drugs and consciousness
DESCRIPTION
Drugs and Consciousness. Drugs and Consciousness. Psychoactive Drugs: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods (affects consciousness). Dependence and Addiction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Drugs and ConsciousnessPsychoactive Drugs: A chemical
substance that alters perceptions and moods (affects consciousness).
![Page 3: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Dependence and AddictionContinued use of a psychoactive drug
produces tolerance. With repeated
exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater
quantities to get the desired effect.
![Page 5: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Withdrawal and Dependence1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a
drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.
2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).
![Page 6: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Misconceptions about AddictionAddiction is a craving for a chemical
substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological).
1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.
2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.
3. Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.
![Page 7: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive drugs are divided into three
groups.1. Depressants 2. Stimulants3. Hallucinoge
ns
![Page 8: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
DepressantsDepressants are drugs that reduce neural
activity and slow body functions. They include:
1. Alcohol 2. Barbiturat
es3. Opiates
![Page 9: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Alcohol1. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment,
and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.
Drinking and Driving
![Page 10: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stages of Alcohol Intoxication1. Subclinical (0.01-0.05)- Nearly normal behavior
2. Euphoria (0.03-0.12)- Mild euphoria, sociability, increased self-confidence; decreased inhibitionsdiminution of attention, judgment and control
3. Excitement (0.09-0.25)- Emotional instability; loss of critical judgment, impairment of perception, memory and comprehension, reduced visual acuity; peripheral vision and glare recovery, sensory-motor incoordination; impaired balance, drowsiness
![Page 11: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Stages of Alcohol Intoxication4. Confusion (0.18-0.30)- Disorientation, mental
confusion; dizziness, exaggerated emotional states, disturbances of vision and of perception of color, form, motion and dimensions, increased pain threshold, increased muscular in-coordination; staggering gait; slurred speech, apathy, lethargy
5. Stupor (0.25-0.40)- General inertia; approaching loss of motor functions, markedly decreased response to stimuli,marked muscular incoordination; inability to stand or walkvomiting; incontinence, impaired consciousness; sleep
![Page 12: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stages of Alcohol IntoxicationComa (0.35-0.50)- Complete
unconsciousness, depressed or abolished reflexes, subnormal body temperature, incontinence, impairment of circulation and respiration, possible death
Death (0.45 +)- Death from respiratory arrest
![Page 13: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
BAC CalculationsBAC Depends on:
1.# of Drinks
2.Type of Drink
3.Weight
4.Amount of Time Drinking
5.http://www.ou.edu/oupd/bac.htm
![Page 14: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
BarbituratesBarbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.
![Page 15: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Effects of Barbiturates on the BrainExact mechanisms not understood
Thought to bind to sodium channels on neurons and prevent the flow of sodium ions. Because sodium ions cannot flow across the neuronal membrane, action potentials cannot be produced.
May also increase flow of chloride ions affecting GABA
![Page 16: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Interesting Barbiturate Facts The barbiturate called sodium
pentothal is known as "truth serum." However, it really does NOT cause people to tell the truth. Rather, it may lower a person's inhibitions and make people more talkative.
Musician Jimi Hendrix died on September 18, 1970 of a barbiturate overdose. Marilyn Monroe also met the same fate.
![Page 17: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Opiates
3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.
![Page 18: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
OpiatesPlaces on neurons recognize opiates. These
receptors are located in parts of the brain important for breathing, pain, and emotions.
The brain manufactures its own opiates known as endorphins.
Long history of opium use in medical field
![Page 19: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Opiate HistoryImportant Dates in the History of Opiates1803 - Morphine was isolated from opium by Frederick
Serturner. 1832 - Codeine was extracted from opium. 1874 - Heroin was first produced from morphine.1898 - The Bayer Company introduced heroin as a substitute for morphine.1914 - Harrison Narcotic Act - Added a tax on opiate distribution.1922 - Narcotic Import and Export Act - Restricted the importation of crude opium except for medical use.1924 - Heroin Act - Made manufacture and possession of heroin illegal.1930 - Federal Bureau of Narcotics was created.1970 - Controlled Substances Act was passed - Divided drugs into categories, set regulations and penalties for narcotics.
![Page 20: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Heroin Effects on the Brain Stimulates a "pleasure system" in the brain
involving neurons in the midbrain that use the neurotransmitter called "dopamine."
Midbrain dopamine neurons project to the cerebral cortex causing the pleasurable effects of heroin and adding to the addictive power.
Other neurotransmitter systems, such as those related to endorphins also likely to be involved with withdrawal from and tolerance to heroin.
![Page 21: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Famous Opiate AbusersJohn Belushi (Death)Kurt Cobain (Death)Jerry Garcia (Death)Edgar Allen PoeMarilyn Monroe
(Death)Anna Nicole Smith
(Death)John Candy (Death)Ben FranklinRobert Downey Jr.
Boy GeorgeElvis Presley (Death)Jim Morrison (Death)Tom SizemoreSid Vicious (Death)Keith RichardsDJ AM (Death)Heath Ledger (Death)Chris Farley (Death)Janis Joplin (Death)
![Page 22: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
StimulantsStimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
1. Caffeine2. Nicotine3. Cocaine4. Ecstasy5. Amphetamines6. Methamphetami
nes
![Page 23: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Caffeine and NicotineCaffeine and nicotine increase heart and
breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.
![Page 24: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
AmphetaminesAmphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy
and mood changes, with devastating effects.
![Page 25: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Amphetamine Effects on BrainCause release of dopamine from axon
terminals. Block dopamine reuptake. Inhibit storage of dopamine in vesicles. Inhibit destruction of dopamine by enzymes. Actions result in more dopamine in the
synaptic cleft where it can act on receptors.
![Page 26: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Results of Amphetamine UseInsomnia, restlessness "Paranoid psychosis" Hallucinations Violent and aggressive behavior Weight loss Tremors
![Page 27: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Crystal MethHighly addictive amphetamine with effects
similar to cocaine.Synthetic (manmade) drug, manufactured
locally using pseudo-ephedrine (ingredient in cold medications), acetone, drain cleaner, lithium, iodine, paint thinner, kerosene.
Damage to the brain is similar to that caused by strokes or Alzheimer’s disease.
20% of people who use meth become dependent.
![Page 28: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
EcstasyEcstasy or (MDMA) -
Stimulant and mild hallucinogen.
Produces euphoric high Can damage serotonin-
producing neurons, resulting in permanent
deflation of mood and impairment of memory.
![Page 29: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
CocaineCocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a
crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.
![Page 31: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Long Term Effects of CocaineDizziness Headache Movement problems Anxiety Insomnia Depression Hallucinations
![Page 32: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs
that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the
absence of sensory input.
![Page 33: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
LSD1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide)-
chemical that alters a user's mood, thoughts or perceptions.
2. Thought that effects of LSD caused by stimulation of serotonin receptors on neurons in brain area called the raphe nuclei. Not clear what produces all the effects of LSD.
3. Mandatory 5 year sentence for possession of 1 gram.
![Page 34: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Effects of LSDFeelings of "strangeness" Vivid colors Hallucinations Confusion, panic, psychosis, anxiety Emotional reactions like fear, happiness or
sadness Distortion of the senses and of time and space "Flashback" reactions - these are the effects of
LSD that occur even after the user has not taken LSD for months or even years.
Increases in heart rate and blood pressure Chills Muscle weakness
![Page 35: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
MushroomsPsilocybin Mushrooms: produce s yawning,
inability to concentrate, restlessness, increased heart rate, and hallucinations (visual and auditory
Amanita Muscaria: produces feelings of euphoria, hallucinations, muscle jerks, drowsiness, sweating, pupil dilation, and increased body temperature. Toxic to kidneys and liver.
![Page 36: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mushrooms Effects on BrainChemical structure similar to serotonin
Primary effect of psilocin is on seratonin receptors.
Reduces reuptake of serotonin by neurons .
Muscimol activates GABA receptors on neurons- inhibitory system
![Page 37: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
MushroomsIdentification of hallucinogenic mushrooms can
be difficult because they look similar to toxic, deadly mushrooms.
Mushrooms bought from dealers may be contaminated with drugs such as LSD or PCP
In 1998 in the United States, 9,839 cases of mushroom poisoning were reported by poison centers
"All mushrooms are edible, but some only once."-- Croatian Proverb
![Page 38: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
PCPPhencyclidine- affects multiple neurotransmitter
systems in the brain: inhibits reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and inhibits action of glutamate.
Dissociative anesthetic because users appear to be "disconnected" from their environment: they know where they are, but they do not feel as if they are part of it = violent/aggressive behavior
Can act like many other classes of drugs depending on user and administration
![Page 39: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CannabinoidsMarijuana (Cannabis sativa)
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
![Page 40: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Marijuana Effects on BrainTHC acts on cannabinoid receptors on
neurons in brain.
Brain areas involved in memory, concentration, perception, movement.
Impairs with normal functioning of these areas of the brain.
![Page 41: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Marijuana Effects on the BrainAnandamide is the brain's own THC (just like
"endorphin" is the brain's own morphine).
THC can affect two neurotransmitters: norepinephrine and dopamine. Serotonin and GABA levels may also be altered.
![Page 42: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Addiction/Death?Addiction is controversial. Also controversial is whether marijuana
causes long-term mental abnormalities. Future research needed.NO documented cases of a fatal overdose
produced by marijuana. High level of tar and other chemicals in
marijuana; smoking marijuana increases the chances of lung problems and cancer later in life.
![Page 43: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
How long does marijuana stay?Marijuana can be detected in urine, blood,
saliva, and hair follicles.
Depends on how much a person has smoked, how long a person has smoked for, and the method used to detect THC.
The half-life of THC is about 24 hours. However, the metabolites of THC can be detected for 45 to 60 days after the last use.
![Page 44: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Drug UseThe graph below shows the percentage of
US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine
from the 70s to the late 90s.
![Page 45: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Influences on Drug UseThe use of drugs is based on biological,
psychological, and social-cultural influences.
![Page 46: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Marijuana UseThe use of marijuana in teenagers is directly related to the “perceived risk”
involved with the drug.
![Page 47: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Near-Death ExperiencesAfter a close brush with
death, many people report an experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the
influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at
the center of their field of vision.
![Page 48: Drugs and Consciousness](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081603/56814722550346895db45723/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Mind-Body ProblemNear-death experiences raise the mind-body
issue. Can the mind survive the dying body?
1. Dualism: Dualists believe that mind (non-physical) and body (physical) are two distinct entities that interact.
2. Monism: Monists believe that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.