dr. b ch 07_lecture_presentation

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

7The Skeletal System:

Appendicular Division

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared by

Steven Bassett

Southeast Community College

Lincoln, Nebraska


Introduction

• The appendicular skeleton includes:

• Pectoral girdle

• Shoulder bones

• Upper limbs

• Pelvic girdle

• Hip bones

• Lower limbs


Figure 7.1 The Appendicular SkeletonSKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON

(see Figure 6.1)

Clavicle 2

2

4

Scapula

Pectoral

girdles

Upper

limbs

Pelvic

girdle

Lower

limbs

60

60

2

2

2

2

16

10

28

2

2

2

2

2

28

10

14

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpal

bones

Metacarpal

bones

Phalanges

Hip bones

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal

bones

Phalanges

Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components.

The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that type

or category in the adult skeleton.

Posterior view of the skeleton

Tibia

Fibula

Femur

Hip

bone

Radius

Ulna

Humerus

Scapula

Clavicle

206

12680


The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

The Pectoral Girdle Includes the S-shaped clavicle (collarbone) and the flattened

scapula (shoulder blade)

The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum and

is the only direct connection between the axial skeleton and the

pectoral girdle.

The scapula is attached to the clavicle anteriorly but has no

connection to the actual axial skeleton; instead skeletal muscles

and ligaments support it.

specification of scapula, such as spine, supraspinous and

infraspinous fossa, subscapularis fossa and Glenoid cavity.


Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle

Bones of the right pectoral

girdle, superior view

Sternoclavicular

joint

Manubrium

of sternumClavicle

Scapula

Acromio-

clavicular

joint


Figure 7.3b The Clavicle

Acromial end Conoid tubercle Sternal facet

Costal

tuberosity

Sternal end

Right clavicle, inferior view

LATERALMEDIAL


Figure 7.5c The Scapula

Posterior view

Supraspinous

fossa

Medial

border

Superior

border

Body

Coracoid

process

Acromion

Neck

Spine

Infraspinous

fossa

Lateral

border

Inferior angle


Figure 7.5a The Scapula

Costal (anterior) view

Inferior angle

Lateral border(axillary border)

Lateralangle

Rim ofglenoid

cavity

Medial border(vertebral border)

Subscapularfossa

Superiorangle

Superiorborder

Suprascapularnotch

Coracoidprocess

Acromion

Body



The upper limb consists of the

Brachium (humerus): head, neck, capitulum,

trochlea, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa.

Antebrachium (ulna and radius): bone

specifications, such as olecranon process of

ulna and head of radius.

Wrist (carpals)

Hand (metacarpals and phalanges)


Figure 7.2a The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

Right upper limb, anterior view

Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpal

bones

Metacarpal

bones (I to V)

Phalanges


Figure 7.6a The Humerus

Anterior views

Condyle Condyle

Capitulum Trochlea Capitulum Trochlea

Radial fossa

Lateral

epicondyle

Lateral

epicondyle

Medial

epicondyle

Medial

epicondyle

Radial fossa

Coronoid fossa

Intertubercular

sulcus

Radial

groove

Radial

groove

Deltoid

tuberosity

Shaft

(body)

Deltoid

tuberosity

Intertubercular

sulcus

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Greater

tubercle

Lesser

tubercle Head

Anatomical neckAnatomical

neckIntertubercular

sulcus

Greater

tubercle

Lesser

tubercle

Intertubercular

sulcus

Surgical

neck

Head


Figure 7.6d The Humerus

Posterior views

ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR

Greater

tubercleHead

Anatomical

neck

Olecranon

fossa

Medial

epicondyleTrochlea Trochlea

Lateral

epicondyle Lateral epicondyle

Medial

epicondyleOlecranon fossa

Radial groove

for radial nerve

Deltoid tuberosityDeltoid

tuberosity

Surgical neck

Anatomical neck

Greater tubercleHead


Figure 7.7a The Radius and Ulna

Posterior view of the right radius and ulna

Olecranon

Proximal radioulnar joint

Head of radius

Neck of radius

RADIUS

ULNA

Interosseous

membrane

Ulnar notch

of radiusUlnar notch

of radiusUlnar head

Ulnar head

Ulnar styloid process

Ulnar

styloid

processArticular cartilage

Distal extremity of radius Distal extremity of radius

Radial

styloid

process

Radial

styloid

process


Figure 7.7b The Radius and Ulna

Posterior view of the elbow joint

showing the interlocking of the

participating bones

Humerus

Olecranon fossa

Olecranon

Medial epicondyle

of humerus

Trochlea of humerus

Head of radius

Ulna


Figure 7.7c The Radius and Ulna

Anterior view of the elbow joint

Humerus

Medial epicondyle

Trochlea

Capitulum

Head of radius

Coronoid

process of ulna

Radial notch

of ulna


Figure 7.7d The Radius and Ulna

Anterior view of the radius and ulna

Olecranon

Trochlear notch

Coronoid process

Radial notch of ulna

Head of radius

Neck of radius

Ulnar tuberosity

Radial tuberosity

Head of

radius

Interosseous

membraneAttachment

surfaces for

interosseous

membrane

Ulnar notch

of radius

ULNA

RADIUS

Ulnar notch

of radius

Radial styloid

process

Distal radioulnar

joint

Head of ulna

Ulnar styloid

process

Radial

styloid processCarpal

articular surface

Carpal

articular surface



The Wrist and Hand

The carpal bones are the 8 bones of the wrist.

The metacarpal bones (5) articulate with the distal

carpal bones and make up the palm of the hand.

The 14 phalanges of the hand make up the finger

bones.


Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand

Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist

Scaphoid

Radius

Capitate

Trapezium

TrapezoidHamate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

LunateRadius

Ulna

Scaphoid

Capitate

Trapezium

Trapezoid

III III IV

V III III IV

V

Hamate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Lunate

Ulna


Figure 7.8b The Bones of the Wrist and Hand

Radius

Anterior (palmar) view of the bones

of the right wrist and hand

Scaphoid

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Metacarpal

bones

I

II IIIIV

V

Lunate

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Hamate

Capitate

Phalanges

Proximal

Middle

Distal

III III

IVV

RadiusUlna

Lunate

Scaphoid

Capitate

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Metacarpal

bonesProximal

phalanx

Distal

phalanx

Pisiform

Triquetrum

Hamate

Proximal

phalanx

Middle

phalanx

Distal

phalanx


The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

The Pelvic Girdle The pelvic girdle consists of two ossa coxae bones.

Each ossa coxae consists of: Ilium, Ischium and

pubis.

These three bones merge together at

Acetabulum, where the head of Femur is joined

with.

Supports and protects the lower viscera and

developing fetus in females

The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb are

much more massive than their homologues of the

upper limb.


Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (Part 1 of 2)

Lateral view

Lateral view

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

Ilium

IschiumPubis

Posterior gluteal line

Posterior superior iliac spine

Posterior inferior iliac spine

Greater sciatic notch

Lunate surface of acetabulum

Acetabular fossa

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischial tuberosity

Ischial ramus

Iliac crest

Anterior

gluteal line

Anterior superior

iliac spine

Inferior gluteal line

Anterior inferior

iliac spine

Inferior iliac notch

Acetabulum

Pubic crest

Superior ramus of pubis

Pubic tubercle

Inferior ramus of pubis

Acetabular notch

Obturatorforamen


Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (Part 2 of 2)

Lateral view

Lateral view

POSTERIOR ANTERIOR

Ilium

IschiumPubis

Ischial tuberosity


Ischial spine



Posterior superior

iliac spine

Posterior

gluteal line

Iliac crest

Anterior gluteal line

Anterior superior iliac spine

Inferior gluteal line

Anterior inferior iliac spine

Inferior iliac notch

Lunate surface of acetabulum

Acetabulum

Acetabular fossa

Pubic crest on superior

ramus of pubis

Pubic tubercle

Inferior ramus of pubis

Obturator foramen

Ischial ramus


Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (Part 1 of 2)

Anterior view

SacrumIlium

Ischium Pubis

Coccyx

Sacrum

Arcuate line

Pectineal line

Acetabulum

Coccyx

Pubic tubercle

Obturator foramen

Pubic crest

Pubicsymphysis

Iliacfossa

Iliac crest

Sacro-iliac joint

Ilium

Pubis

Ischium

Hipbone


Figure 7.10b The Pelvic Girdle

POSTERIORANTERIOR

Ilium

PubisIschium

Iliac crest

Anterior superior

iliac spine

Anterior inferior

iliac spine

Obturator groove

Superior pubic ramus

Pectineal line

Pubic tubercle

Inferior pubic ramus

Pubic synphysis

(symphyseal surface)

Iliac

fossa

Obturator

foramen

Iliac tuberosity


Auricular surface for

articulation with sacrum



Spine of ischium


Ischial tuberosity

Ischial ramus

Iliac crest

Anterior superior

iliac spine

Anterior inferior

iliac spine

Obturator groove

Superior pubic ramus

Pectineal line

Pubic tubercle

Pubic synphysis

(symphyseal surface)

Medial view

Inferior pubic ramus

Ischial tuberosity

Ischial ramus

Obturator foramen


Spine of ischium

Arcuate line



Auricular surface for

articulation with sacrum


Iliac tuberosity

Iliac fossa


Figure 7.12a Divisions of the Pelvis

Superior view showingthe pelvic brim andpelvic inlet of a male

Pelvic brim

Pelvic inlet

Greater pelvis

Pelvic outlet



The male and female pelvis contains numerous differences. Generally the male pelvis is heavier with more prominent

markings due to the larger muscles attached to it.

Differences are noted as how the female compares to the male Enlarged pelvic outlet, due to wider ischial spines

Less curvature of the sacrum and coccyx

Wider, more circular pelvic inlet

Broader, lower pelvis

Widely fanning ilia

Pubic angle greater than 100 degrees


Figure 7.13 Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis

Male

Female

Ischial

spine

Ischial

spine

90°

100°

or less

or more



The Lower Limb

Responsible for transferring the body weight to the ground

Consists of the following structures: The femur (thigh)

The patella (kneecap)

The tibia (leg)

The fibula (leg)

Tarsal bones of the ankle

Metatarsal bones and phalanges of the foot


Figure 7.9a The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

Right lower limb, lateral view

Hip bone

(coxal bones)

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsal bones

Metatarsal bones

Phalanges


Figure 7.14a The Femur

Landmarks on the anterior surface of the right femur

Neck

Greater

trochanter Greater trochanter

Articular surface of head

Neck

Fovea for ligament

of head

Lesser trochanter

Lesser

trochanter

Intertrochanteric line

Shaft (body)

of femur

Shaft

of femur

Lateral epicondylePatellar surface

Lateral condyle Lateral condyle

Patellar surface

Lateral epicondyle

Medial epicondyleMedial epicondyle

Medial condyleMedial condyle



• The Femur

• Posterior view (distal structures)

• Linea aspera

• Lateral supracondylar ridge

• Medial supracondylar ridge

• Lateral and medial condyles

• Intercondylar fossa

• Lateral and medial epicondyles


Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur

Greater

trochanter

Articular surface

of head

Neck

Intertrochanteric

crest

Gluteal

tuberosity

Lesser

trochanter

Intertrochanteric

crest

Greater

trochanter

NeckHead

Lesser

trochanter

Gluteal tuberosity

Pectineal line

Linea aspera

Lateral supracondylar

ridge

Medial supracondylar

ridge

Lateral epicondyle

Popliteal surface

Lateral condyle

Adductor tubercle

Medial epicondyle

Medial condyle

Lateral supracondylar ridge

Medial supracondylar ridge

Popliteal surface

Adductor tubercle

Medial epicondyle

Medial condyle

Lateral epicondyle

Lateral condyle

Intercondylar fossaIntercondylar fossa

Figure 7.14d The Femur


Femur


Figure 7.15a The Patella

Anterior surface of the right patella

Base of patella

Attachment area

for quadriceps

tendon

Attachment area

for patellar

ligament

Apex of

patella


Figure 7.16a The Tibia and Fibula

Anterior views of the right tibia and fibula

Lateral tibial condyle

Medial tibial condyle

Head of fibula

Superior

tibiofibular joint

Tibial tuberosity

Head of fibula

Interosseous

border of fibula

Anterior margin

Shaft of fibula

Shaft of tibia

Interosseous

border of tibia

Interosseous

membrane

of the leg

Inferior

tibiofibular joint

Medial malleolus (tibia)

Inferior articular surface

Lateral

malleolus

(fibula)

Lateral

malleolus (fibula)



The Ankle and Foot

There are 7 tarsal bones that make up the

ankle.

The metatarsal bones (5) articulate with the

distal tarsal bones and make up the arches of

the foot.

The 14 phalanges of the foot make up the

toe bones.


Figure 7.17a Bones of the Ankle and Foot, Part I

Superior view of the bones of the right foot. Note the orientation of the tarsal bones that convey the weight of the body to both the heel and the plantar surfaces of the foot.

Distal phalanges

Middle phalanges

Proximal phalanges

Head of 1st metatarsal bone

Shaft of 1st metatarsal bone

Base of 1st metatarsal bone

Medial cuneiform bone

Intermediate cuneiform bone

Lateral cuneiform bone

Cuboid

Navicular

Trochlea of talus

Calcaneus


Foot


Individual Variation in the Skeletal System

• The skeleton can reveal important

information about an individual (See table

7.1 and 7.2)

• Information such as:

• Racial differences

• Medical history

• Body size

• Muscle mass

• Age

• Sex


Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 2)


Table 7.2 Age–Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 1 of 2)

dr. b ch 07_lecture_presentation

Documents

pearson education

thepectoral girdle

adult skeleton

pectoral girdlebones

actual axial skeleton

appendicular components

olecranon fossa

subscapularis fossa