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ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD

EMERGING TREND REPORT



ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD

EMERGING TREND REPORT

Prepared for

Candace Van Apeldoorn

Instructor, CMPS 234

Gayleen Hurl

Instructor, COMM256

Southern Alberta Institute of Technology

Prepared by

Darren Jones – Student, ITNS

Kazutomo Kudo – Student, ITSD

Mohammad Afzal – Student, ITCS

Salim Cheriet – Student, ITNS

November 29, 2007



One Laptop Per Child Emerging Trend Report

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ivIntroduction ......................................................................................................................................1

Background ............................................................................................................................................ ...... ...... ........1Scope ..........................................................................................................................................................................1Definition and Description ........................................................................................................................................ .1Preview of the report ..................................................................................................................................................2

Political Impacts ...............................................................................................................................3The First E-Government............................................................................................................................................. 3The New Political Economy of One Laptop Per Child ..............................................................................................4The war of words ........................................................................................................................................................5

Economical Impacts .......................................................................................................................7OLPC Give One, Get One (G1G1) Program ..............................................................................................................7Mass Production of OLPC Laptops ............................................................................................................. ...... ........9India Rejected OLPC ................................................................................................................................................11

Educational Impacts .......................................................................................................................12

Ban Samkha in Thailand in June 2007 .....................................................................................................................12School Galadima in Nigeria ....................................................................................................................................13Apostle Santiago Educational Institute in Arahuay in Peru .....................................................................................13

Recommendations ..........................................................................................................................16References ......................................................................................................................................17

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Table of IllustrationsFigure 1: The XO Laptop [3]...........................................................................................................2Figure 2: Published costs in educational institutions by student, 2001 [7]......................................4Figure 3: XO vs. the Classmate [14]................................................................................................6Figure 4: Breakdown of the manufacturing cost of the $100 laptop [19]........................................8

Figure 5: XO laptop production line at Quanta manufacturing, China [20]....................................9Figure 6: Students taking pictures of local vegetables, mushrooms and herbs with XOs [26].....13Figure 7: Nigerian students with their new laptops [27]..............................................................13

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In January 2005 the MIT Media Lab launched a new research plan to develop a $100 laptop for the purpose of improving the educational situation in the third world countries. In order toachieve this goal, a new, non-profit organization called One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) wascreated, which is independent of MIT. This report is focused on impacts in three cultural areasthat the OLPC project is involved in, specifically political, economical and educational fields.For the limited space and time, its aspects other then these three fields, such as its mission andhistory, are excluded from the report. Although positive effects from the OLPC project in thethird world are expected, there are couple potential risks such as:

• Unjustifiable expenditure for small education budgets

• Internal conflict with rival companies

• Too much reliance on donations

• Lack of concrete orders

• Increasing cost• Negative effect on learning

• Laptop theft

By researching many websites, this report recommends the following solutions to these risks:

• Increase educational spending by $40 per year per student over a period of five years

• Find other ways to improve technically and commercially the product to convince more

governments in the developing countries to order more laptops.

• Implement sophisticated education programs and instructor training for use with the XO

laptop.• Create fair guidelines and clear rules to control the distribution process

• Implement new useful and attractive APIs for the laptop to avoid software fees and cut

down the cost.

• Keep the Give 1 Get 1 program going as it is a massive source of income.

Once governments and OLPC implement these solutions, the laptop will be more affordable, andwill be able to give maximum contribution to improve the educational situation in the third worldcountries.

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INTRODUCTIONThis report examines the XO laptop as an emerging technology, considering the political,economical, and educational impacts as well as the risks and benefits associated with them.

BackgroundThis report is being done in the first semester of Information Technology for two classes,

COMM 256 and CMPS234. The Specific topic was picked because all the individuals involvedin this report are from different backgrounds and countries and One Laptop Per Child has beenlaunched internationally to bring education to every race.

ScopeThis report only focuses on the XO laptop considering three areas of cultural impact, political,economical and educational, and the risks and benefits associated with them. It excludes other similar laptops in the market (Intel Classmate).

Definition and DescriptionIn January 2005 the MIT Media Lab launched a new research plan to develop a $100 laptop, a

technology that could change how children are educated in the world. To achieve this goal, anew, non-profit association, One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), was created, which is independent of MIT.

The mission of this project is to provide children around the world with new opportunities toexplore experiment and express themselves. The basic goal is to provide children better education in third world countries [1].“It's an education project, not a laptop project.” Nicholas Negroponte [1]

Technical Specifications according to OLPC Wiki

Processor & core system

• AMD LX700 CPU (433 MHz) with integrated Graphics Processing Unit• 256 MB DDR SDRAM system memory chip, running at 333MHz

Storage

• 1 GB of NAND Flash memory on motherboard

• 1 MB of serial Flash memory provided separately for firmware

• Expandable through a single SD/MMC memory module socket

Audio

• AC’97 audio subsystem

• Internal stereo speakers and amplifier

• Internal mono. microphone

• Jack for external stereo headphone• Jack for external mono. microphone, sensor, or switch

Display

• 7.5in (19 cm) LCD, 1200x900 (200dpi)

• Viewing area: 152.4 mm x 114.3 mm; 6 in x 4.5 in

• Sunlight readable

Camera module

• Integrated color video camera

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• 640 x 480 resolution

Wireless Networking

• Integrated IEEE 802.11/b/g (2.4 GHz) wireless networking interface

• Mesh networking (variant of 802.11s) supported

• Capable of mesh operation when CPU is powered down

• Dual antennas integrated into laptop

Expansion Ports

• Three external USB 2.0 ports provided

Other specs

• Water and dust proof 80+ key rubber keyboard

• DC power input, from 11V to 18V, internally limited to 15W draw

• Power can be generated by multiple manual means

• Weight less than 1.5kg [2]

Figure 1: The XO Laptop [3]

Preview of the reportThis Report covers the political, educational and economical aspects of OLPC and the risks and benefits associated with each of them.

The political areas cover the following

• The first E-Government

• The new political Economy of OLPC

• The war of words

The economical areas cover the following• Give One Get One program

• Mass production Of OLPC laptops

• India Ministry Rejection

The educational areas cover the following

• Ban Samkha in Thailand in June 2007

• School Galadima in Nigeria

• Apostle Santiago Educational Institute in Arahuay in Peru

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POLITICAL IMPACTS

This section will examine the XO laptop’s effect on the political realm of countries andcorporations using three examples and the benefits and risks of each.

The First E-GovernmentIn a plan supported by the UN Development Programme, Libya will acquire 1.2 millioncomputers with internet connection through the One Laptop Per Child program and plans oneventually providing every school-age child in the country with one.Col Gadafy's son, Saif al-Islam, has talked of turning the country into the first "e-democracy",with citizens participating electronically in government decision-making.His plans involve wiring-up the country with optical fibres, mobile networks and computers inevery home to help create an “electronic government” [4].

BenefitsAn e-democracy refers to the use of electronic communications technologies, such as the

Internet, to enhance democratic processes [5].Ideally an e-democracy would make getting involved in government decision making open toanyone with computer and internet access.Some of the benefits of this are.

• Better policies which are closer to the opinions of the people

• Increased transparency and accountability

• Increase in political interest

• Increase in voter participation through online voting and polls

With the plans to give every school-age child in the country a laptop and internet access, Libyacould become, ironically, the most effectively run government in the world.

RisksOne major problem which needs to be overcome for the e-democracy to be a success is that of citizen identification.For secure elections and other secure citizen-to-government interactions, citizens must havesome form of identification that preserves privacy and maybe also one which could be used inInternet forums. They need to allow anonymous posting while at the same time giving moderator status to specific users.

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The New Political Economy of One Laptop Per ChildLuis Ramirez is a member of the committee in charge of OLPC Chile campaign. In hisexperience showing around the computer to government officers and politicians in Chile he’slearnt that the XO is an exciting prospect to them. “Wow, this is amazing! When is it going to beready, and how can we buy it?” Until now, the second part of the answer, an order of 1 millionunits, was the end of the conversation [6].

In the year 2004 Peru spent over 110 million dollars in goods and services for schools, includingeducational equipment such as computers, as cited by Ramirez. In the previous OLPC scenario, 1million XOs meant spending more than the whole budget for goods and services on just one item[6].

The following chart shows the average expenditure per student in the primary education sector across several developing nations. For many of them the current price of $188 would take up alarge portion of their current spending for students.

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

D o

l l a r s

C h i l e

A r g e n t i n a

M a l a s i a

U r u g u a y

B r a s i l

P a r a g u a y

P h i l i p i n e s

I n d i a

P e r u

Published costs in educational institutions by

student, 2001

Primary Education

Figure 2: Published costs in educational institutions by student, 2001 [7]

“The success of the whole OLPC endeavour -at least at this stage- is not about softwareor hardware. It is about politics [6].” - Luis Ramirez

Benefit

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The benefits of buying the laptops for children are big. Nicholas Negroponte stated in a 2006TED talk, “Everyone agrees that whatever the solutions are to the big problems they includeeducation, sometimes can be just education, and can never be without some element of education[8].”

The big problems in developing countries are.

•

Poverty• Peace

• Environment

When students are given laptops, school attendance increases by as much as 50% [9].

RiskPossibly the biggest criticism of the OLPC project is that it is a poor usage of government fundsand it could be put to better use.Marthe Dansokho from Cameroon says it could be better used to build schools and get cleandrinking water [10], [11].

John Wood, founder of the non-profit organization Room to Read, stated that using localmanpower and donated land they could build a school for $10,000 or a library for $2,000 whichwould serve 300 children [12].

The war of wordsThis example shows off some of the corporate politics that goes on around the XO.

In a class in Mexico, Intel gave every student a 'Classmate' which Negroponte believes is part of

an effort to kill him off.Chip-maker Intel "should be ashamed of itself" for efforts to undermine the $100 laptopinitiative, according to its founder Nicholas Negroponte.He accused Intel of marketing its own low-cost laptop - the Classmate - below cost to drive himout of business. Professor Negroponte, who says his mission is to get computers to every child inthe world, said Intel had hurt his mission "enormously".Intel’s chairman, Craig Barrett, calls the idea “crazy”. He claims they are trying to bringcapability to young people [9], [13].

Figure 3 shows the XO (left) beside the Classmate (right)

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Figure 3: XO vs. the Classmate [14]

Intel has since been allowed to sit on the board of directors and has invested money into the project. However, while Intel and OLPC are partners they continue to be rivals in themarketplace with competing laptops [15].

BenefitsThe pressure from Intel has made OLPC see reality when it comes to developing countrygovernments. Gone is Negroponte's around only dealing with heads of state and only for onemillion unit orders. He is now more open to different stakeholders and more manageable laptoplots.

If Negroponte is telling the truth and Intel's ulterior motive is to under price their Classmate is itsown long-term "benefit" for the sake of market share, the only true winners are the kids, therecipients of those computers.

RisksThe major risk for the OLPC program is in letting Intel join them. Intel's motivations will have alarge impact on the outcome. Are they there to invest in it or are they their just because AMD isinvolved and they want to ruin the competition?Wayan Vota on OLPC News stated that “Intel sees the OLPC demographic as a sales market, nota philanthropic mission, as any big corporation should [16].”

Intel will invest in OLPC to become the main chip supplier for developing world computers,squashing any other competition, and not always with better technology. And that may be theworst result of the Intel + OLPC agreement, a decrease in technology competition [16].

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ECONOMICAL IMPACTS

This section will explore the $100 laptop’s economical impact. Three examples will be examinedin terms of benefits and risks.

OLPC Give One, Get One (G1G1) ProgramOn November 12, 2007 the OLPC Foundation launched the Give One Get One program for individuals in the USA and Canada to support the OLPC Organization by paying USD $399 for two XO laptops. The buyer gets one laptop and the other is given to a child in the developingworld. The donated laptops will go to children in such countries as Afghanistan, Cambodia,Haiti, Mongolia and Rwanda [17], [18].

"The idea is to help feed programs in the least developed countries and broaden the communityof engagement," said Walter Bender, president of software and content for OLPC. By putting thelaptops in the hands of people in North America, the group hopes to persuade more people to

contribute content or other developments to the project, he said [17].

Mass production of the laptops is scheduled for October 2007, with the first units shipped to kidsaround the world in early November. This program will produce 40,000 units and production willquickly double and triple that capacity to meet demand [17], [18].

Benefit“In the past 10 days, we’ve experienced an outpouring of support from the public that is trulygratifying and encouraging,” said Nicholas Negroponte, founder and chairman of One Laptop

per Child. “Because so many people have asked for more time to participate either individuallyor in order to organize local and national groups to which they belong, we have decided toextend Give One Get One through the end of this year. During this extended period we willsolicit input and transition to a program of giving only at the beginning of 2008. We want asmany people as possible to have the opportunity to act upon the giving spirit of the holidayseason.” [17]$200 of the Give One Get One contribution is tax deductible as a charitable donation. Give OneGet One donors also get access to one year of complimentary T-Mobile HotSpot Wi-Fi access,which is available at more than 8,500 locations throughout the United States. In addition, XOlaptops can be purchased for educational purposes and in quantities of 100-999 at $299 each,1000-9999 at $249 each, and 10,000 and up at $199 each. To date, donations to the Give One Get

One program have averaged USD $2 million per day [18].

7




RiskThe original plan for the OLPC project was to create a laptop that would cost $100 in order to beaffordable for children in the developing countries. But more recently the price has been raisedcloser to $190(figure 2). The $400 deal for two laptops includes some cost savings by sendingone of the laptops abroad. The risk will be if the OLPC foundation doesn’t have the right number

of orders to launch and keep producing this laptop in large scale. Hence this Give One Get One program that has been extended until the end of this year. This program could run for another extended period to pad the lack of orders once again which could derail the whole project fromits original aim ( the children in the third world ).

Figure 4: Breakdown of the manufacturing cost of the $100 laptop [19]

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Mass Production of OLPC Laptops

According to the article published on Businesswire.com , the mass production of therevolutionary XO laptop computer began November 5th, 2007 at Quanta Computer’smanufacturing facility in Changshu, China as shown in figure 1 [20].

Figure 5: XO laptop production line at Quanta manufacturing, China [20]

Quanta Computer, the world’s largest notebook computer manufacturer based in Taiwan, hasrecently doubled its manufacturing capacity for an eventual mass production of the OLPCnotebook. Quanta started mass production already in its giant new Changshu manufacturingcenter, two hours northwest of Shanghai. The XO laptop units produced will increase in the near future taking full use of the newly available capacity in the Changshu plant [20].

“We are very proud to be a partner of One Laptop per Child and to start volume manufacturingof the highly innovative XO laptop,” said C.C. Leung, Vice Chairman and President of QuantaComputer. “We believe that the XO laptop will have a transformative power on the future of developing nations [20], [21].”

“Today represents an important milestone in the evolution of the One Laptop per Child project,”said Nicholas Negroponte, founder and chairman of One Laptop per Child. “Against all thenaysayer’s and thanks to great partners such as Quanta, we have developed and nowmanufactured the world’s most advanced and greenest laptop and one designed specifically toinstill a passion for learning in children [20], [21].”

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BenefitThe company (Quanta) expects to ship 5 million to 10 million of the laptops next year, and saidorders to Argentina, Brazil, Libya, Nigeria and Thailand have been confirmed [21].

“We have received orders to manufacture 100-dollar laptops for Libya, Nigeria, Argentina, Braziland Thailand. Production and shipment will begin in the second quarter next year,” Quanta

deputy spokesman Lin Chun-chieh told Deutsche Presse-Agentur dpa [21].

Some press reports said the order for Libya alone is 1.2 million laptops which represent 250million US dollars [4], [21].

Even though the OLPC will be produced at a low cost, the company will still make profits as itwill run on a Linux platform instead of Windows which means no licensing fees [21].

Risk

The OLPC project could be a great idea. Providing a laptop for only $100 to children indeveloping countries sounds like a bargain to the western world; however that's not the case incountries where these computers are targeted for. For many, $100 is still their life’s savings. Sowho will actually pay for these laptops, and how?

“You can sell a low-cost PC at $100 today or even $50 the next day but ... is it cheap enough or is it affordable enough?” said Lillian Tay, a principal analyst at Gartner Inc. in Singapore [22].

Indonesia, for example, is one of the world's largest developing countries with a population of 235 million. To buy laptops for all 40 million students at a price of $188, which is the currentcost just for the laptop not including support costs or internet access, would cost $7.5 billion.

More than three times more than the money set aside for Indonesia's 12-year education programin the government's 2007 budget [22].

Education ministries in many other developing countries are also struggling with same budgetaryconcerns. As a result, OLPC has not been able to get the high volume of orders it was expecting,delaying production of its laptop until it is able to get concrete orders.

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India Rejected OLPCThe Human Resource Development (HRD) Ministry of India has rejected Nicholas Negroponte'soffer of $100 laptops for schoolchildren. The Ministry has stated plans to make laptops at $10 for schoolchildren. Two designs submitted to the ministry from a final year engineering student of Vellore Institute of Technology and a researcher from the Indian Institute of Science [23].

BenefitsThe cost for one laptop was $140 in July 2007, which is about 30 percent of the per capitaincome in India. It indicates that the price still is not affordable to third world countries. The totalcosts for one laptop is $200 including the maintenance costs and use costs. Let’s say that India buys only 2 million of laptops. The total cost is $400,000,000 .The reason to oppose this projectwas basically costs and alternative use of money [24], [25].

Compare this to the alternative use of the same money. Tens of millions of children don’t go toschool, they end up in schools that lack blackboards and in some cases even chalk. Governmentschools especially in rural areas are full with teacher absenteeism. Attention and funds need to bedirected to those issues first before one starts buying laptops by the millions. Fact is that we need

basic education and secondary education first. National governments are spending millions of dollars on these machine, it would be better for national Governments to set up staff internetcommunity café where people have access to the information they need to improve their lives[24], [25].

RisksDue to India rejecting the One Laptop Per Child eventually the production costs of original project is going up. The cost for One Laptop Per Child is currently $188. The price for OneLaptop Per Child was announced to be $100 [24], [25]. Currently there is a chance that the OLPC association won’t be able to offer that price as

countries are refusing to adapt to this project. As Libya bought these laptops at an initial cost of $208 this is really high for a third world country. Also, consider the costs that go along withcomputers which are training, hardware maintenance, internet access, and software maintenance.The price for this project is just going higher. So, there is a possibility that the final costs of OneLaptop Per Child won’t be $100 [24], [25].

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EDUCATIONAL IMPACTS

“It's an education project, not a laptop project.” As the founder of One Laptop per Childassociation, Mr. Nicholas Negroponte says so, this project is based on the solid motivation toimprove educational situation in the third world countries.

In this section, 3 examples are introduced at first, followed by 3 benefits and 3 risks.

Ban Samkha in Thailand in June 2007In March 2007, twenty XO machines arrived at a school in Samkha village located in the suburbsof northern part of Thailand as an experiment. The students were allowed to take the computer home and explore with it as they wanted. With the teachers, they have been learning the basicfunctionalities, and trying to utilize it as a studying tool in their learning activities at school [26].

Reaction of kids

1. Excitement

All students were extremely excited. "Am I really going to have this machine and I can

take it home?" was the typical question from them [26].

2. As a music tool

One girl quickly started playing the village's local tune using XOs' music program called

Tam Tam in an hour after they started playing around with XOs. And not before long, a

group of students formed an XO band to play traditional Thai music [26].

3. As a camera

Another group of kids went out to the forest near the school with their teacher, and used

XOs' built-in camera to take pictures of vegetables, mushrooms and herbs for the plant

biodiversity program [26].

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Figure 6: Students taking pictures of local vegetables, mushrooms and herbs with XOs [26]

School Galadima in NigeriaIn March 2007, School Galadima was provided with XO laptops and each student in grades 4, 5

and 6 and each staff member received them. Just like the case in Thailand, students started to

bring it from home to school every day. For three months, the XOs have been Nigerian's primary

educational tools at school as well as in the everyday lives of these children. In June, each child

in grades 1, 2 and 3 received their own laptop, and now the school is saturated with XOs [27].

Figure 7: Nigerian students with their new laptops [27]

Apostle Santiago Educational Institute in Arahuay in PeruFor Peruvians, the recent earthquake that wrecked schools was an excellent opportunity to

install the computers. In June 2007, each student received XOs and started to use them in

13




their classes. Since the first day with the XOs classes have become a mix of discovery of

new things and sharing and helping each other with what they already discovered [28],

[29].

Benefit 1: Increased CreativityHaving a Laptop changes how kids learn in many ways such as.

• Gives the excitement to learn using a laptop capable of doing various things [26]

• Feeds the creativity as shown in example 1 using various functions such as the Music

program called Tam Tam and built-in digital camera [26]

• Changes the students' attitude from traditional passive way to the new active way [26]

Benefit 2: Increased Efficiency

Students can learn by themselves and learn more efficiently. The experiment showed the 27 per

cent average score of students in the program over others without laptops. The improvements

were recorded only after its first six months in operation [29].

Benefit 3: Increased Motivation

Attendance and Participation increased, students more engaged in learning and led to good

behaviour.

Here is a good case from example 3 at school in Arahuay in Peru. Antonio is about 8 years old

and is in 2nd

grade because he is repeating it. He and his twin brother were categorized by theteachers as children with bad behaviour, because of their aggressiveness towards other students.

But he quickly became familiar with XO and started to help his classmates teaching how to use it.

His teacher was amazed of how he had become more focused doing the class work and was

helping his classmates with the computer activities. The relationship among him and his 2

brothers has also become much better, helping each other [28].

Risk 1: Creativity and Analytical abilityOn the contrary, some people are concerned it may be detrimental to the growth of creative and

analytical abilities of the child. By using the laptop, kids start to see things through the computer,and as a result, it could disturb the process of establishing their creative thinking and analyticalabilities [30], [31].

Some countries, such as India, refused $100 laptop project for this reason and preferring to spendthe money on teachers and more traditional teaching tools.

"We cannot visualize a situation for decades when we can go beyond the pilot stage. We need

classrooms and teachers more urgently than fancy tools [30], [31].”

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Risk 2: Porn browsing/ Censorship

According to Reuters on July 20, 2007, News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reported that several XO

laptops had been used to browse pornographic websites. In response, the OLPC program laid out

filtering options, which prevent over one million pornographic websites from entering the

computers routers. However, filters are never 100% effective and since it is a tool to learn andexperiment there will most likely be those who still find ways to get access to inappropriate

content [32].

Risk 3: Threat of laptop theftTo forget about the crime situation in developing countries when planning the distribution of XOfor kids could be a severe mistake. In poor areas in third world countries, criminal activities and black market are part of the economic system, and there is no mechanism to disable establishedcriminal structure. Since the particular area's ecology and economy live off the black market, toraid it will mean to deprive many people of their normal lives and cause thousand fightingamong the mob and police. As a result, people look over these criminal activities. Under suchcircumstances, it's unlikely that the XO will not be targeted by the thieves and kids might be hurt by someone who tries to steal it. The more the area is in destitute, the more it's likely to happen[33].

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CONCLUSION

Having examined cultural impacts of the XO laptop in the three areas of politics, economics, andeducation the following conclusions have been made.

1. Libya is trying to create an e-government by providing every school aged child

with laptops and internet access.2. Buying 1 million laptops at once is not feasible for most developing countries.3. Intel has joined the OLPC board but continues to compete against it on the open

market.4. Give 1 Get 1 program brings in $2 million a day for OLPC5. The world’s largest notebook manufacturer, Quanta, will be able to ship 5-10

million units per year.6. India has rejected OLPC as too expensive. They are planning on making their

own laptop for $10.7. XO laptops have increased student creativity, scores, and attendance

RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions in this report the following recommendations can be made.

1. Increase educational spending by $40 per year per student over a period of five years2. Find other ways to improve technically and commercially the product to convince

more governments in the developing countries to order more laptops.3. Implement sophisticated education programs and instructor training for use with the

XO laptop.4. Create fair guidelines and clear rules to control the distribution process5. Implement new useful and attractive APIs for the laptop to avoid software fees and

cut down the cost.

6. Keep the Give 1 Get 1 program going as it is a massive source of income.

16




[18] N. Gohring, “OLPC offers give, get one for $400,” Networkworld.com, September 23, 2007, [online],Available: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/092407-olpc-offers-give-one-get.html, [Accessed: Nov 16th, 2007]

[19] “Uruguay buys first $100 laptops”, BBC News, Oct 29th, 2007, [online], Available:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7068084.stm, [Accessed: Nov 23, 2007]

[20] G. Snell, “Mass production of OX Laptops Has Began”, Businesswire.com, November 6, 2007, [online],

Available:http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20071106005839&newsLang=en, [Accessed: Nov 18th, 2007]

[21] “Taiwan’s Quanta to make a $100-US-Laptops for poor kids”, Monsters and Critics, Oct 18, 2006, [online],Available:http://tech.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1212148.php/Taiwans_Quanta_to_make_100-US-dollar_laptops_for_poor_kids, [Accessed: Nov 20, 2007]

[22] S. lemon,” Low-cost laptops are great, but who will pay?” Networkworld.com, Oct 10, 2007, [online],Available:http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-low-cost-laptops-are-great-but.html [Accessed: Nov 24, 2007]

[23] A. Mukul, “HRD hopes to make a $10 laptop a reality,” timesofindia.indiatimes.com,May4, 2007, [online],Available:http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/HRD_hopes_to_make_10_laptops_a_reality/articles

how/1999828.cms, [Nov18, 2007]

[24] Deshaa, "OLPC Rest in Peace," www.deeshaa.org , July28, 2006, [online],Available:http://www.deeshaa.org/2006/07/28/olpc/.com, [Accessed: Nov20, 2007].

[25] "OLPC News: Economic Development," www.olpcnews.com, July 02, 2007, [online], Available:http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/business/olpc_xo_economic_development.html, [Accessed: Nov21,2007]

[26] “OLPC Thailand/Ban Samkha/trial-200705,” The OLPC Wiki, last edited on November 7, 2007, [online],Available: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Thailand/Ban_Samkha/trial-200 705, [Accessed: November 20,2007]

[27] “OLPC Nigeria/Galadima”, The OLPC Wiki, last edited on November 21, 2007, [online], Available:http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Galadima, [Accessed: November 22, 2007]

[28] “OLPC Peru/Arahuay”, The OLPC Wiki, last edited on November 3, 2007, [online], Available:http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay [Accessed: November 20, 2007]

[29] “One Laptop per Peruvian Child in Arahuay”, One Laptop Per Child News, September 04, 2007, [online],Available: http://www.olpcnews.com/countries/peru/, [Accessed: November 20, 2007]

[30] Jotman, “The Innovation Cycle and OLPC's 'Children's Machine'”, Jotman.com, February 24, 2007,[online], Available: http://jotman.blogspot.com/2007/02/childrens-machine-further-review.html, [Accessed: November 20, 2007]

[31] “India ditches 'potentially harmful' $100 Laptop plan,” ZDNet.co.uk , July 27, 2006, [online], Available:http://news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39279996,00.htm, [Accessed: November 20, 2007]

[32] Abuja, “Pupils browse porn on donated laptops”, Reuters, June 20, 2007, [online], Available:http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSL1966647020070720, [Accessed: November 28, 2007]

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http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/home/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20071106005839&newsLang=en



http://tech.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1212148.php/Taiwans_Quanta_to_make_100-US-dollar_laptops_for_poor_kids


http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-low-cost-laptops-are-great-but.html

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/HRD_hopes_to_make_10_laptops_a_reality/articleshow/1999828.cms



http://www.deeshaa.org/2006/07/28/olpc/.com


http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/business/olpc_xo_economic_development.html

http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Thailand/Ban_Samkha/trial-200705



http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Galadima


http://wiki.laptop.org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay


http://www.olpcnews.com/countries/peru/


http://jotman.blogspot.com/2007/02/childrens-machine-further-review.html


http://news.zdnet.co.uk/emergingtech/0,1000000183,39279996,00.htm


http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSL1966647020070720


http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/community/olpc_theft_vandalizing_education.html




http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7068084.stm





http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/101007-low-cost-laptops-are-great-but.html




http://www.olpcnews.com/use_cases/business/olpc_xo_economic_development.html










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