dung beetle solutions - barossa improved grazing …dung beetles in perspective over 9,000 species...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Dr Bernard Doube
Harnessing the potential of soil biology:Dung beetle benefits
Dung Beetle Solutions International
![Page 2: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Dung beetle books
• Dung Down Under: only $25 today
• Horse Dung Down Under: coming soon
• Dung Beetle Field guide: buy from CSIRO**
• Lucky number 1-100
** https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/7207/
![Page 3: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Pre history2. Benefits 3. Control of gut worms4. Two new spring-active species5. Biochar
Today
![Page 4: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Australian megafauna > 45 kg26,000 – 15,000 years ago
![Page 5: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1788: Governor Phillip
◼ 5 cows, 2 bull
◼ 7 horses
◼ 60 sheep
◼ A new pasture ecosystem
![Page 6: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The past 200 years:A new pasture ecosystem
◼ New mammals – cattle, horses etc.
◼ New gut parasites
◼ New grasses
◼ New legumes
◼ Cleared woodland = new grasslands
◼ New soil organisms
◼ Earthworms
◼ Microbes – rhizobia
But only native dung beetles
![Page 7: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dung beetles in perspective
◼ Over 9,000 species worldwide
◼ Over 400 native species in Australia
◼ Only a few use domestic stock dung
![Page 8: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Exotic dung beetles
CSIRO Dung Beetle ProgramsNo. of species
◼ 1968-1989
◼ Released and established 23
◼ Released not established 20 (incl. O. vacca)
◼ Never released 12
◼ 1992-1995
◼ Released not established 1
◼ Never released 3 (incl. B. bubalus)
◼ 2012-2019
◼ Released 2 (B. bubalus, O. vacca)
![Page 9: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CSIRO introduced exotic dung beetles to Australia
![Page 10: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Species distribution
Onthophagus gazella (summer rainfall sp.)
Onthophagus taurus(Mediterranean climate sp.)
![Page 11: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
CSIRO dung programs: outcomes
Australia inturdby beetles
After 5 days: subsoil at surface
After 2 weeks: much dung
burial
![Page 12: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Dung beetles in Australia
◼ Pest control◼ Fly control
◼ Gut parasite control
◼ Production benefits◼ Earthworms & soil structure
◼ Plant roots
◼ Plant nutrients
◼ Water
◼ C-storage in soils
![Page 13: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dung beetles in Australia
◼ Pest control◼ Fly control
◼ Gut parasite control
◼ Production benefits◼ Earthworms & soil structure
◼ Plant roots
◼ Plant nutrients
◼ Water
◼ C-storage in soils
![Page 14: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The 1970s:Manybush flies,no effective dung beetles
![Page 15: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dung beetles in Australia
◼ Pest control◼ Fly control
◼ Gut parasite control
◼ Production benefits◼ Earthworms & soil structure
◼ Plant roots
◼ Plant nutrients
◼ Water
◼ Carbon storage in soils
![Page 16: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pre-war agriculture
![Page 17: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Modern stock management:1950 to 2010
The post-war revolution: Ag-vet chemicals
◼ Antibiotics to control bacterial disease
◼ Vaccines to control viral diseases
◼ Chemicals to control gut parasites
◼ Chemicals to control lice and other pests
◼ Chemicals to control pasture pests
![Page 18: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Professor Julian Cribb’s2014 book
Why not reduce our use of chemicals?
![Page 19: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Not all stock get de-wormed
![Page 20: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Gut worm life cycle
◼ Adults live in the gut
◼ Eggs are shed in dung
◼ Eggs hatch into larvae
◼ Three larval stages
◼ 3LL stage is the infective stage
![Page 21: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Controlling gut worms
◼ Drenches and pastes
◼ Natural immunity
◼ Pasture spelling
◼ Cross-grazing
◼ Dung beetles
◼ Pathogens
![Page 22: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Drenches and pastes:
Consider your dung beetles when using parasiticides◼ Mectins – most kill dung beetles◼ ‘White’ drenches: BZ or benzimidazole◼ ‘Clear’ drenches: LV eg levamisole◼ Many others
Toxic mectins: IvermectinDoramectinEprinomectin
Beetle-friendly: Moxidectin: EQUESTCYDECTIN, MOXIMAX
![Page 23: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Natural immunity
◼ Millennia of co-evolution
◼ Effective immunity to gut worms
◼ Little or no animal damage
◼ Low parasite numbers stimulate resistance
◼ No parasites == no resistance
◼ Exceptions – young, the sick and the old
![Page 24: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Integrated Parasite Management
Which horses need treatment?
◼ Faecal egg counts
◼ Coat and general condition
◼ Foals, the sick and the old
◼ Reduced cost of chemicals
◼ Slows development of resistance
![Page 25: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pasture spelling
Pasture spelling intervals
◼ Summer: a few weeks
◼ Winter: many weeks
Infective parasite larvae crawl up a grass stem◼ Summer
◼ One week before infective 3LL leave the dung pad
◼ Winter
◼ Some to many weeks before 3LL leave the dung pad
![Page 26: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cross-grazing
![Page 27: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dung burial kills the infective stages
◼ dung beetle activity
◼ kills worms when pads dry out
◼ kills worms that are buried with the dung
Dung beetles control gut worms
![Page 28: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dung beetles control gut worms
◼ Sheep: No. of infective 3LL
◼ Surface dung many
◼ Manual burial many more
◼ Burial by beetles noneResearch by Dung Beetle Express N-NSW
![Page 29: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Dung beetles in Australia
◼ Pest control◼ Fly control
◼ Gut parasite control
◼ Production benefits◼ Earthworms & soil structure
◼ Plant roots
◼ Plant nutrients
◼ Water
◼ C-storage in soils
![Page 30: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Soil health: earthworms
Earthworm casts deep in the soil
Earthworm followed the tunnel down
![Page 31: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Soil health: roots into the subsoil
![Page 32: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Benefits: water infiltration into soil
Feeding tunnels of Bubas bison at Bool Lagoon, SA
640 exit tunnels
![Page 33: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Water infiltration into soil
Measuring time for 50 mm to soak in
![Page 34: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pasture production
Cumulative pasture production (tonnes DM/ha)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jan-00 Jun-04 Oct-04 Jan-05 Aug-05 Oct 05 Jan 06 Aug 06
Dung+beetles
Dung only
Controls
Kuitpo, South Australia
![Page 35: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Recent national projects
• CSIRO-MLA Project 2012-2017Introduced 2 new spring-active species
• New DBEE program 2017-2021Will introduce 3+ new species
![Page 36: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
DBEE program: 2017-2021
◼ $23 m over 5 years
◼ 10 partners
◼ Breed and redistribute spring species
◼ Define gaps in dung burial
◼ Import three new species
◼ Extensive outreach program
◼ $ value on dung beetle benefits
![Page 37: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dung Beetle Ecosystem EngineersNew national program
Theme 3: Beetle distribution• 300 new releases across southern Australia
• Mass rearing of beetles for release
• Selection of release sites:• CLIMEX• Habitat suitability
• Release and monitoring on-farm nurseries
![Page 38: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CSIRO-MLA Projects 2012-2022
Onthophagus vacca and Bubas bubalusWhy choose these species?They are spring-active
• Bushfly control• Improved soil health• Improved pasture growth• Biological control of gut parasites
![Page 39: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Bubas bubalus distribution(with Bubas bison)
Europe Australia
Source: Wright et al. 2015, Importation of 2 winter-spring active dung beetles for southern Australia, Final report of Project B.ERM.0213, Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney.
![Page 40: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Onthophagus vacca distribution
Europe Australia
Source: Wright et al. 2015, Importation of 2 winter-spring active dung beetles for southern Australia, Final report of Project B.ERM.0213, Meat and Livestock Australia, Sydney.
![Page 41: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Boasting
![Page 42: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
O.vacca 2014-2018
Strathalbyn SA• 2014 65 beetles• 2015 440 beetles• 2016 5,600 beetles• 2017 13,000 beetles• 2018 large numbers
• 2017 national releases (n = 9)• 2,000 WA field• 1,400 Vic field• 1,750 SA field (Mark Higgins)• 2,700 NSW field nursery• 2,300 WA field nursery
![Page 43: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Onthophagus vacca 2017
Field + cage releases Mitta Valley Vic
![Page 44: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Field trialsOn farm-nurseries for O. vacca
![Page 45: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Field trialsOn farm-nurseries for O. vacca
![Page 46: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Winter-active beetles: Bubas bison
◼ Before 2002 none
◼ Winter 2002 and 2003 30 colonies
◼ Winter 2007 survey
◼ Winter 2015 survey
◼ Winter 2017 20 colonies
◼ Spring 2017 survey
◼ Winter 2018 survey
◼ Winter 2019 re-survey?
Fleurieu dung beetlesA model of Barossa Valley LCG
![Page 47: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
◼ Winter 2007 3-4 years
◼ B. bison established but had not spread
◼ Winter 2015 11-12 years
◼ Complete coverage except Echunga + Birdwood
◼ Winter 2017 beetles released into gaps
◼ Winter 2018 1 year established
Fleurieu dung beetlesRole of AML NRM: Bubas bison
![Page 48: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Winter survey
![Page 50: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Bubas bison release strategy
◼ 1,000 beetles per release 2017
◼ 6-fold increase in 2018
◼ 2,000 beetles per release 2017
◼ 19-fold increase in 2018
Fleurieu dung beetles
![Page 51: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Biochar
![Page 52: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Kontiki biochar kiln
![Page 55: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
A unique thermo-chemical profile for production of char, gas and water products
The Continuous Biomass Converter (CBC)
Four functions in one reactor:
1. dewatering
2. char making
3. tar cracking
4. gas scrubbing
Continuous, automatic operations
Consistent products
High efficiency
Modular design
Patented
![Page 56: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Building-frame waste for CBC processing
Summerhill Waste Management Centre
![Page 57: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Biochar fed to cattleincreases weight gainreduces methane productionincreases soil carbon
![Page 58: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Cattle love eating biochar
![Page 59: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Thank you for listening
Questions?
![Page 60: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
◼
Dr Bernard Doube
![Page 61: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Worst types of gut worm
◼ Large blood worms
◼ Small blood worms
◼ Strongyles
◼ Tapeworms
![Page 62: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Seasonal cyst cycle-- small blood worms
Larvae form cyst in the gut wall
◼ Australia, dry summer - Armidale
◼ Encyst in spring, emerge autumn
◼ Australia, even rainfall - Coffs Harbour
◼ Remain active throughout the year
![Page 63: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Release of larvae from cysts
Mediterranean dry summers
◼ Cysts – autumn release
Implications for
◼ Chemical control
◼ Pasture spelling
◼ Dung beetles
![Page 64: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Integrated Parasite Management
◼ How to control gut parasites
◼ Drenches and pastes
◼ Natural immunity to parasites
◼ Pasture spelling
◼ Dung beetles
◼ Cross grazing
![Page 65: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Natural immunity
◼ millennia of co-evolution
◼ effective immunity to gut worms
◼ little or no damage
◼ low parasite numbers stimulate resistance
◼ no parasites == no resistance
◼ Exceptions- foals, the sick and the old
![Page 66: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Integrated Parasite management
◼ Natural control
◼ What kills infective larvae?
◼ Pasture spelling – seasonal
◼ Dung beetles- seasonal activity
◼ Cross grazing
![Page 67: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Integrated Parasite Management
long term sustainability
◼ Quality food, water, shelter exercise
◼ Controlling parasites and pathogens
◼ Managing chemical resistance
◼ Managing pastures
◼ Managing dung beetles
![Page 68: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Integrated Parasite Management
◼ Benefits
◼ Healthy horses: few chemicals
◼ Natural control of parasites
◼ Reduced cost of chemicals
◼ Slows development of resistance
◼ Stops poisoning the environment
◼ Dung beetles improve pastures
![Page 69: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
New Fact SheetsNew WebsiteGo to HorseSA Website
Fact Sheet 1: Pests & parasites, horse health and soil healthFact Sheet 2: Horses on small propertiesFact Sheet 3: Dung beetles, gut parasites and vet chemicalsFact Sheet 4: Gut parasites and the threat of resistanceFact Sheet 5: Managing pasture pestsFact Sheet 6: Pests of horses: integrated managementFact Sheet 7: Manure managementFact Sheet 8: Threats to dung beetles
![Page 70: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Controlling gut worms
◼ Drenches and pastes
◼ Natural immunity
◼ Pasture spelling
◼ Cross-grazing
◼ Dung beetles
◼ Pathogens
![Page 71: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Integrated Holistic ManagementBack to gut parasites
◼ Gut parasites of horses
◼ 9 main groups
◼ Drenches and pastes – how often
◼ Are chemicals really necessary?
![Page 72: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Integrated Holistic ManagementMessage
◼ Reduce reliance on chemicals
◼ for control of gut worms
◼ for control of pasture pests
◼ for pasture production
◼ Increase reliance on natural processes
◼ natural immunity to parasites
◼ biocontrol of pasture pests
◼ dung beetles
![Page 73: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Integrated Holistic ManagementMessage
◼ Reduced reliance on chemicals
◼ Increased reliance on natural processes
◼ Benefits
◼ save money on chemicals
◼ don’t poison the environment
◼ natural control of pests and disease
◼ increased biodiversity
![Page 74: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Challenge:Maintain stock horse health
![Page 75: Dung Beetle Solutions - Barossa Improved Grazing …Dung beetles in perspective Over 9,000 species worldwide Over 400 native species in Australia Only a few use domestic stock dung](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022060406/5f0f8a0f7e708231d444aa46/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Maintain good horse health
◼ Quality food, water, shelter, exercise
◼ 1. Control parasites
◼ 2. Manage chemical resistance
◼ 3. Manage pastures
◼ 4. Manage dung beetles