characterization of lffiyan artemia from abu kammash sabkha

19 LIBYAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE (2005) 10: 19-J

CHARACTERIZATION OF LffiYAN ARTEMIAFROM ABU KAMMASH SABKHA

, .".. .Mohamed O. EI..Magsodi1; Hassan M. EI-Ghebli1;'Mohammed Hamza 1;Gilbert Van Stappen2 and Patrick Sorgeloos2.

1 Marine Biology Research CenterP.O.Box: 30830~Tajura, Tripoli, Libya

TeL +218-21-3690001; Fax. +218-21';3690002.E-mail: [email protected]

2Artemia Reference Center, State University of GhentRozier 44, B-9000 Gent; Belgium

Keywords: Artemia, Abu Kammash~ Sabkha, Libya.

.ABSTRACT

Artemia cysts :have been collected from 'AbuKammashsabkha at the westrenpart of Libya. The cyst material was processed and used for the following charac-terization analyses: cyst and naupliar biometrics, cyst hatching characteristics, Sexratio and mode of reproduction, survival and naupliar growth rate..

The cross.. breeding tests have been performed with different other well knownsibling species~These tests with cyst biometricsshowedthat Abu KammashArtemiabelonged to the Artemia salina (tunisiana) sibling species complex.. This.identificationof LibyanArtemia is of critical importancebefore-considering

any transplantationor inoculationof otherArtemia strains to new habitats in Libya.Although quality improvements may be expected through improved harvestingand processing, Libyan Artemia demonstrated acceptable hatching characteristicswith decapsulation treatment or cold storage and might be a good food source inaquaculture.

INTRODUCTION

. The brine shrimp Artemia can be found in many natUral salt lakes and manmade solar saltworks CVanhaecke et aI., 1987). Its relatively wide distribution isdue to transportationof cystsby wind, by birds and by deliberatehuman inoculationsfor commercialpurposes (Persooneand Sorgeloos,1980). Although the distributionof Artemia was well studied in many countriesin the America Europe and Australia,few reports existed on the occurrence of Artemia in North Africa. Moreover, littlework has been done to characterize the populations that live in many salt marshes(sabkhas) 41Libya.

Mariculture of fin fish and crustacea uses freshly-hatched nauplii of brine shrimpas part of the live food chain. Annual Artemia cyst consumption by aquaculture

20 M. O. El-Magsodi et al

hatcheries increased dramatically from 60 metric tones in 1980 (Bengtson et aI.,1991) to about 2000 metric tones by 1994 (Triantaphyllidis et al., 1994).Increased demands for fish fry and shrimp post larvae and the expected expansionof the list of new commercially cultured species (e.g. grouper, halibut) willincrease Artemia cyst demand in the coming years (Bengtson et al., 1991).Nowadays, there is a serious shortage of Artemia cysts resulting from poorharvests in the last years in the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), the single sourceresponsible for about 95% of cyst production in the market (Sorgeloos, 1995).This shortage of cysts reinforces earlier studies that drew attention to focus onexploitation and development of alternative or complementary sources of cysts(Bengtsonet al., 1991), in order to avoid a serious bottle neck in many aquaculturedevelopments.

The fIrst written report about the presence of Artemia in Abu Kammash area datesback to 1984, when a sample of cysts were collected (Huni, 1986). Lessinformation is available for Artemia characterization from Abu Kammash sabkha.This paper aims to characteriz brine shrimp populations found in Abu Kammashsabkha at the western part of the libyan coast, through the biometrics ofcysts andinstar-I nauplii, cyst hatching characteristics, sex ratio and mode of reproduction,survival and naupliar growth rate, to define the taxonomic status of the Artemiafrom Abu Kammash sabkha and their suitability for local culture, and theeconomical and nutritional quality of their cysts.

The Abu Kammash sabkha (salt marsh) is found along the Libyan coast at about150 km west of Tripoli in the Abu Kammash area near the Tunisian border,at 2.5 - 4.0 m below sea level (Fig. 1). The sabkhais a typical salt marsh of coastalMediterranean areas, it is generally flat and covers a total area of about 50 km2.There are 38 wells in the area, from which water is pwnped through pipelines tothe Abu Kammash chemical plant, which was built on the area near the seashore.The saline ponds and pools are formed when such low land area floods inrainy winters, and a small seasonal lake is formed of 12 km long and 4 km~wide.In summer,however, most of these ponds dry up. Artemia was first recorded herein the summer of 1984 (Huni, 1986)when cysts were collected.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Artemia cyst samples from Abu Kammash sabkha used in these experimentswere collected on October 09, 1998,when the ponds were completely dry. Cyststogetherwith debris and dry muddy-sandformed a dark-graythin layer at the edgesof the dried pond. Cysts were cleaned by means of bi-flotat~on technique asdescribed by Sorgeloos et al., (1978). Abu Kammash samples, containedconsiderable amounts of salt and impurities, produced only limited amount of fullcysts.

The diameters of hydrated non-decapsulated cysts, hydrated decapsulated cysts,the length of instar-Inauplii and the thickness of chorion were measured accordingto the technique of Vanhaeckeand Sorgeloos (1980). The incubation of cysts forcollection of instar-I nauplii and the decapsulation of cysts were performed

LIBYAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE (2005) 10: 19-30

CHARACTERIZATION OF LIBYAN ARTEMIA ... 21

Mediterranean Sea

Libya

Fig.I. Locationof AbuKammashsabkha.

according to Sorgeloos et al., (1986). The cysts diameters and the lengths of thenauplii were measured using light microscope equipped with eyepiecemicrometer calibrated with a stage graticule. A random sample of 100 cysts andnauplii was measured.

Hatchingtests were carriedout in 32 %0 S Instant Ocean(R)solution at an incuba-tion temperature of28 °C :i:0.5 °C under continuous illunUnation of 2000 lux. Thehatching vessels, were cylindro-conical glass cones. Aeration was provided at the-bottomto keep all cysts in suspension (aerationnot too stcongas to prevent foaming).Hatching percentage (for 24, 48 and 72 hrs), hatching efficiency and hatching rate(and synchrony) were analyzed as outlined by Bruggeman et al. (1979);Sorgeloos et al., (1978)and Vanhaeckeand Sorgeloos(1982)respectively.Hatchingefficiency is expre$sedas the number of nauplii hatched out of 1 g dry cyst product(after 24, 48 and 72 hrs) incubation,hatching rate is expressed as number of hoursof iric.ubationneeded to reach the time of fIfStappearance of nauplii and 50% and90% of the maximal hatching value.

In order to evaluate the state of diapause of the cyst material and to verify if thehatching percentage could be enhanced by appropriate diapause terminationfactors, a storage of cysts in deep freezer (-18°C) and a standardhydrogen peroxide(H202)treatment was applied (Van Stappen, et al., 1998). ~ .

For the analysis of the reproduction mode, Artemia larvae were cultured at25°C :f:1°C in cylindro-conical glass cones each containing 200 freshly hatched

LIBYAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE (2005) 10:19-30

22 M. O. E1-Magsodi et al

nauplii in 400 ml seawater. Initial Artemia density was one nauplius per 2 ml ofcultured.medium. The experiment was run in 3 replicates and the Artemia werefed on a mixed diet of the live alga Dunaliella tertiolecta and the yeast-basedformulatedfeed LanzyPZ~}(INVEAquacultureSA,Belgium),followingthe feedingscheduleadapted from Coutteau et al., (1992). When sexual differentiation wasclearly pronounced, sex ratio and mode of reproduction were detennined and theArtemia transferred to test tubes, each holding 5 females in 50 ml seawater or 1couples in 40 ml seawater. Both couple-cultures and all-female cultures, wereregurlarly checked for viable offspring.Larval growth and survival of Abu Kammash Artemia were determined in astandard culture test as outlined by Vanhaecke and Sorgeloos (1980a). Survivalwas recorded at each water renewal, Le. on day 7, 11, 14, 17 and 21. While for thegrowth rates a random sample of 10 animals per.replicate were examined everywater renewal and only total length was measured. The animals were fixed withlugol's solution and measured under a dissection microscope eq~ipped with acamera lucida and then the data were analyzed with a digitizer. The growth was,measured and expressed as percentage of the growth recorded for the refer~ncestrain San Francisco Bay (SFB), according toY anhaecke and SorgelQos(1980b).

Artemia sibling species were defined for Abu Kammash brine shrimp in cross-breeding tests performed following procedures out lined by Tackaert eta!., (1987)with Artemiafranciscana from San Francisco Bay (California-USA) and 4rtemiatunisiana (salina) from Larnaca Lake (Cyprus) and the solar salt works in Sfaxand Megrine (Tunisia) as referencematerial for respectivelyA.franciscana (Bowenet al., 1978),A. tunisiana (salina) (Vanhaecke et al., 1987).

The ARC cyst bank number used in this study, their species designation, sourceof cysts, name of lake, and abbreviationused are shown in Table 1.

Tabl~ 1: List of the studied PQPulations,with corresponding ARC (Artemia Reference Center) cystbank code number, species designation and abbreviations used. All the populations are bfsexqaL

Results were analyzed statistically with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)to find an overall effect of the treatment. Tukeys HSD test was used to detectsignificant differences among means at a significance level ofP < 0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Libyan Artemia ( from Abu Kanunash. area) tested so far are bisexual, andpercentage of coupling animals are presented in Table 2. The sex ratio (males/females) observed during the culture period was about 1:1. The females culturedin the absence of males produced non-viable cysts only. Since the crossbreeding

Lmy AN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE (2005) 10: 19-30

-- ---

ARC cyst bank code number Source Location Abbreviationand species designation

1437 (?) Libya Abu Kammash Lffi

1269A. tunisiana (saUna) Tunisia . Sfax SFA

1268A. tunisiana (saUna) Tunisia Megrine MEG

1149A. tunisiana (saUna) Cyprus Larnaca LARb

1320A.franciscana USA San FrancIsco Bay SFB

CHARACTERIZATION OF LffiY AN ARTEMIA ... 23

tests between Abu Kammash Artemia with Larnaca (Cyprus) and Sfax or Megrine(Tunisia) brine shrimp yielded viable Fl offspring, whereas Abu Kammash andSan Francisco Bay matings were sterile, Abu KammashArtemia can be classifiedwithin theArtemia tunisiana (saUna)sibling species complex.

Table 2: Percentage (%) of animals observed in riding position, sex ratio (maleS/females) andreproductive mode in Artemia from Abu Kammash sabkha. Data present mean and standarddeviation of three replicates.

The cyst diameters of Abu Kamnmsh populations (Table 3) resemble those of theOld WorId bisexual populations (Leger et al., 1986); Le. significantly larger thanthe mean cyst diameter of Artemia franciscana strains, thus providing furtherevidence for their designation as Arlemia tunisiana (salina). Despite being arepresentative of the Attemia tunisiana (saUna)sibling species as proven by theirreproductivecompatibilitywith the Artemla tunisiana(salina) strain ttom Larnaca,Sfax and Megrine. Also the chorion thickness is significantlylarger than the meanvalue obtained for Artemiafranciscana, but resemble the mean value of Artemiatunisiana (saUna).

table 3: Summary of means cysts diameter, chorion thickness, length and dry weight of instar-Inauplii me.asurementsoflibyan Artemia cyst.

Table 4 and fig. 2 and 3 show lower hatching percentages for the samples fromAbu Kammash sabkha especially after 24 hrs of incubation under normal standardhatching conditiotis. These results show that the cysts collected from beaches ofthe sabkha have been exposed to suboptimal conditions, e.g. repeated hydration-dehydration cycles or too long exposure to sunlight (Sorgeloos et al., 1976;Vanhaecke and Sorgeloos, 1982) which can result in mortality of a part of theembryos. The even lowering in hatching efficiency reflects the risks of higheramounts of impurities, e.g. sand,when collecting the cysts from the shore.

The results obtained with the treatment of cysts with decapsulation or with other1rea1mentslike hydrogenperoxideand storage temperatw-e(in deep freezer: -18°C)has an effect on the hatching percentage: in most cases cysts stored at roomtemperature showed lower hatching than cysts stored in deep freezer or treatedwith hydrogen peroxide and decapsulation...~:


Abu Kammash Artemia Percentage (%) of animals Sex ratio Reproductive modein riding position (males/females)

ARC code number 1437 69.5 :i: 5.1 1.1 :1:0.2 Bisexual

Sample Treatment Samplesize Mean Standarddeviation.

Libyancyst - nondecapsulatedcysts(mm) 100 256.8 13.7(ARCcodenumber - decapsulatedcysts (mm) 100 232.8 11.21437) - instar-I nauplii (111111) 100 468.2 21.0- chorion thickness (mm) 12

,- -- dry weight (mg) 500 2.63 0.18

-.- ~---~ ---.-.-----..-

24 M. O. El-Magsodi et a/

Table 4: Hatching percentage and hatching efficiency (mean and standard deviation) of Libyan cysts(ARC N>1437)treated with differenttreatment and incubated under standard hatching conditions.

80

70

60

50

407

30

20

10

o

r:J 24 hrsIJ 48 hrs. 72hrs

s 3% 5% Sppt D

different treatment of cyst

Fig. 2. Hatching percentage oflibyan cysts (ARC NO 1437) treated withdifferent Treatment and different incubation periods.S= cysts incubated under standred hatching condition.3%= cysts heated with hydrogen peroxide 3% for 3 minutes.5%= cysts heated with hydrogen peroxide 5% for 5 minutes.5ppt= cysts incubated in dilutedseawater (5ppt).D= decapsulated cysts.

LIBYAN JOURNALOF MARINESCIENCE (2005)10:19-30

-- -

Treatment Hatching percentage (24. 48 and 72 Hatching efficiency (24, 48 and 72hrs incubation) hrs incubation)

Mean and standard deviation Mean and standard" deviation24 hrs 48 hrs 72 hrs 24 hrs 48 hrs o 72hrs

Hatching of cysts under 14.7:1:0.3 41 .2 :1:2.2 53.2:t: 3.3 20.000 60,300 136,200standard hatching conditions :t:600 + 6000 :t:6600

Hydrogen peroxide 3% for 3 20.6:1:).2 44.5 :1:1.5 54.2 :1:2.2 45.200 134,700 139,500minutes 0" :1: 4800 :t 3200 :t:700Hydrogenperoxide 5% for 10 22.6 :t:).0 47.3:!::2.3 56.0:1:1.0 60.300 135,600 )45,300minutes :t:3700 :1:4700 :t:1800

Hatching of cysts in seawater 30.0 :t:0.2 53.3 :t:2.4 60.2:t: 2.7 70,400 139,500 148,000(5 ppt) :t:5900 %4100 :t:4600Storage of cysts for 15 days 59.2 :t:0.6 61.4:1:2.5 63.6:1:0.5 120,400 144,500 153,700in deeptteezer (-18°C) :t:1700 +1100- :t 1700Storage of cysts for 30 days 61.4 :t:0.6 62.3 %0.6 64.5 :t 1.6 124,400 145,soo 156,600in deepfteczer(-18°C) % 1600 :t: 1900 :t:1400Storage of cysts for 60 days 62.0 :t:3.7 63.1 :1:2.0 72.0:1:1.2 134,500 147.100 164,900in deepfi'eez.er(-18OC) %4300 :t:SSOO :t:4000Storage of cysts for 90 days 62.1 :t:2.6 64.2:i: 1.4 72.2 :t:).3 139.900 149,444 165,222in deepfi'eezer(-] 8°C) :t:4300 :1:1600 :t:2S00Storage of cysts for 180days 65.1 :t:1.0 72.0%1.0 74.0:t: 1.6 142,600 164.600 170,800in deepfteezer (-180C) %4500 :t:2800 :t 2400Decapsulatedcysts 65.6 :t:0.4 75.0 :1:2.6 75.9:i:2.9 150,300 166,100 175,000

:1:4600 :t 2700 :t 2000

CHARACTERIZATION OF LIBYAN ARTEMIA ... 25

Cl24 hrs

1148hrs.72 hrs

180

storage peried (days)

Fig. 3. hatching percentageoflibyan cysts (ARC NO 1437) after storageof cysts for(15,30, 60,90,and 180 days in deep freezer (-180 C).

Tp.e slow hatching rate and poor hatching synchrony observed in all samples (Table5, Fig. 4) is a drawback for their optimal use in aquaculture hatcheries. At thetime of harvest (T90)already part of the nauplii will have molted into the instar IIand In stage which have lost a considerableamount of energy in comparison withthe instar I stage (Benijts et al., 1976;Vanhaecke et al., 1983).As a consequence,

.good yields of instar I nauplii can.only be obtained when applying a twp-stepharvest, re-incubating the unhatched cysts after a first harvest of nauplii for exampleat Tso.

Table 5: Hatching rate of Abu KammashArtemia cysts.

To: Time until appearance of first nauplii.TlO:Time until 10% hatching in attained.Tso:Time unti150% hatching in attained.T90:Time until 90% hatching in attained.Ts: T90-TIO.Ts: is a measure for hatching synchrony.


- -

80

70

60

50

40bI)I:::E 30u

20::I::

10

015 30 60 90

-.

ARC code number Hatching rate

1437 To Tto Tso T90 Ts

Incubation time(in hrs) 16.1 17.5 25.7 39.6 22.1

26 M. O. EI-Magsodi et al

incubation tun ( in hrs )

Fig. 4. hatching rate curve for Artemia cyst ftom Abu Kammash sabkha in Libya.

With the exception of few amount of nauplii, which approximate the size rangeorSan FranciscoBay naupIii(Vanhaeckeand Sorgeloos,1980b),the Abu KammashArtemia produce rather large nauplii with correspondenthigh dry weight (Table 3).Nevertheless sizes are still significantly smaller than the values obtained forparthenogeneticArtemia. They approximatethe value for Great Salt Lake nauplii(Vanhaecke and Sorgeloos, 1980b)which means that only the smallest fish larvaemight have ingetion problems with Abu Kannnash Artemia (Beck and Bengtson,1981).

Growth and survival data of Abu Kannnash Artemia larvae in a standard culturetest are given in (Table 6, Fig 5). The average larval length for the reference strainafer 7 days culture was 3.44 mm f: 0.18 mm at a survival of 90%. Growth andsurvival rates of Abu Karnmash Artemia were significantly different from thereference strain. With regard to the p~centage of survival, Artemia from AbuKannnash showedhigher mortality rate than.in the reference strain. But in term ofgrowth rate, the Artemia ftom Abu Kannnash sabkha grow significantly faster. Ingeneral, these results seem to confirm the findings of Vanhaecke and Sorgeloos(1980a) that larval growth rate is a strain specific characteristic.

Table 6: Survival and growth of Abu Kammash Artemia in a standard culture test over 21 daysculture period. Data present mean and standard deviation of three replicates.

* Expressed as % of growth recorded for San Francisco Bay 288-2596.

LffiYAN JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE (2005) 10: 19-30

- - -

100

90CDC) . 80

70CD 60eCD SOa.C) 40c:c 30

2010 I

;.c .;

0 - -16.1 17.5 25.7

ARC code number Culture period (days)1437 7 11 14 17 21

Survival % 68.1 :f:11.4 61.4:1::9.7 51.4:1::7.5 46.6 :I::6.5 43.6 :f:6.3

Growth (mm) 4.18:f: 0.19 5.16:f: 0.15 6.32:1::0.21 7.15:1::0.13 8.62 :I::0.23122*

CHARACTERlZA nON OF LIBYAN ARTEMIA ... 27

Fig. 5. Survival and growth rate of Artemia larvae from Abu Kammash sabkha.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion it may be recognized that, although open for improvement, theoverall quality of Abu Kammash Artemia is good, both in terms of hatchingcharacteristics and cyst and naupliar biometrics. Consequently, they can be used

as an acceptable food source in aquaculture hatcheries. Furthermore, in view oftheir relatively high growth rate, local strain can be used for intensive biomassproduction. Additional work and study of the Abu Kammash sabkha biotopes areneeded as to develop appropriate management and exploitation strategies for theproduction and harVest of Artemia.

AcknowledgementsWe thank the staff of Belgium Artemia Reference Center, who provided us,

the place and all the equipments needed for this work.

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9..,. --70 ___ growth8 65 ....... survival-

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28 M. O. EI-Magsodi et al

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CHARACTERIZATION OF Lmy AN ARTEMlA ... 29

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characterization of lffiyan artemia from abu kammash sabkha

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