1. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.11The Muscular System:AppendicularMusculaturePowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared bySteven BassettSoutheast Community CollegeLincoln, Nebraska

2. Introduction Appendicular Musculature Appendicular muscles are responsible for: Stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles Moving the upper and lower limbs 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 3. Introduction Appendicular Muscles Account for roughly 40 percent of the skeletalmuscles in the body Two major groups of appendicular muscles: The muscles of the pectoral girdle and upperlimbs The muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 4. Factors affecting appendicular muscles functionMuscles of the appendicular skeleton may cross one ormore joints between its origin and insertion.The position of the muscle as it crosses a joint helpsdetermine the action of that muscle.Complex actions often involve more than one joint ofappendicular skeleton.Muscles that cross only one joint typically act as primemovers; muscles that cross more than one jointtypically act as synergists. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 5. Figure 11.1 Diagram Illustrating the Insertion of the Biceps Brachii Muscle and the Brachioradialis MuscleBiceps brachii:torque andmovementBrachioradialis:movement and 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.stabilityElbow joint 6. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper LimbsMuscles associated with the pectoral girdle and upper limbs can be divided intofour groups: Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Rotator cuff: supraspinatous, infraspinatous, subscapularis and teresminor. Supraspinatous is located in the supraspinous fossa and assiststhe Deltoid muscle in arm abduction. Trapezius: covers most of the superficial area of the upper back. Muscles that move the arm Extensors: Triceps Brachii and ancuneous. Innervated by Radial nerve. Flexors: Brachialis, Brachioredialis, Biceps brachii Innervated mainly by musculocutaneous nerve. Brachioradialis isalso innervated by Radial nerve. Muscles that move the forearm and hand Muscles that move the hand and fingers 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 7. Figure 11.3 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part I 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.C1SUPERFICIAL DEEPTrapeziusDeltoidInfraspinatusTeres minorTeres majorSerratusanteriorLevatorscapulaeScapulaC7T12RhomboidminorRhomboidmajorTricepsbrachii 8. Figure 11.4 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle, Part IITrapeziusSubclaviusPectoralismajor (cut andreflected)PectoralisminorInternalintercostalsExternalintercostals 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.T12Levator scapulaePectoralisminor (cut)CoracobrachialisSerratusanteriorShortheadLongheadSerratus anteriorBicepsbrachii(insertion)Serratusanterior(origin)TrapeziusOriginInsertionSubclaviusPectoralismajorPectoralisminorBicepsbrachii,long headBicepsbrachii,short head 9. Figure 11.6a Muscles That Move the ArmSUPERFICIAL DEEPClavicleSternumDeltoidPectoralismajor 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.T12Anterior viewRibs (cut)SubscapularisCoracobrachialisTeres majorBiceps brachii,short headBiceps brachii,long head 10. Figure 11.6b Muscles That Move the ArmSUPERFICIAL DEEP 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Posterior viewVertebra T1SupraspinatusDeltoidLatissimusdorsiThoraco-lumbarfasciaSupraspinatusInfraspinatusTeres minorTeres majorTriceps brachii,long headTriceps brachii,lateral head 11. Figure 11.7b Action Lines for Muscles That Move the ArmAcromion ClavicleEntire deltoid:abduction atthe shoulderScapular deltoid:extension (shoulder)and lateral rotation(humerus)Triceps brachii:extension andadduction atthe shoulderAction lines of the biceps brachii muscle, triceps brachiimuscle, and the three parts of the deltoid muscle 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Clavicular deltoid:flexion (shoulder)and medial rotation(humerus)Biceps brachii:flexion atthe shoulderHumerus 12. Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Palmar carpalligamentSuperficial muscles of the rightupper limb, anterior viewCoracoid processof scapulaHumerusCoracobrachialisBiceps brachii,short headBiceps brachii,long headTriceps brachii,long headTriceps brachii,medial headBrachialisMedial epicondyleof humerusPronator teresBrachioradialisFlexor carpiradialisPalmarislongusFlexor carpiulnarisFlexor digitorumsuperficialisPronatorquadratusFlexorretinaculum 13. Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Infraglenoidtubercle ofscapulaTriceps brachii,long headTriceps brachii,lateral headBrachioradialisOlecranon of ulnaAnconeusExtensor carpiradialis longusExtensorcarpi ulnarisExtensor carpiradialis brevisAbductor pollicislongusExtensor pollicisbrevisFlexor carpiulnarisExtensordigitorumUlnaRadiusExtensorretinaculumA diagrammatic view of a dissectionof the superficial muscles 14. Figure 11.8f Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.SupinatorPronatorteresRadiusUlnaPronatorquadratusAnterior view of the deep musclesof the supinated forearm. See alsoFigures 7.6, 7.7, and 7.8. 15. Figure 11.8b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part I 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Palmar carpalligamentSuperficial muscles of the rightupper limb, anterior viewCoracoid processof scapulaHumerusCoracobrachialisBiceps brachii,short headBiceps brachii,long headTriceps brachii,long headTriceps brachii,medial headBrachialisMedial epicondyleof humerusPronator teresBrachioradialisFlexor carpiradialisPalmarislongusFlexor carpiulnarisFlexor digitorumsuperficialisPronatorquadratusFlexorretinaculum 16. Figure 11.9b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand, Part II 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Infraglenoidtubercle ofscapulaTriceps brachii,long headTriceps brachii,lateral headBrachioradialisOlecranon of ulnaAnconeusExtensor carpiradialis longusExtensorcarpi ulnarisExtensor carpiradialis brevisAbductor pollicislongusExtensor pollicisbrevisFlexor carpiulnarisExtensordigitorumUlnaRadiusExtensorretinaculumA diagrammatic view of a dissectionof the superficial muscles 17. Figure 11.10a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Triceps brachii,Biceps brachii medial headMedialepicondylePronatorteresFlexor carpiradialisPalmarislongusFlexor carpiulnarisPronatorquadratusFlexorretinaculumBrachialisBrachioradialisPalmar carpalligamentLATERAL MEDIALAnterior view showingsuperficial muscles of theright forearm 18. Figure 11.10b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Tendon ofbicepsbrachiiBrachioradialis(retracted)Median nervePronator teres (cut)Brachial arteryRadiusUlnaFlexor carpiulnaris (retracted)Flexor digitorumsuperficialisFlexor pollicislongusFlexor digitorumprofundusLATERAL MEDIALAnterior view of the middle layer ofmuscles. The flexor carpi radialismuscle and palmaris longus musclehave been removed. 19. Figure 11.10c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and FingersLATERAL MEDIAL 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.SupinatorBrachialisCut tendons offlexor digitorumsuperficialisFlexor digitorumprofundusFlexor pollicislongusPronatorquadratus(see Figure11.8f)Anterior view of the deep layer of muscles 20. Figure 11.10d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.MEDIAL LATERALPosterior view showing superficialmuscles of the right forearmTendon oftricepsOlecranonof ulnaAnconeusFlexor carpiulnarisUlnaExtensorretinaculumBiceps brachiiBrachioradialisExtensor carpiradialis longusExtensorcarpi ulnarisExtensor carpiradialis brevisExtensordigitorumAbductorpollicis longusExtensorpollicis brevis 21. Figure 11.10e Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Tendon ofextensorpollicis longusAnconeusExtensordigitorumExtensordigiti minimiAbductorpollicis longusExtensorpollicis brevisMEDIAL LATERALPosterior view of themiddle layer of muscles 22. Figure 11.10f Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.AnconeusSupinatorAbductorpollicis longusExtensorpollicis longusExtensor indicisExtensorpollicis brevisUlnaTendon ofextensordigiti minimi(cut)Tendon ofextensordigitorum(cut)RadiusMEDIAL LATERALPosterior view of the deeplayer of muscles. See alsoFigures 7.7, 7.8, and 11.9. 23. Figure 11.11d Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the HandSynovialsheathsLumbricalsPalmarinterosseusTendons of flexordigitorum (bothprofundus andsuperficialis)Opponens digitiminimiFlexor digitiminimi brevisPalmaris brevis (cut)Abductor digitiminimiFlexor retinaculum 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Anterior (palmar) viewTendon of flexorcarpi ulnarisTendon of flexordigitorum profundusTendon of flexordigitorum superficialisFirst dorsal interosseusTendon of flexorpollicis longusAdductorpollicisFlexor pollicisbrevisOpponenspollicisAbductor pollicisbrevisTendon ofpalmaris longusTendon offlexor carpi radialis 24. Figure 11.11a Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments of the Hand 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Posterior (dorsal) viewTendon ofextensordigiti minimiAbductordigiti minimiTendon ofextensorcarpi ulnarisExtensorretinaculumTendon ofextensor indicisFirst dorsalinterosseusmuscleTendon ofextensorpollicis longusTendon of extensorpollicis brevisTendon of extensorcarpi radialis longusTendon of extensorcarpi radialis brevis 25. Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs The muscles of the lower limbs are larger and more powerful than thoseof the upper limbs. These muscles can be divided into three groups: Muscles that move the thigh Adductors of thigh: adductor magnus, adductor lonus, adductorbrevis, gracilis. They are innervated by obturator nerve. Muscles that move the leg Knee extensors (Quadriceps Femoris): Rectus femoris, vastuslateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius. They areinnervated by Femoral nerve. Knee flexors (Hamstrings): Biceps femoris, semitendinosus,semimembranosus and sartorius. They are innervated by Sciaticnerve. Muscles that move the foot and toes 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 26. Figure 11.12a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part ISemitendinosus 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Posterior view of pelvis showing deepdissections of the gluteal muscles andlateral rotators. For a superficial view ofthe gluteal muscles, see Figures 11.2,11.16, and 11.17a.Gluteusmaximus(cut)SacrumPiriformisSuperiorgemellusObturatorinternusInferiorgemellusIschialtuberosityGracilisAdductormagnusBiceps femoris(long head)Iliac crestGluteus medius(cut)GluteusminimusTensor fasciaelataeGluteusmedius (cut)Greater trochanterof femurGluteus maximus(cut)QuadratusfemorisIliotibial tractAdductormagnus 27. Figure 11.13a Muscles That Move the Thigh, Part II 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Anterior view of the iliopsoasmuscle and the adductor groupIliopsoasPsoasmajorIliacusObturatorinternusAdductorbrevisAdductorlongusAdductormagnusGracilisPiriformisInguinalligamentObturatorexternusPectineusSartorius(see Table 11.7)L5 28. Figure 11.14a The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Iliopsoas:flexionGluteus mediusand minimus:abductionObturatorexternus:lateral rotationTensor fasciae latae:medial rotationAdductor longus:adduction andmedial rotationHamstring group:extensionExamples of several musclesthat have more than one actionline crossing the axis of the hip 29. Figure 11.14b The Relationships between the Action Lines and the Axis of the Hip Joint 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.AdductormagnusAction lines of the adductormagnus 30. Figure 11.15b Muscles That Move the Leg, Part I 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Anterior superioriliac spineFemoral nerveInguinal ligamentPubic tuberclePectineusTensor fasciae lataeFemoral veinFemoral arteryAdductor longusGracilisRectus femorisSartoriusVastus medialisQuadriceps tendonPatellaPatellar ligamentTibial tuberosityDiagrammatic anterior view of thesuperficial muscles of the right thighGluteusmediusIliacusIliotibialtract Vastus lateralis 31. Figure 11.17a Muscles That Move the Leg, Part III Iliac crest 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Gluteal aponeurosisover gluteus mediusTensor fasciaelataeGluteusmaximusAdductormagnusBicepsfemoris,long headGracilisSemitendinosusSemimembranosusIliotibialtractBiceps femoris,short headSemimembranosusSartoriusPopliteal artery (red)and vein (blue)Tibial nerveMedial headof gastrocnemiusLateral headof gastrocnemiusPosterior view of superficialmuscles of the right thigh 32. Figure 11.20a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part III 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.SUPERFICIAL DEEPPatellaIliotibialtractPatellarligamentTibialtuberosityFibulaFibularislongusTibialisanteriorTibiaExtensordigitorumlongusExtensorhallucislongusSuperior extensorretinaculumLateral malleolusInferior extensorretinaculumAnterior views showingsuperficial and deep musclesof the right leg 33. Figure 11.18a Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes, Part I 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.PlantarisPopliteusGastrocnemius,medial headSoleusGastrocnemius,lateral headSoleusGastrocnemius(cut and removed)CalcanealtendonCalcaneusSuperficial muscles of the posterior surface of the legs; theselarge muscles are primarily responsible for plantar flexion. 34. Figure 11.21a Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and ToesTendon offibularis brevisSuperior extensorretinaculumLateral malleolusof fibulaInferior extensorretinaculumTendons of extensordigitorum longus 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Medial malleolusof tibiaTendon oftibialis anteriorExtensor hallucisbrevisTendon of extensorhallucis longusAbductor hallucisTendon of extensorhallucis brevisExtensor expansionDorsal views of the right footDorsal interosseiTendons of extensordigitorum brevisFibularisbrevisSuperior extensorretinaculumLateral malleolusof fibulaInferior extensorretinaculumTendons of extensordigitorum longusDorsal interosseiTendons of extensordigitorum brevisMedial malleolusof tibiaTendon oftibialis anteriorTendon of extensorhallucis longusAbductor hallucisTendon of extensorhallucis brevisExtensor expansion 35. Figure 11.21d Intrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.LumbricalsTendons offlexor digitorumbrevis overlyingtendons of flexordigitorum longusFlexor digitiminimi brevisAbductordigiti minimiPlantaraponeurosis(cut)FibroustendonsheathsFlexorhallucisbrevisAbductorhallucisFlexordigitorumbrevisCalcaneusPlantar (inferior) view, superficial layerof the right foot 36. Fascia, Muscle Layers, and CompartmentsDense connective tissue layers provide astructural framework for the soft tissues of thebody.The connective tissue fibers of the deep fasciaesupport and interconnect adjacent skeletal musclesbut permit independent movement.The deep fascia extends between the bones andthe superficial fascia and separates the soft tissuesof the limb into separate compartments. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. 37. Figure 11.23c Musculoskeletal Compartments of the Lower Limb 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.Lateral CompartmentAnterior CompartmentSuperficial Posterior CompartmentDeep Posterior CompartmentHorizontal section throughproximal right legFibularis longusAnterior tibialartery and veinTibialis anteriorGastrocnemiusSoleusPosterior tibial arteryand veinTibialis posterior