Chapter 16

Population, the Environment

& Social Change

1

PopulationThe U.S. Population

U.S. 311,321,158 (May 9, 2011).

• Since 1946, the population has doubled

The world population:

6,917,380,079 (May 9, 2011).

– The world’s population will double in 40 years.

2

3

Population Curve

4

Social Issues

• Traffic jams

• unemployment

• water and food shortages

• environmental pollution

• Global warming

• War and violence

• High epidemic proportion

5

6

The Demographic Processes

• Three variables used to determine population size : deaths, births, and immigration.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The # of the children per woman in her lifetime

Life Expectancy: The average number of years a member of the

group can expect to liveImmigration: movement into society.

Emigration: movement out of society.

7

Life Expectancy: Top 15 and Bottom 15

8

Male Life Expectancy

9

Female Life Expectancy

10

GNI & Life ExpectancyHigh GNI = High Life Expectancy• Medicine• Medical system/health care system• Education• Food supply, nutrition• Sanitation system• technology, communication (news, warning)• technology, architecture (earthquake, tunami, harricane)• less war (conflict)• Employment rate • Financial/ physical stress• The system of the government• Criminal Justice System

11

Infant Mortality Rate

• Infant mortality: the number of deaths per year of infants less than one year old for every 1000 live births.

the leading causes of infant deaths

• Infectious diseases

• Dehydration

• Malnourishment

• lack of sanitation.

12

Total Fertility Rate: Top 15 and Bottom 15

13

Total Fertility Rate (TRF)

14

GDP per capita & TFR

15

Film, “World in the Balance”

India, Japan, Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya)

• Reasons for high/low TFR• Age(population)-pyramid• Social consequences and expected social

Issues

16

TFR

GNP per capita• India 3.11 ( 77th out of 195) $620 (159th)

• Japan 1.29 (184th) $37,050 (9th)• Kenya 5 (28th) $480 (171th)

• The U.S. 2.04 127th

17

Demographic Transition Theory

18

Age-Sex Pyramid

19

GNI & TFRLow GNI per capita = High TFR

• Availability of birth control/ contraception• Family planning facilities• Sex education• values (gender preference for children & the family size)• women’s status within the family • Women’s marriage age• Young women’s education & economic status • Cost for raising children• Child laborer

20