enzymes
DESCRIPTION
Enzymes. SQA Questions. What you should know - ENZYMES. atalyst. peed. A c ________ is a substance which helps to s______ up a chemical reaction . It remains u ________ at the end of the reaction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Enzymes
SQA Questions
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What you should know - ENZYMES• A c________ is a substance which helps to
s______ up a chemical reaction. It remains u________ at the end of the reaction.
• An enzyme is a p_______ which can act as a catalyst inside l_____ c_____ (b_______ c_________).
• Enzymes are important for the functioning of living cells because w_______ the aid of e________ the chemical reactions would take place too s______ to maintain life.
• Enzymes in a cell are used in ‘b________’ or ‘s_______’
atalyst
peed
nchanged
rotein
iving ells iological
atalysts
ithout nzymes
lowly
reakdown
ynthesis
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• Breakdown is when an enzymes breaks down a l______ s________ molecule into s______ ones
• Synthesis is when an enzyme j_____ s______ substrate molecules t_________ to make a larger one
• P_______ and c__________ are examples of breakdown enzymes
• P______________ is a synthesis enzyme• Enzymes are s________ – they will act only on
o___ s__________• Enzymes are p________• Enzymes are affected by t__________ and __.
arge ubstrate maller
oins maller
ogether
epsin atalase
hosphorylase
pecific
ne ubstrate
roteins
emperature pH
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Enzymes revision 1
ells
hemical eactions
ynthesis
lucose
tarch
egradation
atalase
xygen
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ock ey
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pecific
changed
emperature
ptimum
enatured
epsin
7
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Effect of temperature on enzyme activity
Enzyme activity increases rapidly
Maximum enzyme activity- optimum temperature
Enzyme is being denatured
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the temperature at which the enzyme has greatest activity
the pH at which the enzyme has greatest activity
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1 42 7 119
pepsin catalase
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8. Pepsin
• has a working range of ____ to _____.
• This means it ______________________
• Pepsin has an optimum pH of ____. This means it has ________ ________ at pH 2
9. Catalase
• has a working range of ____ to _____.
• This means it ______________________
• Catalase has an optimum pH of ____. This means it has ________ ________ at pH 9
pH1 pH4
is active between ph 1 and 4
pH2
maximum activity
pH7 pH11
pH9
is active between ph 7 and 11
maximum activity
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catalase breakdown
starch
synthesis
FatFatty acids +
glycerol
breakdown
breakdown
breakdown
1 23 4
5 6
phosphorylase78 9
10 11
12 1314 15
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Enzymes revision 2
Speed up reactions
Unchanged at the end of reaction
Lower the energy needed for a reaction
biological
Chemical reactions
Unchanged at end of reaction
synthesis degradation
temperature pH
specific
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Control experiment• A c______ experiment is set up to prove
that the r______ are due to the f______ (v_________) under i___________
ontrol
esults actor
ariable nvestigation
Test tube containing 2ml amylase(5% concentration)
+ 5ml starch solution(10% concentration)
Experiment carried out in a water bath at 37ºC
Aim: An investigation is set up to prove that starch is digested by amylase enzyme to maltose sugarDraw and describe the control tube
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Test tube containing
• equal volume of water (2ml)
•equal volume of starch solution (5ml)
•equal concentration of starch solution
( 10% concentration)
Same temperature ( 37ºC), same type of test tube etc
The control p______ that starch digestion o___ occurs when a_______ is present
rovesnly mylase
Q. In this investigation, what is the purpose of the control experiment
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1cm3 glucose 1 phosphate (3%) 1cm3 phosphorylase enzyme (1%) experiment carried out at room temperature (25ºC)
• Aim: An investigation is set up to prove that starch is synthesised by phosphorylase enzyme from glucose 1 phosphate
• Draw and describe two control tubes
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1cm3 glucose 1 phosphate (3%) 1cm3 distilled water experiment carried out at room temperature (25ºC)
1cm3 phosphorylase enzyme (1%) 1cm3 distilled water experiment carried out at room temperature (25ºC)
AND
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Reliability• R_________ an experiment i_________
r________ of r_______ (__,__.__)
• This shows that results are not u___________ or a ‘o___ o___’
• Often an a________ is then calculated
epeating ncreases
eliabilty esults R R R
nrepresentative ne ff
verage
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Averages
1. Find the total number of bubbles
Temperature (°C) 10 20 30 40 50
Bubbles (number/s) 4 8 14 4 0
Try this example …
4 + 8 + 14 + 4 + 0 = 30
2. Divide the total by the number of items
There are 5 items in the table
30 5 = 6
Average = 6 bubbles/s
3. Don’t forget units in your answer
To find the average number of bubbles …
Temperature (°C) 10 20 30 40 50
Bubbles (number/s) 0 2 8 3 2
Click here for answer
15 ÷ 5 = 3 bubbles/s
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Percentages
1. Find the total number of bubbles
Temperature (°C) 10 20 30 40 50
Bubbles (number/s) 4 8 16 4 0
What percentage of bubbles are produced at
30ºC?
4 + 8 + 16 + 4 + 0
1. Find the total
= 32
2. Divide the number of bubbles at 20ºC by the total number
8 32 = 0.25 this is the decimal fraction
0.25 x 100 = 25%
To find the percentage of bubbles at 20ºC …
3. Multiply the decimal fraction by 100 to get the percentage
25% of the bubbles are produced at 20ºC
16 32 = 0.5 x 100 = 50%
10ºC? 4 32 = 0.125 x 100 = 12.5%
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Ratios
10ºC : 20ºC4 bubbles : 8 bubbles
Temperature (°C) 10 20 30 40 50
Bubbles (number/s) 4 8 14 4 2
1. Write down the ratio of the numbers
To find the simple whole number ratio of bubbles at 10 degrees compared to bubbles at 20 degrees …
2. Find a number that will divide into both numbers to give a whole number – in this case 2
4 bubbles 2 : 8 bubbles 2= 2 bubbles : 4 bubbles
3. Repeat step 2 until you cannot divide again without getting a fraction
2 bubbles 2 : 4 bubbles 2= 1 bubble : 2 bubbles
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Ratios
20ºC : 30ºC8 bubbles : 14 bubbles
Temperature (°C) 10 20 30 40 50
Bubbles (number/s) 4 8 14 4 2
1. Write down the ratio of the numbers
To find the simple whole number ratio of bubbles at 20 degrees compared to bubbles at 30 degrees …
2. Find a number that will divide into both numbers to give a whole number – in this case 2
8 bubbles 2 : 14 bubbles 2= 4 bubbles : 7 bubbles
3. You cannot divide any more without getting a fraction so …
the simple whole number ratio is: 4 : 7
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apple
liver
Equal mass of tissue Same temperature
Equal concentration of hydrogen peroxide
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Same apparatus with dead tissue
Improves reliability
3 5
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1 6
Optimum pH
specific
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√
30 45
55 - 60
specific
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