Empires and Empires and Imperialism Imperialism

The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire

What do you remember about the What do you remember about the Ottoman Empire? Who were the Ottoman Empire? Who were the important people?important people?

Selim III Selim III

Selim III (r. 1789-1807)Selim III (r. 1789-1807) Intelligent and forward thinking Intelligent and forward thinking Looks to European models to solve the Looks to European models to solve the

problems of the Ottoman Empire problems of the Ottoman Empire

Attempted ImprovementsAttempted Improvements European style military units European style military units Control of provincial governors Control of provincial governors Reform the tax system Reform the tax system

Selim III Selim III

Why did Selim III’s attempts to reform the Why did Selim III’s attempts to reform the Ottoman empire fail?Ottoman empire fail? Janissaries Janissaries

Serbian uprising Serbian uprising

UlmaUlma

Executed before his cousin and supporters Executed before his cousin and supporters could retake control could retake control

No success for reforms because people No success for reforms because people benefited from old systems benefited from old systems

Crimean War Crimean War

Greek Independence showcases Ottoman Greek Independence showcases Ottoman weaknessweakness

Peter the Great pushing to expand southward Peter the Great pushing to expand southward into Ottoman territory into Ottoman territory Desires access to the Mediterranean sea Desires access to the Mediterranean sea

Russians, in exchange for help during the Russians, in exchange for help during the Egyptian invasion of Syria, named the protector Egyptian invasion of Syria, named the protector of all Orthodox subjects of all Orthodox subjects Sultan names French the protector of the Holy Sultan names French the protector of the Holy

Sepulcher in Jerusalem Sepulcher in Jerusalem

Crimean War Crimean War

The Eastern Question The Eastern Question Should the Ottoman Empire continue to Should the Ottoman Empire continue to

exist?exist? If not, who should rule the territory?If not, who should rule the territory?

Crimean War Crimean War

Fought between 1853 and 1856 Fought between 1853 and 1856 Britain, France, and Italian kingdoms side Britain, France, and Italian kingdoms side

with Ottomanswith Ottomans Why does this decision seem out of Why does this decision seem out of

character?character? What were the motives of these countries?What were the motives of these countries?

Crimean War Crimean War

Nothing goes right for the RussiansNothing goes right for the Russians Navy trapped in Black SeaNavy trapped in Black Sea Corruption and lack of effective Corruption and lack of effective

transportation leaves troops without supplies transportation leaves troops without supplies Disease Disease

Forced to seek peace agreement when Forced to seek peace agreement when their main fort in Crimea falls their main fort in Crimea falls

Outcomes of the Crimean Outcomes of the Crimean War War

Peace treaty Peace treaty Blocked Russians from expanding Blocked Russians from expanding

southward to the Mediterranean southward to the Mediterranean Stopped the French and British from taking Stopped the French and British from taking

Ottoman territory for their exclusive use Ottoman territory for their exclusive use Meant they could seize land as long as they Meant they could seize land as long as they

shared with everyone else too shared with everyone else too

Changes due to the Changes due to the Crimean War Crimean War

First time Newspaper propaganda First time Newspaper propaganda campaigns were important in Britain and campaigns were important in Britain and France France

MARKED THE CHANGE FROM MARKED THE CHANGE FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN WARFARE TRADITIONAL TO MODERN WARFARE

Ottoman Changes Ottoman Changes

ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality Allowing the Europeans to live in their own little Allowing the Europeans to live in their own little

areas in Istanbul areas in Istanbul Intense integration into European trading Intense integration into European trading

network network Population movement to the cities Population movement to the cities

Inflation Inflation Lack of exports Lack of exports

Movement for a secular government in 1860s Movement for a secular government in 1860s and 1870’s and 1870’s

Ottoman Empire Decline Ottoman Empire Decline

What forces led to the decline of the What forces led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire? Ottoman Empire?

Does this list seem familiar? Does this list seem familiar?

The Russian Empire The Russian Empire

Really big, lots of potential, but somewhat Really big, lots of potential, but somewhat backwards compared to Europe backwards compared to Europe Only about 6% of population lives in cities by mid Only about 6% of population lives in cities by mid

1800s 1800s Very agricultural society Very agricultural society Lack of effective, reliable transportation system Lack of effective, reliable transportation system

Industrialization and development relied Industrialization and development relied heavily on the importation of knowledge and heavily on the importation of knowledge and skill from Europe skill from Europe Uneducated, traditional, diverse society Uneducated, traditional, diverse society

Liberal vs Conservative Liberal vs Conservative Leadership Leadership

Alexander I Alexander I Attempted to force reforms on Russia includingAttempted to force reforms on Russia including

Encouraging more education including more Universities and Encouraging more education including more Universities and studying abroad studying abroad

Modernizing the army Modernizing the army New Bureaucratic regime New Bureaucratic regime

Decembrist movement Decembrist movement Death of Alexander brings chaos and confusion to empire in Death of Alexander brings chaos and confusion to empire in

1825 1825 Army Officers attempt a coup to take control Army Officers attempt a coup to take control

Exposed to the Western European system Exposed to the Western European system Want to see reform in government Want to see reform in government

Movement fails and Nicholas I learns to distrust the Liberal Movement fails and Nicholas I learns to distrust the Liberal contingents within his own government contingents within his own government

Liberal vs Conservative Liberal vs Conservative LeadershipLeadership

Nicholas I Nicholas I Conservative, reactionaryConservative, reactionary Liberal ideas discouraged Liberal ideas discouraged Bureaucracy begins to take effect and Bureaucracy begins to take effect and

flourish despite efforts by ruling families to flourish despite efforts by ruling families to discourage discourage

The Russian Empire The Russian Empire

Nicholas I feared potential political Nicholas I feared potential political challenges if a middle class developedchallenges if a middle class developed Kept literacy to a minimum Kept literacy to a minimum Bought industrial goods and paid with Bought industrial goods and paid with

exports of grain and timber exports of grain and timber

Slavophiles Slavophiles Opposed to westernization Opposed to westernization Orthodox faith the bedrock of society Orthodox faith the bedrock of society

Liberal Vs Conservative Liberal Vs Conservative Leadership Leadership

Alexander II Alexander II Returns to a more reform-minded approach Returns to a more reform-minded approach Slavophile thinking begins to emerge as a Slavophile thinking begins to emerge as a

prominent cultural current prominent cultural current Narodniki movement Narodniki movement

Feodor Dostoyevsky writes in this time Feodor Dostoyevsky writes in this time period period

Qing Empire Qing Empire

What things aren’t going well for the What things aren’t going well for the Qing?Qing?

Qing Empire Qing Empire

Population growth and pressures Population growth and pressures Destroys environment Destroys environment Landless, homeless vagabonds Landless, homeless vagabonds Annoyance growing with subjugated Annoyance growing with subjugated

minorities minorities Distrust of government officials Distrust of government officials

Growing presence of European traders Growing presence of European traders Inability of the Qing officials to maintain Inability of the Qing officials to maintain

control in parts of the empire control in parts of the empire

White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 1794-18041794-1804

Takes hold in parts of central ChinaTakes hold in parts of central China Hatred for the Qing foreign rule grows Hatred for the Qing foreign rule grows Predict the return of the Ming dynasty Predict the return of the Ming dynasty

and the coming of the Buddha and the coming of the Buddha Militias of some areas able to Militias of some areas able to

successfully defend themselves from the successfully defend themselves from the Qing forces and attach others Qing forces and attach others

Chaos ensues Chaos ensues

Opium War Opium War

British response to growing trade deficit British response to growing trade deficit with China was to sell Opium with China was to sell Opium Huge problem for Chinese as large portions Huge problem for Chinese as large portions

of the population become addicted of the population become addicted Chinese Emperor seeks a meeting with Chinese Emperor seeks a meeting with

the British to discuss stopping the the British to discuss stopping the importation of the drug importation of the drug English Refuse English Refuse Chinese declare war Chinese declare war

Opium War Opium War

Chinese forces inadequate Chinese forces inadequate Bannerman outdatedBannerman outdated

Most fight with swords, knives, and clubs Most fight with swords, knives, and clubs

No navy No navy Old technology Old technology Slow movement Slow movement

British Marines move at will along the British Marines move at will along the coast and up the Chinese Rivers coast and up the Chinese Rivers

Treaty of Nanking Treaty of Nanking

Chinese forced to admit defeat Chinese forced to admit defeat End of the Canton systemEnd of the Canton system

Five ports opened to European trade Five ports opened to European trade Hong Kong becomes English colony Hong Kong becomes English colony

Most-favored-nation status Most-favored-nation status Granted to Britain in the following yearGranted to Britain in the following year Any privilege granted to another country is Any privilege granted to another country is

automatically granted to the British automatically granted to the British

The Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Rebellion 1851-18641851-1864

What were some of the forces conspiring What were some of the forces conspiring to start a civil war in China?to start a civil war in China? Unhappiness with the Qing Unhappiness with the Qing Inability to control territory Inability to control territory Foreign invasion into territory and trade Foreign invasion into territory and trade

The Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Rebellion

Hong Xiuquan Hong Xiuquan Member of the minority group Member of the minority group

Hakkas Hakkas Founder of the rebellion Founder of the rebellion Attempted to become a bureaucrat but failed the Attempted to become a bureaucrat but failed the

examinations repeatedly examinations repeatedly Had a mental breakdown Had a mental breakdown

Met protestant missionaries in Canton Met protestant missionaries in Canton Believed himself the younger brother of Jesus Believed himself the younger brother of Jesus Commissioned by God to drive the Manchus out of China Commissioned by God to drive the Manchus out of China

““Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”

The Taiping Rebellion The Taiping Rebellion

Spread throughout parts of the country Spread throughout parts of the country Many feared the coming of the rebellion Many feared the coming of the rebellion

Did not want to be forced into their army Did not want to be forced into their army Confucian bureaucrats feared the adoption of foreign gods Confucian bureaucrats feared the adoption of foreign gods

and a change in the system and a change in the system Settle the Kingdom of Heaven in Nanjing Settle the Kingdom of Heaven in Nanjing

City is seiged by the Qing but is well fortified and City is seiged by the Qing but is well fortified and supplied supplied

Eventual European involvement in conflict and Eventual European involvement in conflict and second round of opium wars brings the Qing to second round of opium wars brings the Qing to the knees the knees