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Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The Devil is in the Details and Reptiles: The Devil is in the Details Kyle Barrett, John C. Maerz, and Nathan P. Nibbelink Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources f University of Georgia

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Page 1: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The Devil is in the Detailsand Reptiles: The Devil is in the DetailsKyle Barrett, John C. Maerz, and Nathan P. NibbelinkWarnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources

fUniversity of Georgia

Page 2: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Talk objectives

• Approaches to assessing vulnerabilityf i h d f d li d i• Confronting the need for data quality and quantity

• Amphibians examples• Next steps (refining models, adding complexity)

Page 3: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Planning for climate change• Forecasting species responses to climate change is a necessary 

evil.

Page 4: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Planning for climate change• Forecasting species responses to climate change is a necessary 

evil.Necessary because:Necessary because:• Provide stakeholders with planning tools when developing 

action plans.• Identify species that might shift status unexpectedly.• Help prioritize allocation of resources, management 

i i i dactivities, and areas.

Page 5: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Planning for climate change• Forecasting species responses to climate change is a necessary 

evil.Necessary because:y• Provide stakeholders with planning tools when developing 

action plans.• Identify species that might shift status unexpectedly• Identify species that might shift status unexpectedly.• Help prioritize allocation of resources, management 

activities, and areas.Evil because:• Fraught with assumptions and uncertainties that make 

forecasts challengingforecasts challenging. • “Alternative models can be so variable as to compromise their 

usefulness for guiding decisions.”

Page 6: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Methods for modeling species responses to climate changeclimate change• Two inter‐related activities

Assessing vulnerabilities• Gauge direct and indirect effects of climate change

R k i b d l bilit• Rank species based on vulnerability

Forecasting future distributionsForecasting future distributions• Estimate future expansion or contraction of species ranges• Estimate where species are likely to occur in the futurep y

• Where will species persist?• Where will species colonize?• Where do future habitats intersect with other factors?

Page 7: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Methods for modeling species responses to climate changeclimate change• Forecasting distribution responses

Correlative models:• Phenomenological

R l t t di t ib ti t• Relate current distributions to environmental variables

Mechanistic models:• Use explicit relationships between 

environmental variables and organismal performance

• Estimated independently of• Estimated independently of species current distribution

Page 8: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing
Page 9: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing
Page 10: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Methods for modeling species responses to climate changeclimate change

Page 11: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Methods for modeling species responses to climate changeclimate change• Common approaches to forecasting

Ensemble forecasting:• Present a range of scenarios 

generated by alternativegenerated by alternative models.• Alternative distribution 

models• Alternative climate models

V i d l ti• Varying model assumptions

Page 12: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Amphibian vulnerabilities to climate change

• Patterns of amphibian distributions and diversity show consistent, strong dependence on climate• Richness often related to topography, 

moisture, and temperature

• Diversity generally highest at mid and high elevations in montane regions

• Most species colonized those regions whenMost species colonized those regions when the climate occurred across valley bottoms

• Many species appear strictly confined to h i li itheir current climatic zone.• Many species exist at or near their 

thermal maxima.• Dispersal limited through warmDispersal limited through warm 

habitats

Page 13: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Selecting a tool for modeling

• DOMAIN, logistic regression, MaxEnt, GARP Random ForestsGARP, Random Forests….

Page 14: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Selecting a tool for modeling

• DOMAIN, logistic regression, MaxEnt, GARP Random ForestsGARP, Random Forests….

Page 15: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model from presence only datapresence‐only data

• Species locality data collected and mappedSpecies locality data collected and mapped• Climate data matching (precipitation, temperature)• Use ‘background points’ to match climate at other localities• Project onto current and future climate‐scapes• Post‐processing of other variables

• Land use/land cover• Sea level rise• Focal species (i.e., longleaf pine)p ( , g p )

• Output may be threshold‐based or continuous• Output represents probability distribution of

suitable climate – not probability of presence

Page 16: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model from presence only datapresence‐only data

• Species locality data collected and mapped

www.herptnet.org

www.gbif.org

Page 17: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model from presence only datapresence‐only data

• Species locality data collected and mapped (HerpNet data)

Page 18: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model from presence only datapresence‐only data

• Species locality data collected and mapped (HerpNet data)

Page 19: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model from presence only datapresence‐only data

• Species locality data collected and mapped (HerpNet data)

Page 20: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model from presence only datapresence‐only data

• Species locality data collected and mapped (HerpNet data)

Page 21: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model from presence only datapresence‐only data

• Species locality data collected and mapped (HerpNet data supplemented with state‐maintained EOs)supplemented with state maintained EOs)

Page 22: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

No TN dataNo TN data

Page 23: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model• Intersect locality data with current climatic conditions (typically 

30 – 40 year average of conditions)30  40 year average of conditions)• Measures of climate will depend on 

• SDM algorithm, interpretability, and natural history of species

Page 24: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model• Use background points to match climate at other localities• Extent of background point placement is important• Extent of background point placement is important

• Restrict to area around known range of species• Use target group background localities if possibleg g p g p

Page 25: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model• Project onto current and future climate‐scapes• Availability of data at this stage progressing rapidly• Availability of data at this stage progressing rapidly

Page 26: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Creating a correlative model• Output from model may be continuous or binary• For binary models a threshold must be chosen• For binary models a threshold must be chosen

Page 27: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Distribution CEMs

MaxEnt

strict CEM liberal CEMstrict CEMassumes current distributionis strictly predicted by climate

liberal CEMassumes species climatedistribution is larger thancurrent realized distirubtion

from Milanovich et al. 2010. PLoS One.

Page 28: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Distribution CEMs GCM

Canadian

MaxEnt

Hadley

crp.gov

age source:  usgc

ima

Page 29: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

high

Distribution CEMs GCM CO2

Canadian

g

lowMaxEnt

Hadleyhigh

llow

U d i l GCM th ti ll l d f l b l d l•Used regional GCMs mathematically scaled from global models.•Each GCM run under two future CO2 scenarios [“low” and “high”]

•Therefore, for each of 28 species…2 CEMs  X  2 GCMs  X  2 CO2 levels = 8 model scenarios

•Model projections run out to 2020, 2050, and 2080

Page 30: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

high

Distribution CEMs GCM CO2

Canadian

g

lowMaxEnt

Hadleyhigh

llow

strict CEMC di GC

liberal CEMdl GCCanadian GCM

high CO2Hadley GCMlow CO2

from Milanovich et al. 2010. PLoS One.

Page 31: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

from Milanovich et al. 2010. PLoS One.

Page 32: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

from Milanovich et al. 2010. PLoS One.

Page 33: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

from Milanovich et al. 2010. PLoS One.

Page 34: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Current vulnerability assessmentFunding provided by US Fish and Wildlife Service Competitive State Wildlife Grant (2009)

Model future climatic distributions of “priority” reptiles and amphibians.•Southeastern Pilot Study

•Modeling species identified with input from SE States•Species selected by…

•species of greatest conservation need•eliminated species that were only listed by a single state if that state represented a range margin

Products•Bracketed scenarios of shifts in climatic distributions for focal species.•Post‐processing of other variables

•Intersections of suitable habitat with conservation management lands•Incorporating land use/land cover it habitat projections•Applying to other modeling efforts:

•Coastal habitat loss due to sea level rise•Habitat restoration forecasting (e.g., Longleaf pine habitat restoration)

Page 35: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing
Page 36: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing
Page 37: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing
Page 38: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing
Page 39: Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians and Reptiles: The … · Climate Vulnerability Analysis for Amphibians ... University of Georgia. Talk objectives • Approaches to assessing

Concluding remarks

• Need to build better biophysiological models • Limited  (and biased) data on most species

• Need to identify factors that are not currently part of vulnerability assessmentsvulnerability assessments

• Species distribution models can be used cautiously as a valuable tool to forecast conservation needs and management actions.

• Such approaches need to ensemble multiple models and provide a range of scenarios.provide a range of scenarios.

• Accurate and abundant species distribution data is a limiting factor for assessing climate change vulnerability of most speciesspecies.

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HADCM3CGCM3