Natural Resources, Continued…

•Coal and Uranium–Who’s got it?

•North America, Europe, Northern Asia, Eastern Asia, Southern Africa

–Who needs it?•Africa, Middle East, eastern South America

•Fisheries–Who’s got it?

•Asia, South America, Arctic regions, North America, Australia

–Who needs it?•Africa, Middle East