Group Members

Hafiz ZeeshanWaseem Ahmed JanjuaM. Bilal ZuberiShumaila Pervez

Supervisor

Syed Junaid Nawaz

ANTENNA ARRAY:

A simple directional antenna consists of a linear array of small radiating antenna elements, each fed with identical signals (the same amplitude and phase) from one transmitter. As the total width of the array increases, the central beam becomes narrower. As the number of elements increases, the side lobes become smaller.

ANGLE OF ARRIVAL (AOA):

A measure of the direction of propagation of electromagnetic radiation upon arrival at a receiver ; it is the angle between the plane of the phase front and some plane of reference, usually the horizontal, at the receiving antenna.

BEAMFORMING:

Smart antennas can direct the array main beam towards the signal of interest even when no reference signal or training sequence.

Tx

Ceiling

Obstacle

RxAntennaArray

θ1

θ2

Multipath Propagation

Receiving array

Reception on Antenna

Intersymbol delay

Angle of Arrival

d

Time shot of a signalarriving from an arbitrary direction

Reciever

Signal Source far away

α= Angle of Arrival

αIntersymbol delay

d

Spacing b/wantenna weights

Calculation of Angle of Arrival

WAVEFRONT

• A surface of constant phase. • An imaginary surface joining all points in space that are reached at

the same instant by an undulating movement propagating through a medium.

• The simplest form of a wavefront is the plane wave, where the rays are parallel to one-another. The light from this type of wave is referred to as collimated light.

α1

α2

αn

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.

.

.

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.

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Transmitter Array

Changing delays,beam direction changes

Beamforming with Calculated delays

Signal &Delay production(Beamformingcircuit)

Signal Receiver&Delay Calculation

Transmitter Reciever

FSKMODULATOR

Power Measurement

DemodulationInformation

Reciever

Beamform

α

α

α

α

Serial Port

FSK ModFSK Mod Power Power AmpAmp

XR2206XR2206

Patch Patch AntennaAntenna

Max 232Max 232

Block Diagram of Transmitter

Receiver

XR2211

Max 232FSK de_mod

Serial Port

Block Diagram of Reciever

• A current application of AoA is in the geodesic location or Geo-location of cell phones. Multiple base stations would calculate the AoA of the cell phone's signal, and this information would be combined to determine the phone's location on the earth.

• AoA is generally used to discover the location of pirate radio stations or of any military radio transmitter.

• In submarine acoustics, AoA is the method to localize objects with active or passive ranging.

USAGES

PROJECT PHASES

IMPLEMENTATION

7TH SEMESTER

COMPLETION

8TH SEMESTER

Searching for

project

Collection of data

Study of data,

proposal and presentation

TEST TRANSMISSION

FINAL TESTING

DOCUMENTATION

AoA & Beamformi

ngSimulation

Hardware SimulationPHASE-1

Hardware SimulaionPHASE-2Interfacing