Classification of the Consonants

Place-Voice-Manner

Manner of Production

Stops [p,b,t,d,k,g] and [] Formed by blocking the oral cavity,

thereby stopping the airstream at some point

Air pressure builds up in the oral cavity Voiceless stops are aspirated at beginning

of words Velopharynx is closed

Stops (con’t) Bilabial stops

/p, b/ Alveolar stops 6 stops

/t, d/ Velar stops (voiced/voiceless)

/k, g/

Glottal stop //

Stops (con’t) Deaf speakers usually voice all stops Flap [] – an allophone of /t/ and /d/ that

occurs intervocalically in words such as “city”, “ladder”, “butter”, “writer”, “Patty” A tap or bounce of the tongue on the alveolar

ridge Epenthetic stop

Insert (epenthesis) a stop between a nasal and a fricative

• Prince, prints• Warmth• something

Fricatives [f,v,,,s,z,,] and [h] Produced by forcing air out through

a narrow constriction Air creates a noisy turbulence Velopharynx is closed

Fricatives (con’t) Labiodental /f, v/ Linguadental /, / Alveolar /s,z/ 8-9 fricatives Palatal /, / voiced/voiceless [glottal] /h/

Fricatives (con’t) Lisp (alveolar and palatal fricatives) Speakers who have difficulty with

fricatives Cleft palate – air escapes through the

cleft Deaf speakers – don’t distinguish

voicing

Affricates [t, d] Made up of a plosive and a

homorganic fricative The two are articulated in one

movement and act as a single unit Velopharynx is closed

Affricates (con’t) Voiceless palatal affricate [t]

Voiceled palatal affricate [d]

Affricates (con’t) Dental affricates

German and Italian• Nazi• pizza

Nasals [m,n,] Oral cavity is completely closed, as

it is for stops Velopharynx is open Have a syllabic nature

They may form a syllable with no othr vowel [m, n, ]• “button” [bn] ~ [bn]• “bottom” [b] ~ [bm]

Nasals (con’t) Bilabial [m]

Alveolar [n]

Velar []

Glides [w, j] and [h] Articulators make a gradual gliding

motion toward and from a vowel Therefore, can only occur pre- and

intervocalically; NEVER word-finally Most vowel-like of the approximants

(frictionless continuants – glides and liquids)

Glides (con’t) Labio-velar glide [w]

Palatal glide [j]

Glottal glide [h]

Liquids [l, r] Shares characteristics with other

approximants No friction or blockage Vowel-like quality

Can function as either a consonant or a vowel

Liquids (con’t) Lateral liquid [l]

Voiced alveolar liquid 2 kinds of [l]

• Light [l] – “leaf”• Dark [] – “dull”

• Additional arching of tongue in velar region

Rhotic liquid [r] Voiced palatal liquid Tongue is raised and retracted in a tight knot Tongue is “bunched”

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises

Voiced palatal glide

Voiceless glottal glide

Voiceless palatal affricate

Voiced labio-velar glide

Voiced palatal affricate

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises

/j/

/d]

/w/

/j, d, t]

/t, h/

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises

Voiced velar stop Voiceless palatal fricative Voiceless alveolar stop Voiceless alveolar fricative Voiced labio-dental fricative Voiced velar stop Voiced bilabial stop Palatal glide

Phonetic Descriptions Exercises /v/

//

//

/s/

/j/

/p, t, k, t, f, , s, /

/t, d, s, z/

V, , z, /