1

CHAPTER 5

5.1 Conclusion

The Myanmar Tourism Master Plan (MTMP) is served as an important vehicle

for moving the country forward. The Government of Myanmar (GOM) promises the

world to make Myanmar “better place to live, better place to visit” by adopting the

“Responsible Tourism approach” as a core of sustainable tourism development

principle. With a number of supports from many international experts, influenced by

many sustainable development guidelines from various sources; then the Master Plan

has been visionary and well-constructed with strategic integrated sustainable

tourism approach at national level which aims to balance all 3 components of

sustainable development with benefits and costs from tourism development.

However, it confronts with many challenges from both internal and external

influences which might largely impede the implementation of the Master Plan. Then,

it should continually monitor, revise and adapt to change which is continuing process.

At this point, the Master Plan is considered to be one of the most advance tourism

plans in ASEAN which waiting for implementation and the result of its impacts in the

future.

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ADB Asian Development Bank

CIT Community Involvement in Tourism

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FIL Foreign Investment Law

GDP Gross Domestic Product

IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation

ILO International Labor Organization

IMF International Monetary Fund

2

INGO International Non-Government Organization

MMK Myanmar Kyat

MOHT Ministry of Hotels and Tourism

NGO Non-governmental Organization

NLD National League for Democracy

PATA Pacific Asia Travel Association

SIA Social Impact Assessment

UN(WTO) World Tourism Organization

USD U.S Dollar

Tourism Statistics - Ministry of Hotel and Tourism , Myanmar (2014)

3

ANNEX 1 – Figures

Figure 1- Map of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and administrative

divisions

Figure 2- Map of Myanmar, tourism resources and infrastructure

Figure 3- Visitor forecasts, 2013-2020

Figure 4 - Strengths, Constrains, Opportunities, and Risks

Figure 5 - Myanmar Tourism Master Plan: Strategic Programs and Key

Objectives

Figure 6 - Implementation arrangement: Myanmar Tourism Master Plan

Figure 7- Bipolar view of tourism planning approaches

Figure 8- Relating the Pillars and Sub-Pillars to the 12 Aims for sustainable

tourist

Figure: Myanmar Tourist Arrivals

Tourist arrivals in Myanmar decreased to 275,050 in May from 278,894 in April 2015.

Tourist arrivals in Myanmar averaged 215,485.11 from 2012 until 2015, reaching an

all-time high of 323,335 in January of 2015 and a record low of 125,085 in December

2012. Tourist arrivals in Myanmar are reported by the Ministry of National Planning

and Economic Development, Myanmar.

4

Figure 1- Map of the Republic of the Union of

Myanmar and administrative divisions

S

ource:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/

thumb/7/7a/Bur

ma_administrative_divisions.svg/300px-

Burma_administrative_divisions.svg.png

5

Figure 2- Map of Myanmar, tourism resources and infrastructure

Source: Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013)

6

Figure 3- Visitor forecasts, 2013-2020 Source: Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013), p.19

Figure 4- Strengths, Constrains, Opportunities, and Risks

Source: Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013), p.20

7

Figure 5- Myanmar Tourism Master Plan: Strategic Programs and Key Objectives

Source: Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013), p.25

8

Figure 6- Implementation arrangement: Myanmar Tourism Master Plan

Source: Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013), p.38

Figure 7- Bipolar view of tourism planning approaches

Source Burns, M. P. (2003), p.26

9

Figure 8- Relating the Pillars and Sub-Pillars to the 12 Aims for sustainable tourism

Source: Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013), p.22

10

Endnotes

1

Houtman, G. (1999) and The Nation online project (Updated 2013) stated that the former name of the country was

“Burma” which was officially changed by the ruling military government in 1989 to “The Republic of The Union of

Myanmar”, commonly shortened to “Myanmar”. Although, the new name was recognized by the United Nation, but

some national governments, such as Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and much of the Burmese

population do not recognize this name change, since they do not recognize the military government.

2 Central Intelligence Agency. (2007, Updated 2014). The world fact book (Online).

Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html. Retrieved: 2014-2-10

3

Those 7 states are Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Mon, Rakhine and Shan. For 7 regions are

Sagaing,Tanintharyi, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Yangon and Ayeyarwad

4 Asian Development Bank. (2012). Asian Development Bank and Myanmar: Fact Sheet (Online).

Available:

http://www.adb.org/publications/myanmar-fact-sheet. Retrieved: 2014-02-10.

5 Central Intelligence Agency. (2007, Updated 2014). The world fact book (Online).

Available:

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html. Retrieved: 2014-02-10

6 Gamanii. (25 September 2012). "135: Counting Races in Burma". Shan Herald.

Available: http://www.shanland.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4965:135-counting-races-

in- burma&catid=115:opinions&Itemid=308. Retrieved: 2014-02-8.

7 Central Intelligence Agency. (2007, Updated 2014). The world fact book (Online).

Available: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html. Retrieved: 2014-02-10

8

See the map of Myanmar refugee camp locations at

http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e4877d6.html

9 "Thailand: The Plight of Burmese Migrant Workers". (n.d.). Amnesty International. 8 June 2006.Available:

http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/ENGASA390012005.Retrieved: 2014-02-08.

10 Recently, In 2012, there were still the number of ongoing Myanmar’s civil war conflic ts in many parts of

the country ;including the Kachin conflict, between the Kachin Independence Army and the government; a civil

war between the Rohingya Muslims, and the government and non-government groups in Arakan State; and a

conflict between the Shan, Lahu and Karen minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the

country. (Summarized and extracted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma)

11 Tourism Burma. (2013). Restricted Areas in Burma (Online). Available: http://archive.is/trLsl. Retrieved:

2014-

02-08.

12 Fink, C. (2001). Living Silence:Burma under Military Rule. Bangkok: White Lotus.

13

BBC News. (9 February 2008). “Burmese junta sets voting dates”. BBC (Online).

Available:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7236648.stm. Retrieved: 2014-02-08.

14 The series of reforms includes the release of key opposition, pro-democracy leader and Nobel Peace Prize

recipient Aung San Suu Kyi (National League for Democracy Party (NLD)’s leader) from house arrest,

the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than

200 political prisoners, new labor laws that permit labor unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, peace

talks between all major armed ethnic groups and the regulation of currency practices, etc.

11

15

Loyn, D. (19 November 2011). "Obstacles lie ahead in Burma's bid for reform". BBC (Online).

Available:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15798106. Retrieved: 2014-02-10. 16

Wikipedia. (16 February 2014). Corruption Perceptions Index (Online). Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index. Retrieved: 2014-02-10.

17

Varakorn Samakoses. (19 February 2014). Aung San Suu Kyi and the president position (in Thai ).

ThaiPublica

(Online). Available: : http://thaipublica.org/2014/02/aung-san-suu-kyi/. Retrieved: 2014-02-20.

18 Brown, I. (2005). A colonial economy in crisis. London: Routledge.

19

Roughneen, S. (20 October 2012). Burma just opened up after 50 years. But where are all the tourists?.

Christian Science Monitor (Online). Available: http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/1020/Burma-

just- opened-up-after-50-years.-But-where-are-all-the-tourists. Retrieved: 2014-02-10.

20

Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report). Nay

Pyi Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013- 2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.13-15

21

McCartan, B. (28 February 2012). "Myanmar military in the money". Asia Times.

Available:

http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/NB28Ae02.html. Retrieved: 2014-02-8.

22 Brady, B. (7 September 2012). "Boom Days In Burma". Newsweek.

Available:

http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/09/16/boom-days-in-burma.html. Retrieved: 2014-02-08.

23 Hargreaves, S. (18 June 20). "Myanmar: Tales from the last business frontier". CNN Money (Online).

Available:

http://money.cnn.com/2013/06/18/news/economy/myanmar-business/index.html?iid=HP_LN. Retrieved: 2014-

02- 10.

24

Some examples of other foreign aid are transitory aid, academic voluntary aid, faith-based foreign aid,

military/ quasi-military aid and corporate-merit aid. (Summarized and extracted from Rieffel, Lex and Fox,

W. James. (2013).Too much, too soon? the dilemma of foreign aid to Myanmar/Burma. Arlington: Nathan

Associates. Available:

http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2013/03/foreign%20aid%20myanmar%20burma%20rieff

el

%20fox/03%20foreign%20aid%20myanmar%20burma%20rieffel%20fox.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-02-05. P.40-41)

25 Ibid, p.33

26

Ibid, p.A-2

27 United Nations Development Programme. (2013). Human development report 2013. New York: United Nations

Development Programme. Available: http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MMR. Retrieved: 2014-02-08.

28 The United Nation’s Millenium Project is an independent advisory body that draw on research undertake by

ten Task Forces, collectively comprising more than 260 development experts, to advise the UN on appropriate

strategies to achieve and internationally agreed set of global development targets, including reducing poverty,

hunger, disease and environmental degradation, by 2015. The Project has 8 Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs), each which has specific targets (15 targets in total) to be met. (Summarized and extracted from Telfer,

J. D. and Sha rpley, R. (2008). Tourism and development in developing world. London: Routledge. P.7)

29 International Monetary Fund. (2013). Integrated household living conditions assessment (IHLCA). IMF

Country

Report No. 13/13.

12

30 The Greater Mekong Sub-region comprises of 6 nations; the Kingdom of Cambodia, Guangxi Zhuang

Autonomous Region and Yunnan Province of the People’s Republic of China, the Laos People’s Democratic

Republic, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the Kingdom of Thailand and the Socialist Republic of Viet

Nam.

31 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report). Nay

Pyi

Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-

institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-

2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.3

32 The Framework for Economic and Social Reform (Draft, November 2012) states that “Tourism is potentially

one of Myanmar’s most important sectors, with tremendous potential to contribute to greater business opportunities and balancing social and economic development if properly managed and developed. The Government of Myanmar will also ensure that a comprehensive tourism strategy is developed which is commensurate with the cultural and customary practices of local communities as well as the environmental and social endowment of the country”

33 Emerging Frontiers. (2013). Myanmar unveils more sweeping reforms (Online). Available:

http://www.emergingfrontiers.com/2013/01/21/myanmar-unveils-more-sweeping-reforms/#more-12198. Retrieved: 2014-02-08.

34

Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report). Nay

Pyi

Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-

institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-

2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.3

35 Ibid., p.9

36

Ibid., p.10

37 Ibid., p.12

38

Ibid., p.6

39 The 6 flagship destinations for international visitors (i.e. Yangon and Shawedagon Pagoda, Bagan, Inle

Lake, Kyaikhto, Mandalay, Ngapall Beach)

40 Ibid., p.8-9

41

Hausler, N. et al. (2012). Myanmar responsible tourism policy. Yangon: Hanns Seidel Foundation.

Available:

http://www.hss.de/fileadmin/media/downloads/Berichte/121015_Myanmar_Tourism_English.pdf. Retrieved:

2014-

01-31. P.3

42 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report). Nay

Pyi

Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-

institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-

2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.4

43 Ibid., p.14

44

Ibid., p.6

45 Ibid., p.7

46

for example; rejoined the UNWTO on 2012, be a member of the Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA),

signed the ASEAN Tourism Agreement and participates in several tourism initiatives of ASEAN - the GMS

Economic Cooperation, the Ayeyarwady-Chao Phaya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS), the

Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) and the Cambodia,

Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam Tourism Cooperation (CLMV)

13

47 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report).

Nay Pyi Taw. (n.p). Available:

http://www.harrisoninstitute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-

2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.4 / Thett, K. K. (2012). Responsible tourism in Myanmar: Current situation

and challenges (PDF). Prague: Burma Center Prague. Available:

http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs14/Responsible- Tourism-in-Myanmar-Current-Situation-and-Challenges-

red.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-02-02. P.6 48

In ”Myanmar Responsible Tourism Policy Report” (2012) described the “Responsible Tourism” as an approach

to managing tourism, aimed at maximizing economic, social and environmental benefits and minimizing costs to

destination in order to “creates better places for people to live in, and better places to visit”. Its approach aims to

achieve the 3 principal outcomes of sustainable development – economic growth, environmental sustainability

and social justice. The distinguishing characteristic of this approach is the focus on the responsibility of various

role - players in tourism sector, and destinations where tourism occurs in general, to take action to achieve

sustainable tourism development. It is a multi-stakeholder process involving partnerships within and between the

public sectors,

private sectors, communities or destinations) and also visitors. Thus, this approach is about recognizing responsibility and not leaving it to others or not just being a free rider.

49

Hausler, N. et al. (2012). Myanmar responsible tourism policy. Yangon: Hanns Seidel Foundation.

Available:

http://www.hss.de/fileadmin/media/downloads/Berichte/121015_Myanmar_Tourism_English.pdf. Retrieved:

2014-

01-31. P.3

50 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. (1999). Guidelines on integrated planning

for sustainable tourism development. New York: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.

Available: http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/Pub_2019/pub_2019_fulltext.pdf. Retrieved:

2014-02-08. P.3-6.

51 The Myanmar Responsible Tourism Policy had set its vision statement as “we intend to use tourism to make

Myanmar a better place to live in—to provide more employment and greater business opportunities for all our

people, to contribute to the conservation of our natural and cultural heritage and to share with us our rich

cultural diversity. We warmly welcome those who appreciate and enjoy our heritage, our way of life, and who

travel with respect. It comprises of 9 aims (and 58 action points) which are:

Aim 1 – Tourism is a national priority Aim 2 – Broad based local social-economic development Aim 3 – Maintain cultural diversity and authenticity

Aim 4 – Conservation and enhancement of the environment

Aim 5 – Compete on product richness, diversify and quality – not just price

Aim 6 – Ensure health, safety and security of our visitors Aim 7 – Institutional strengthening to manage tourism

Aim 8 – A well trained and rewarded workforce

Aim 9 – Minimizing unethical practices

(Summarized and extracted from Hausler, N. et al. (2012). Myanmar responsible tourism policy. Yangon: Hanns

Seidel Foundation. Available:

http://www.hss.de/fileadmin/media/downloads/Berichte/121015_Myanmar_Tourism_English.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-

01-31. P.6-7)

52 “Nay Phi Taw Responsible Tourism Statements” is a summary of the discussions from the workshops and

conference, held in Nay Phi Taw from 21st

to 23th February 2012 which attended by 22 Ministries representing the public sector, the private sector and international responsible tourism professionals. In the statement, ther e was a consensus that Myanmar Responsible Tourism Policy is urgently needed to be a set of national policy principles that provides the foundation for a Myanmar Tourism Development Strategy and Action Plan.

(Summarized and extracted from Hausler, N. et al. (2012). Myanmar responsible tourism policy. Yangon: Hanns Seidel Foundation. Available: http://www.hss.de/fileadmin/media/downloads/Berichte/121015_Myanmar_Tourism_English.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-

01-31. P.3)

53 Hausler, N. et al. (2012). Myanmar responsible tourism policy. Yangon: Hanns Seidel Foundation.

Available:

http://www.hss.de/fileadmin/media/downloads/Berichte/121015_Myanmar_Tourism_English.pdf. Retrieved:

2014-

14

01-31. P.3

54 “The Policy on Community Involvement in Tourism (CIT)” was formulated from 30

th January to 15

th

February

2013. It included the conduction of 8 workshops with approximately 250 stakeholders representing the public

sector, private sector and local communities from Yangon, Bagan, Inle Lake, Kyaing Tong and Loikaw. On 15th

February, the draft policy was presented and discussed at a conference in Nay Pyi Taw with more than 50 participants from public and private sector. Subsequently, the draft was sent to those stakeholders who were not

able to participate in the conference and a request was made to receive further comments. On 20th

March 2013, the revised draft was discussed again for final approval at the Ministry of Hotels and Tourism in the presence of His Excellency U Htay Aung, Union Minister for Hotels and Tourism, and more than 20 staff member.

For the meaning of “Community Involvement Tourism (CIT)” is closed to “Community-based tourism (CBT)” which includes enabling those communities who wish to be involved in tourism to share the natural beauty and spiritual significance of different sites in a way that maintains and possibly enhances cultural, social and environmental integrity whilst providing economic opportunities for those involved. However, the CIT will has lessen degree of community’s participation (only at medium level) than CBT (at the high level), due to the appropriateness for Myanmar’s context of participation at the time being.

The overall aim of this policy is “to enhance community involvement in the tourism industry by creating

opportunities for local communities and correspondingly expand the tourism products and appeal for domestic

and international visitors.” It acknowledges the potential for negative impacts through increased tourism activity

and therefore, careful management is necessary. There are 6 objectives as the guidelines for the Policy on

“Community Involvement in Tourism in Myanmar”: Objective 1: Strengthening the institutional environment and civil societies Objective 2: Capacity building for community related activities in tourism

Objective 3: Developing safeguards, systems and procedures to strengthen community planning and management

in tourism

Objective 4: Encouraging local entrepreneurship through micro- and local enterprises Objective 5: Diversifying and

developing quality products and services at community level Objective 6: Monitoring positive and adverse impacts

of community involvement in tourism

(Summarized and extracted from Hausler, N. et al. (2013). Policy on community involvement in tourism (CIT).

Yangon: Hanns Seidel Foundation. Available:

http://www.propoortourism.info/CIT_Final_Myanmar_May2013(1).pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.9-13

55

The Government of Myanmar (GOM) approved this vision from the Myanmar Responsible Tourism P olicy

in

June 2012.

56 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report). Nay

Pyi

Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-

institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013- 2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.23

57

Ibid., p.iii

58 The Master Plan will be implemented under 7 cross-cutting themes: Gender equity, Environmental sustainability,

Partnerships, Innovative financing, Regional cooperation, Ensure access for disabled people and Consultation and

participation (Summarized and extracted from Hausler, Nicole et al. (2012). Myanmar responsible tourism policy.

Yangon: Hanns Seidel Foundation. Available:

http://www.hss.de/fileadmin/media/downloads/Berichte/121015_Myanmar_Tourism_English.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-

01-31. P.25-26)

59 Obtaining the complete the Myanmar Tourism Master Plan 2013-2020 at

http://www.harrison- institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-2020.pdf.

60 World Tourism Organization and United Nations Environment Programme. (2005). Making tourism

more sustainable – A guide for policy makers . Madrid, World Tourism Organization. P.3

61 Yiu, L. and Saner, R. (2011) Mainstreaming tourism development in least developed countries: Coherence and

complementarity of policy instruments. Geneva: Centre for Socio-Economic Development.

15

62 The UNWTO has defined sustainable tourism as “tourism that takes full account of its current and future

economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment

and host communities (Extracted fromWorld Tourism Organization and United Nations Environment

Programme. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable – A guide for policy makers . Madrid, World Tourism

Organization. p.14 63

International Centre for Responsible Tourism. (2014). Responsible Tourism (Online).

Available:

http://www.icrtourism.org/responsible-tourism. Retrieved: 2014-02-08.

64 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. (1999). Guidelines on integrated planning

for sustainable tourism development. New York: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.

Available: http://www.unescap.org/ttdw/Publications/TPTS_pubs/Pub_2019/pub_2019_fulltext.pdf. Retrieved:

2014-02-08. P.13-16.

65 World Tourism Organization. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook. Madrid: World

Tourism

Organization. P.48, 148.

66 For example; Guidelines on integrated planning for sustainable tourism development (1999); Managing

sustainable tourism development (2001); Making tourism more sustainable – A guide for policy makers (2005);

Sustainable tourism for development guidebook (2013)

67 World Tourism Organization. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook. Madrid: World

Tourism

Organization. P.148.

68 Hausler, N. et al. (2012). Myanmar responsible tourism policy. Yangon: Hanns Seidel Foundation.

Available:

http://www.hss.de/fileadmin/media/downloads/Berichte/121015_Myanmar_Tourism_English.pdf. Retrieved:

2014-

01-31. P.4

69 Ibid., p.7

70

Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report). Nay

Pyi

Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-

institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-

2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.23

71 World Tourism Organization. (2011_updated 2013). Global code of ethics for tourism

(Online).Available:

http://ethics.unwto.org/en/content/global-code-ethics-tourism. Retrieved: 2014-02-10.

72 Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft report). Nay

Pyi

Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-

institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013-

2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.31

16

73 Ibid., p.31

74

Ibid., p.20

75 Ibid., p.8

76

Ibid., p.34

77 Ibid., p.34-35

78

Ibid., p.41

79 Burns, M. P. (2003). Tourism planning, a third way?. Annals of Tourism Research 31 (1), p. 26

80

Ministry of Hotels and Tourism. (2013). Myanmar tourism master plan 2013-2020 (Final- draft

report). Nay Pyi

Taw. (n.p). Available: http://www.harrison-

institute.org/Myanmar%20Tourism%20Master%20Plan%202013- 2020.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-01-31. P.23

81

Ibid., p.24

82 Ibid., p.33

83

Ibid., p.35

84 Ibid., p.38

85

Ibid., p.38-40

86 Ibid., p.41

87

World Tourism Organization. (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook. Madrid:

World Tourism

Organization. P.148.

88 These challenges for sustainable tourism in Myanmar derived from several bibliographies, but

mainly sumarized from 3 documents which will be put in the reference lists;

1) Thett, K. K. (2012). Responsible tourism in Myanmar: Current situation and challenges (PDF).

Prague: Burma Center Prague. Available: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs14/Responsible-Tourism-

in-Myanmar-Current- Situation-and-Challenges-red.pdf. Retrieved: 2014-02-02. ;

2)Burma Center Prauge Mutilanguage Word Press. (2011). W hat’ s the p r o b le m wit h tr ave lin g

to B ur ma? . EcoBurma (Online). Available: http://www.ecoburma.com/choices. Retrieved: 2014-02-

10.

3) Clapp, P. and DiMaggio, S. (2013). Sustaining Myanmar’s transition: Ten Critical Challenges. New York. Asia

Society. Available: http://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/Sustaining_Myanmars_Transition.pdf. Retrieved:

2014-02-08.

89 World Tourism Organization and United Nations Environment Programme. (2005). Making

tourism more sustainable – A guide for policy makers . Madrid, World Tourism Organization. P.71

90 Ibid., p.127