The Social Stratification in Pygmalion:

A Descriptive Analysis

ESTI PANGESTUTI

2225041361

A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF JAKARTA 2008

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ABSTRAK

ESTI PANGESTUTI. Stratifikasi Sosial dalam Pygmalion: Deskriptive analisis. Skripsi: Jakarta, Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni, Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Juli 2008.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data mengenai ragam bahasa

yang di gunakan pada drama Pygmalion yang dapat mencerminkan strata sosial pengguna bahasa tersebut. Terdapat lima macam gaya bahasa yaitu gaya frozen, formal, consultative, casual, dan intimate. Peneliti menggunakan penelitian dengan metode analisis paparan, instrumen utama yang digunakan adalah penelitian literary sedangkan observasi merupakan isnstrumen pendukung. Hasil penelitian diklasifikasikan ke dalam lima ragam bahasa tersebut. Peneliti memperoleh hasil penelitian yang menunjukkan jenis casual merupakan dominan diantara tipe lainnya. Gaya casual tidak dapat di klasifikasikan hanya sebagai bahasa para penduduk menengah ke bawah, karena kalangan menengah ke atas pun lebih nyaman menggunakannya pada saat berada di lingkungan yang sama. Tetapi, terdapat beberapa karakteristik yang dapat digunakan sebagai barometer strata sosial seseorang, sebagai contoh kalangan menengah ke atas lebih memilih untuk menggunakan jenis intimate saat bercakap-cakap dengan orang yang baru dikenal, sementara kalangan menengah ke bawah menggunakan jenis casual pada setiap pembicaraannya. Karakteristik lainnya dapat terlihat dari topik yang dibicarakan serta kemampuan mereka dalam berbasa-basi.

Kemudian, penelitian lebih di fokuskan pada bagaimana strata sosial tercipta pada drama Pygmalion. Strata sosial yang terdapat pada drama Pygmalion dapat diketahui dari pemilihan kata serta konteks maknanya. Pada data ke-2, yang membahas percakapan antara dosen-murid di Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, lebih didominasi gaya formal. Hal ini dapat dipahami karena observasi yang dilakukan lebih banyak dilakukan pada kelas-kelas reguler ataupun seminar yang diadakan Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, UNJ. Pebedaan jenis bahasa yang diperoleh dari analisa pada drama Pygmalion dan percakapan antara dosen-murid di Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris dapat diterima karena genre dari Pygmalion yaitu drama komedi romantis. Sehingga keberagaman penggunaan jenis bahasa dapat dimaklumi.

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ABSTRACT ESTI PANGESTUTI. Social Stratification in Pygmalion: A Descriptive Analysis. A Thesis: Jakarta, English Department, faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Jakarta. July 2008.

This study aims at observing data description concerning the language styles used in Pygmalion that reflect social stratification. There are five types of language style which become the choices. They are frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate. The writer uses a descriptive analysis study; the main instrument is literary study while observation is the supporting instrument. The results of this study are classified into the five types of stylistic. The writer found that the most common style are being used in Pygmalion is casual type. Casual type is not only dominated by the lower class community, but the upper class society also feels more pleasant in using casual type among their community. The upper class community has a characteristic such as in the first appointment they use consultative type, while the lower class use casual type most of the time. Furthermore, it also exposed from the topic of conversation and abilities of manage a small talk.

Then, how the social stratification is reflected in Pygmalion was also being analyzed. The social stratification, which reflected of each character in Pygmalion, was shown from its diction and levels of meaning. For the second data, which is discuss the language styles used in lecturer-student communication at ED UNJ, formal is the most dominant type because of the class-room observation. The differences result between the data in Pygmalion and lecturer-student communication at ED UNJ also can be recognized considering to the genre of Pygmalion itself, a romantic comedy drama. Then all the possibilities of using various styles are being acknowledged.

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APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis has been approved by: Advisor Ifan Iskandar, M.Hum NIP. 132 236 052

Signature

Date ..

Coordinator . NIP.

Chairperson . NIP.

Date of graduation:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful. Peace and blessing

also upon the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family and all of his followers

including to all of us. First of all, the researcher would like to express her deepest

gratitude to Allah the Almighty for His grace and enormous blessing so that she could

finish this skripsi. She also would like to give her gratitude, respect and appreciation for

the following people for their great contribution in the process and the writing of her

skripsi:

1. Her beloved parents, brother and her beloved big family. Thank you for every

thing, for all the prayers, supports, laughs, and finance of course.

2. Mr Ifan Iskandar, M. Hum, as the Head of English Department and skripsis advisor

for his great support, comment, suggestion, joke, unpredictable mood, smile, help

and FAITH for this skripsi Gonna miss you so bad, sir

3. Mrs. Hasnini Hasra, M. Hum, the researcher academic advisor for her guidance for

this almost four years.

4. All the writers lecturers both in ED and MKU, Thank you so much!

5. Ati Sumiati, M. Hum, as the Secretary of English Department, for her help and a lot

of signature during the skripsi.

6. All English departments staff, Thanks for the friendship;

7. Her closest friends Rizka Odonk and Ayu Donk, Sorry for all the mess up things

that I had made, then of course thanks for all time in the crazy things called skripsi,

laugh, party, study and the name of Sepot. ;

8. Her friends of 04 class of English Language and Literature study program,

9. All parties whom cannot be mentioned here, for the prayers and supports.

For those people above, May Allah gives His blessing and reward on them.

July 2008

E.P.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRAK .................................................................................................... i

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................. ii

APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................ iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. v

CHAPTER I .................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1

1.1 Background of the study ......................................................................... 1

1.2 Limitation of the Problem ....................................................................... 4

1.3 Research Question .................................................................................. 5

1.3 Scope of the Study .................................................................................. 5

1.4 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................... 6

1.5 Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 6

CHAPTER II ................................................................................................. 6

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 6

2.1 Studies of Social Stratification ................................................................ 7

2. 2 Social Stratification and Sociolinguistics .............................................. 9

2.3 Stylistic ................................................................................................... 12

2.4 Register, Levels of Meaning and Diction ............................................... 21

CHAPTER III ............................................................................................... 33

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 33

3.1 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 33

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3.2 Research Method .................................................................................... 34

3.3 Data and Data Source .............................................................................. 35

3.4 Instruments .............................................................................................. 35

3.5 Data Collection Techniques .................................................................... 36

3.6 Data Analysis Technique ........................................................................ 36

CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................... 37

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................... 37

4.1 The Findings ........................................................................................... 37

4.2 Discussions ............................................................................................. 46

4.3 Interpretations ......................................................................................... 55

CHAPTER V ................................................................................................ 57

CONCLUSION, SUGGESTION, AND RECOMMENDATION ................ 58

5.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 58

5.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................... 59

5.3 Recommendation .................................................................................... 60

BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 61

APPENDICES .............................................................................................. 65

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Humans are social beings, then the communication is where the humans

social character happens. In other words, although communication is definitely a

way to express ideas, get things done, entertain, convince, and persuade others, it

also more than that. It is the process that defines who we are. If we experience

more about interpersonal communication, we are likely to develop our human

potential. That is how the quality of ones communication affects the quality of

ones life.

Nowadays, even though some people sometimes do not really care of their

utterance but it is still can be seen that they have such a pattern in expressing their

feeling. The pattern includes to whom, what medium, and what purpose or social

setting that the people would like to communicate to. The kinds of ones utterance

differentiation are very interesting to be studied. Furthermore, analyzing ones

utterance differentiation can also recognize what aspects of language matter and

the principle of selection depends on the purpose the one have in mind (motives).

Many aspects can affect ones language utterance such as age, sex, occupation,

and social class. Social class, however defined, caste, and other divisions such as

the twin order of an estate and a non-estate class represent different types of social

stratification.

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Social class is one of the most significant and also most complex

determinants of linguistic variation. This is not easy concept to define precisely or

measure accurately, and the stratification of class into different levels varies

considerably across nations and cultures. Most language communities, however,

have a hierarchy of wealth, educational background and power defined relation to

economics and prestige that can be covered by the term of class. In a word,

language utterance also shows what class someone is come from. The study of

language as a social and cultural phenomenon is also well known as

sociolinguistics.

In peoples daily communication, all kinds of the language style are

commonly used. For example, people use frozen style in a wedding ceremony,

formal style in a formal dialogue forum, intimate style in a family or a couple

conversation, casual style in a friendship communication, last but not least

consultative in a dialogue between the stranger. The study on how the style is

used known as stylistics.

Style of ones utterance can be analyzed from its register, levels of

meaning, and levels of diction. Register can be identified by the particular social

setting of the speakers, such as colleagues, friends, relatives or lovers. Each social

setting produces different forms of register, levels of meaning and word which are

used when they speak one to another. Halliday (1978:33) identifies three variables

that determine register: field (the subject matter of the communication), tenor (the

relationships between participants) and mode (the medium of communication, e.g.

spoken or written). The further information about register will be explained in the

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following chapter. As described above, stylistics also can be analyzed by its levels

of meaning. In traditional systems for analyzing language, levels of meaning have

been divided into two separate classes which are literal and figurative languages.

In short, literal language refers to stating the facts without any

exaggerations or alterations of the subject and figurative language states the facts

with comparisons to similar events and some possible exaggerations; these

comparisons and exaggerations are known as figures of speech. The last form to

analyze the stylistics in this study is from its levels of diction. Diction means

simply "word choice."

Furthermore, the choice of words used by the author; particularly the

extent to which the words the author uses are thought suitable and effective for

different kinds of writing. There are some levels of diction that will be used to

analyze the stylistics. There are jargon, colloquial, and slang. Register, levels of

meaning and diction hopefully can complete each other in aim to analyze the

stylistics as reliable and valid as possible.

Human beings have many ways to convey their messages. They can have

direct communication, such as having conversations or using body language. But

they also can have indirect communication such as writing letters, songs, and

plays. One of the popular literatures is Pygmalion. Pygmalion is a comedy about

a phonetic expert who, as a kind of social experiment, attempts to make a lady out

of an uneducated Cockney flower girl. Pygmalion probes important questions

about social class, human behavior and relations between the sexes. Pygmalion

play is chosen to be analyzed in this study by focusing in stylistic based on its

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register, kinds of clause and diction which are represent the social stratification in

that play. It is also interesting to study the main characters revolution and

observing the social condition of the upper class during the Victorian era.

In this study, the stylistics will be analyzed by using a text of plays, in this

case Pygmalion, and conversations records between lecturer and student at ED as

the sources of data. Stylistics is interesting because style of ones language used

can have various motives that have a close relationship with the society.

Furthermore, the sociolinguistic approach is appropriately used because it deals

about the society and language.

The writer chooses Pygmalion plays by George Bernard Shaw because

each of characters is strong, simply to realize, and come from vary social

backgrounds. It is interesting to explore this play through its stylistic. In a word, it

expresses various kinds of style and talks about life, love, social diversity, and

reality.

1.2. Limitation of the Problem

For the purpose of this study, the writer limits the problems by examining

its register, levels of meaning and word in Pygmalion play and lecturers-

students communication at ED. Even though the writer has a plan to analyze many

lecturer-student conversation, but because of the limited time unfortunately the

writer will only examine some of it, mostly in class activities.

The kinds of expressions which are used among the main characters and

other expression as comparison when the main characters meet the supporting

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characters will be analyzed in this study. Then, the writer will also identify the

social background of each character that being observed. For the validity of this

study, the writer will only focus on the character who has an obvious social

stratification in the play. Then the language utterances will be examined consider

to their background in the play.

Well, it is when the main question arises, whether their social background

(society) can influence the kind of style is used by the characters in the play. It is

also used to support the data whether appears in conversations.

1.3. Research Question

After the writer has identified what problems could arrange and what

research could be conducted, the writer choose two among the problems as the

research question that lead the writer to find the answer, that are:

1. What are the languages styles used in Pygmalion that reflect social

stratification?

2. How is the social stratification reflected in Pygmalion?

3. What are the languages styles used in lecturer-student communication at

ED UNJ?

1.4. Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the style of the characters dialogue and the relation

with their social stratification. Besides analyzing the style of Pygmalions

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character dialogue, this study also concern the dialogue between the students-

students and students-teachers conversations.

1.5. The purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study is to find out the language style used in

Pygmalion that reflects social stratification. Furthermore, the writer analyzes how

the social stratification is reflected in Pygmalion.

Another purpose of this skripsi is to find out what are the language styles

used in lecturer-student communication at ED UNJ.

1.6. Significance of the Study

This study is useful that it combines the sociolinguistic with literary study,

then it adds the implication in the real conversation at ED UNJ. Therefore, the

findings not only reflect the language in literature form but also portend the actual

conversation. This skripsi is expected to be a great input for English Department

student who has the similar interest in linguistics fields. Hopefully, it will provide

enough information to the related topic and will increase fields of study in

linguistics.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter discusses the related topics of this study. In this chapter,

studies on social stratification, sociolinguistics, stylistics, register, levels of

meaning and diction are conversed.

2.1. Studies on Social Stratification

Social stratification is regarded quite differently by the principle

perspective of sociology. It means that social stratification has been hardened or

institutionalized, and there is a system of social relationships that determines who

gets what, and why. People have come to expect that individuals and groups with

certain positions will be able to demand more influence and respect and

accumulate a greater share of goods and services. (Kerbo, 2003:12)

The tendencies of social stratification are not only about class differences

in lifestyle, attitudes, and behavior. Standard sentences also usually used to

identify the class position. Wide variations are sometimes found within class

categories, and the mass media have greatly homogenized modern people to an

ever-increasing extent. But differing class experiences and life chances, among

other things, have prevented a completely undifferentiated mass population.

(Kerbo, 2003:234-235)

When class is primarily hereditary, refers as ascription, people are placed

in positions in a stratification system because of qualities beyond their control (for

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example, because of race, sex, or class at birth). When class is due primarily to

qualities, means can be controlled by individuals, then it refers as achievement.

That is, people obtain their place in the stratification system because they merit,

because they live up to certain ideals, or because they follow certain achievement

rules. However, in the reality, social stratification is based on a varying mixture of

ascription and achievement.

As Lenski (1996) puts it, the study of social stratification is an attempt to

answer the question of who gets what, and why. With limited valuable resources,

the reason why some people get a much greater share of the resources is

interesting to be analyzed. When such a question arises, it becomes necessary to

link personal misfortune and fortune with more general social arrangements or

social structure.

It is important to recognize social differentiation does not necessarily

suggest that differences in personal qualities or work roles are ranked on a

hierarchy, or are evaluated differently. As Heller (1969:3) notes, Position may be

differentiated from one another and yet not ranked relative to each other. For

example, in our society the position of the adolescent is generally not considered

superior to that of infant, merely different. Social differentiation, however, sets

the stage for inequality and social stratification.

The sizes of houses and the amount of a space between them may differ

considerably between upper-middle-class and workingclass neighborhoods. But

other differences may become apparent as well. A closer look may reveal

differences in landscaping, fewer cars, more of which are foreign, in upper-

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middle-class areas, or more children playing in the street in working-class areas.

In other hand, the children in upper-middle-class areas are more usually off to

piano, dancing, or more other kind of lessons.)

Some of differences between classes may seem trivial or unimportant,

although interesting at times. These differences may simply reflect the particular

daily routines, concerns, or life choices available to class members. For example,

the country music that is more often preferred by working-class people tends to

stress themes of everyday problems (family stability, unemployment, relation on

the job).

Other class differences may not only reflect particular class experiences

but also reinforce class inequalities and class boundaries in complex ways. For

example, research by Ellis (1967) found that subjects selected for the study were

often able to correctly identify the class position of unseen people simply by

listening to short recordings of standard sentences. There are some social class

differences in speech patterns and pronunciation.

2.2. Social Stratification in Pygmalion and Sociolinguistics

Traditional western theatre, beginning with the ancient Greeks, was

divided into comedy and tragedy. A tragedy typically ended with the death or

destruction of a fictional or historical hero, whereas a comedy focused on the lives

of middle to lower class characters and ended with their success. The term

"drama" was used to describe all the action of a play.

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In the early 1800s, as theatrical writing became more subtle and plays

were less likely to end with multiple deaths, the term "drama" began to be used to

describe plays that were more sober, with "comedy" meaning plays that were

funny rather than plays which ended happily. Since then, the terms have remained

relatively subjective. Authors such as Anton Chekhov, George Bernard Shaw and

Henrik Ibsen blurred the line between comedy and drama.

Information about the Play Pygmalion

Pygmalion is a comedy about a phonetic expert who, as a kind of social

experiment, attempts to make a lady out of an uneducated Cockney flower girl.

Pygmalion probes important questions about social class, human behavior and

relations between the sexes. In Pygmalion, the social stratification as linguistic

choice can easily found here. (www.google.com)

The play which was written by George Bernard Shaw opens on one of

Londons crowded streets. These streets are the marketplace for talkative Eliza

Doolittle, who earn money by selling flowers to wealthy slummers. Higgins is one

of these slummers, hanging around among the lower classes to sharpen his skills

to identify peoples background and history by their dialect. He show off about

these skills and, in a fit of hubris, claims he could transform even a "guttersnipe

like Eliza into a "duchess" by revamping her language. He feels surprise because

Eliza takes his statement seriously, showing up unannounced at his mansion and

offering him a shilling to teach her "manners" and good speech. Colonel

Pickering, a friend of Higgins, agrees to finance this experiment. In the

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experiment, all manner looks like comic mayhem and no small amount of class

cruelty, as Higgins tortures Eliza into a pastiche of the upper classes and she

transforms him equally, into a human being with feelings.

Shaw, a lifelong socialist, believed class was a social construct, easily

fabricated and just as easily toppled, and he used his play in part as a bully

podium to target the rich. Every language is a social product, and every society

represents itself through language. To study the relationship between the two is a

complex effort which can be expected to comprehend each other on the

foundations of both society and language. Sociolinguistics is the empirical study

of how language is used in society (Labov, 1972).

Combining linguistic and sociological theories and methods, it is an

interdisciplinary field of research which attaches great significance both to the

variability of language and to the multiplicity of languages and language forms in

a given society. Within this broad range of interest there are a number of

specialties that investigate some aspect of the interaction of language and society,

such as, how language relates to social categories of various kinds, e.g., social

class, age, sex, and gender, ethnicity, speech situation, network, etc.

Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society,

including cultural norms, expectations, and context on the way language is used.

While studies in language and social interaction investigate actual language

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interaction and explore how people react to language interactions and how they

evaluate others based on the language behavior.

Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of

sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's focus

is on the language's effect on the society. Studies in the field of sociolinguistics

typically take a sample population and interview them, assessing the realization of

certain sociolinguistic variables. Labov (1972) specifies the ideal sociolinguistic

variable to

be high in frequency,

have a certain immunity from conscious suppression,

be an integral part of larger structures, and

be easily quantified on a linear scale.

Studies, such as those by William Labov in the 1960s, have shown that

social aspirations influence speech patterns. This is also true of class aspiration. In

the process of wishing to be associated with a certain class (usually the upper

class and upper middle class) people who are moving in that direction socio-

economically will adjust their speech patterns to sound like them.

2.3. Stylistics

In the context of sociolinguistic study, style refers to variations that can

represent individual choices along social dimensions. One stylistic element would

be the deal with formality casualness, for example place the ingredients into a

prepared dish could more casually be:put the mix into a bowl youve got

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already. Clearly since the field, tenor and mode of both these utterances could be

the same, stylistic variation can be analyzed by its kinds of clause and diction.

Most styles are best thought of as scales or clines, for example from very

formal to very casual, with many relative gradations in between. People are very

adept at matching their style as appropriate to the social setting. The study of that

variation in language (style) which is dependent on the situation in which the

language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on

the reader or hearer. Although stylistic sometimes includes investigations of

spoken language, it usually refers to the study of written language, including

literary texts. Stylistic is concerned with the choices that are available to a writer

and the reasons why particular forms and expressions.

In peoples daily conversation, the exact style of language which used for

a long period is barely to find. The diversity of style is well known as style shift.

Style shift is a change in style during a verbal or written communication. Usually,

a style shift takes place if the writer reassesses or redefines a particular situation.

For example, a writer may add an informal note at the end of a formal invitation

because he or she is on familiar terms with the person the invitation is addressed

to. In a job interview, an applicant may change his or her formal style to a less

formal style if the interviewer adopts a very informal manner.

Style is a variation in a persons speech or writing. Style usually varies

from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the person or persons

addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. a particular style, e.g. a formal

style or a colloquial style, is sometimes referred to as a stylistic variety.

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Style can also refer to a particular persons use of speech or writing at all

times or to a way of speaking or writing at a particular period of time, e.g.

Dickenss style. The style of Shakespeare, an 18th-century style of writing is a

kind of stylistic variation. Stylistic variation is the differences in the speech or

writing of a person or group of people according to the situation, the topic, the

addressee (s) and the location. Stylistic variation can be observed in the use of

different speech sound, different words or expressions, or different structures.

For example, in English:

a. Pronounciation: people are more likely to say /s tn/ sittn /me k n/ makn

instead of /sitti / sitting /me ki / making if the style is more informal.

b. Words and sentence structure

More formal : we were somewhat dismayed by her lack of response to our

invitation.

Less formal : we were rather fed up that she didnt answer when we invited

her.

The stylistic variation of an individual or group can be measured by

analyzing recorded speech and making comparison. Style is a notorious term,

because it is used in so many different ways by researchers from several

disciplines, and has popular meanings as well. It is used here to mean the way

texts are internally differentiated other than by topic; mainly by the choice of the

presence or absence of some of a large range of structural and lexical features.

Some features are mutually exclusive (e.g. verbs in the active or passive mood),

and some are preferential, e.g. politeness markers and mitigators.

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Dealing with style, there are several parameters of organization proposed

in the literature; there are no agreed standards for any one parameter. For

example, most students of language believe that a parameter of formality is

required, and terms like `formal', `informal', `colloquial', etc., are freely used and

not always well defined. In one of the most influential proposals (in its time), Joos

(1961) set five levels of `frozen', `formal', `informal', `colloquial', `intimate'.

However useful this was, Joos might just as easily have proposed four, six, seven

or twenty, because the motivation for five levels was mainly convenience.

Style is the other criterion for which we recommend an automatic analysis

based on linguistic criteria, and we recognize that no suitable package is yet

available. There are signs of progress in the statistical analyses of texts such as

those already being used in literary and forensic linguistics for questions of

authorship. What is important for the purposes of a text typology is that the

criteria for categorization according to style be established objectively.

Biber (1988) offers a methodology for the objective grouping of variations

in English texts through statistical analyses. The analysis is based on the

identification of different clusters of linguistic features across a range of written

and spoken English texts. Using a technique called factor analysis; he successfully

identifies the linguistic characteristics of texts by an objective analysis of the

language data. Biber's fundamental claim is that the frequent co-occurrence of a

group of linguistic features in texts is an indication of an underlying function

shared by those features. Therefore we can identify which linguistic features

consistently group together to perform a particular communicative function,

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which features co-occur and which features are mutually exclusive. We can

interpret these results to establish a correlation between variations in linguistic

groups and function. Not only that, but we can use the analysis to objectively

define a set of texts which belong to each variation in the English language, with

the intention of using this kind of classification technique to categorize new texts

for inclusion in a corpus. We envisage, however, that the categories would be

continually refined and not fixed, to cater for the steady flow of language into and

out of the corpus.

In one prominent model, Joos (1961) describes five styles in spoken

English:

Frozen Printed unchanging language such as bible quotations; often contains

archaisms. This kind of style is usually found in prayers, bible, al Quran, and

pledges. This language can not be replaced with other diction or used figurative

language. This is for print and for public performance. It has it's own worth,

detached from the speaker. There is no participation from anyone else at all.

It is usually very dense so that the reader can re-read and get new things

out of it each time. This means that it is the style found in literature and poetry

(and may even be the definition of good literature and poetry). Literature is any

text that a community insists on having repeated intact. It should not even rely on

intonation to give it meaning, but the meaning comes just from the words, and the

order they come in.

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So the frozen style is the style used in poetry and other texts or chants that

never change, and whose importance lies entirely in the words themselves. In

English, frozen style could be seen in, for example, church services and prayers,

in legal situations such as reading someone their rights when they are arrested,

and the bridal couple who declare their promise in wedding ceremony is in frozen

register. In other countries, there might be things like prayers that are part of a

frozen register.

Formal Technical vocabulary; "Fussy semantics" or exact definitions are

important. Includes introductions between strangers. Formal English often used to

show respect used in places such as work, school, and public offices.

This differs from consultative because there is no feedback. The style is

designed to inform (consultative does some informing, casual may happen to do

so and intimate doesn't do much at all). Because there is no participation, even

the speaker seems to back off and become impersonal. Pronunciation is very

clear, and grammar is full and explicit (no ellipsis), and all background

information is clearly given. Because of all this, it needs forward planning. Any

participation that there might be comes after a long section of uninterrupted

discourse. The defining features of formal style are detachment and cohesion.

This might also define the way that people sign on television.

18

Consultative Two-way participation. Background information is provided prior

knowledge is not assumed. such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is common.

Interruptions allowed. It is usually used between strangers, so commonly used

almost the same as formal language.

This is the one that is used between strangers or distant work colleagues.

In other words, people who do not share the same immediate knowledge. It is the

everyday style of many middle class, middle aged, educated Americans. The

speaker has to supply background information about a topic, and does not

presume to be understood without it. The addressee participates continuously by

giving feedback like "oh", "uh-huh", "I see" and "yes". If the speaker gives too

much information, the feedback like "I know" stops it, or if there isn't enough, the

addressee's feedback will tell that too. So there is constant adjusting.

You can't make unannounced swings in topics in consultative style,

because you have to assume that background information is not shared. So, if you

want to change the topic, you have to use clear markers that you are doing so, and

fill the person in.

Casual In-group friends and acquaintances. No background information provided.

Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptions common. It is a language which is used

between friends, and often full of slang, used to signal, belonging to a given

group.

19

This is for friends and acquaintances and insiders. It is used deliberately

to get someone to feel part of a group. If you use formal style, the person feels an

outsider. It is characterized by two features of "ellipsis" and "slang".

Slang uses terms that are well known at the time, but are not likely to last

long before they drop out of use. If you use slang (defined this way) you pay the

person the compliment of expecting them to know what you mean, so you imply

that they are an insider in your group.

Ellipsis is an even more distinguishing feature between consultative and

causal language. You can leave out most weak words from the beginning of a

sentence, e.g. "(It would have) been a good thing if..." or ""(The) coffee's cold".

Some ellipsis is phonological e.g. "C'n I help?" vs "Can I help?". You can also

leave out a lot of background information because you assume the other person

knows it. In BSL we can see "ellipsis" when the signer produces signs that are

less clearly articulated (e.g. using fingerspelling without the base hand, or signing

something like DUNNO without contact to the head, or non-manually).

Casual speech is an informal type of speech used among friend and others

in situation where empathy, rapport or lack of social barriers is important. It is

often marked by the use of slang and idioms and by other linguistic characteristic

such as deletion of subject or auxiliaries (e.g. as in Got the time? instead of Do

you have the time?). It is also not necessarily non prestige speech and can be

considered that casual speeches normally are used in informal situations with a

friends, fellow workers and members of the family.

20

Intimate Non-public. Intonation more important than wording or grammar. Private

vocabulary. This level of language, usually used between lovers, a close friend

and family, it is kind of private and often full of codeword that only known by

the two.

Here, the speakers give the addressee very little information (this style is

usually used between couples or very close friends or family). The speaker may

say something like "Cat?" or "Cold". This means something to the addressee

who only needs this tiny clue to fit immediately into the speaker's thoughts.

"Cat?" might mean "Is the cat out? It's your job tonight to see that she is". "Cold"

might mean "This coffee is cold". This is best called "extraction", rather than

ellipsis because here, in extraction, you can't recreate the message, because there

is no message to recreate. It just means that the thought is communicated, and

you extract the full meaning from it. Tone of voice will also do the trick here, for

example a questioning grunt in the right context might mean "what time is it?" or

"will you go? We might get the same thing will a simple questioning facial

expression. Extraction is often needed because it often assumes context. For

example, two signers might know who is meant by j-k- and use this sign but

another person (e.g. and interpreter) cannot extract the full information, except to

say that there is someone, something or somewhere called JK

It also uses "jargon". These are words used by the couple that others don't

know, and that no one uses in public. The slang used in casual register may

21

change quite quickly, but the jargon words in intimate style do not change when

they have formed.

This might be seen as the highest compliment possible, because it implies

that the addressee knows the speaker perfectly, so is the ultimate insider.

2.4 Register, Levels of Meaning and Diction

Register is a speech variety used by a particular group of people, usually

sharing the same occupation (e.g. doctors, lawyers) or the same interest (e.g.

stamp collectors, baseball fans). A particular register often distinguishes itself

from other register by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or

phrases in a particular way (e.g. in evening: dance, love, tramlines) and sometimes

by special grammatical construction (e.g. Legal language).

Halliday (1978:33) distinguished register intro three types; field, mode and

tenor. Field is concerns with the purpose and subject matter of communication.

Mode refers to the means by which communication takes place i.e. written or

spoken. Finally, tenor depends on the relations between participants. In addition,

there is a slogan which probably may help: field refers to why, and about

what; mode is about how a communication represents; and tenor is about to

whom (it means how the speaker defines how he/she sees the person with whom

he/she is talk to). These three register variables explain the relationships between

language function and language form. In other words, a register is constituted by

"the linguistic features which are typically associated with a configuration of

situational featureswith particular values of the field, mode and tenor"

22

(Halliday, 1976:22). In the same element, the mode of an interaction which

marked the nature of the language code being used can be distinguished in terms

of, among other things, spoken and written.

Registers often also have non-linguistic prescriptions such as appropriate

dress codes, body language, and proximity of speakers to one another. The

various approaches with the set of terms and meanings fall under disciplines such

as sociolinguistics, stylistics, pragmatics or systemic functional grammar.

Halliday (1976:22) distinguish terms of register into three terms:

Field For the purposes of this essay, it uses Halliday's definition ((1978:7) of

field as the way "registers are classified according to the nature of the whole event

of which the language activity forms a part". This may be clarified with reference

to the purpose and subject matter of communication

Field refers to the subject matter or topic. Field answers the question:

"What is happening to the nature of the social action that is taking place?", "What

is the activity?", The description of the content should be clear and detailed

enough to give readers/hearers a sense that they have understood about the

purpose and the matter themselves.

In clause as exchange which had been distinguished by Halliday (1994),

field in register was divided into several actions:

Role in exchange

Commodity exchange initiation

Expected response

Discretionary alternative

Giving Goods and

service

offer Acceptance rejection

Demanding

Command Undertaking Refusal

23

Giving information

Statement Acknowledgment Contradiction

Demanding

question answer Disclaimer

Mode Mode is slightly more problematic. Halliday's initial definition of mode as

"the medium or mode of the language activity" (1964:91) is somewhat circular.

Mode refers to the channel of communication. Mode answers the questions:

how a communication represents. The mode of an interaction which marked the

nature of the language code being used can be distinguished in terms of, among

other things, spoken and written.

Tenor Tenor refers to the roles of the participants in an interaction. Tenor

answers the question: "Who are participating and what their relativity is?"

In short, tenor is about to whom (it means how the speaker defines how he/she

sees the person with whom he/she is talk to). In other words, tenor has to do with

who are taking part in the interaction as well as the "nature of the participants,

their status and roles (Hasan and Halliday, 1985:12).

Levels of meaning

Literal and figurative languages have been divided into two separate

classes by more traditional systems for analyzing language. In short, literal

language refers to stating the facts without any exaggerations or alterations of the

24

subject at hand while figurative language states the facts with comparisons to

similar events and some possible exaggerations; these comparisons and

exaggerations are known as figures of speech.

Denotation In traditional analysis, words in literal expressions denote what they mean

according to common or dictionary usage, while words in figurative expressions

connote additional layers of meaning. When the human ear or eye receives the

message, the mind must interpret the data to convert it into meaning. This

involves the use of a cognitive framework which is made up of memories of all

the possible meanings that might be available to apply to the particular words in

their context. This set of memories will give prominence to the most common or

literal meanings, but also suggest reasons for attributing different meanings, e.g.,

the reader understands that the author intended it to mean something different.

For example, the words, "The ground is thirsty and hungry", mixes the

usages. The ground is not alive and therefore does not need to drink or have the

essence of life to be able to obtain the characteristics needed to eat. The reader can

immediately understand that a literal interpretation is not appropriate and

confidently interpret the words to mean "the ground is dry": The stimulus that

would trigger the sensation of thirst in a living organism. But a sentence, "When I

first saw her, my soul began to quiver", is more difficult to interpret. It might

mean, "When I first saw her, I began to fall in love", or, "When I first saw her, I

began to panic", or something else entirely. Whereas the ground's thirst can only

25

sensibly refer to its dryness, the soul may quiver to represent a whole range of

feelings, including mutually exclusive ones. Only someone familiar with the

speaker's feelings could accurately interpret this statement. A different way of

expressing the difficulty is that, without a context, a few words can only be given

a provisional set of meanings, the most appropriate only becoming apparent when

more information is made available.

Figurative (Connotation) Figurative Languages states the facts with comparisons to similar events

and some possible exaggerations; these comparisons and exaggerations are known

as figures of speech.

Classical and traditional linguistics by some counts identified more than

two hundred and fifty different figures of speech. More recently, some have

reduced the list to more manageable proportions; others have claimed to be able to

classify all figurative language as either metaphor or metonymy.

It has been customary to characterize literal as the antonym of figurative as

if the two are in dialectical opposition. But this view is not sustainable. Each

semiotic niche within a culture will reach agreement about the usual or actual

meaning of words in common use. This will not be fixed but will change over

time. Hence, for example, the original definition of wicked referred to behavior

that was immoral or sinful, but in some subcultures, the word now carries

connotations of positive approval. So, when the audience begins to decode the

26

incoming message, the literal meaning of the whole will be the one using the

commonly-used meaning for each word.

In brief, figurative language uses imaginative and metaphorical way which

is different from usual basic meaning. According to Duff (1990) there are some

specific terms of connotative language:

Similes

Similes is a figure of speech used to make a comparison between two things,

usually with the words like than or as.

E.g. as soft as a rose that blooms in May, it can be figured out that it portend

the similarity of a thing to another. The sample above shows that soft is

associated with arose that blooms in May.

Metaphors

Metaphors are language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects.

More generally, a metaphor is a rhetorical trope that describes the first subject

as being or equal to a second subject in some way as cited from.

E.g. he has the heart of lion. Basically metaphors and similes has similar

pattern, but as like can not be found in metaphors.

Jocular

Jocular expressions are intended to be funny.

E.g. clodhopper, hanky-panky, and muggings.

Derogatory

Derogatory is an expression that shows the user feels disapproval or scorn.

E.g. brat, fuddy-duddy or pedantic.

27

Euphemistic

Euphemistic is an expression in aims to convey about something which is

unpleasant or painful to be more pleasant or less direct away.

E.g. cloakroom (toilet), pass away (to die), senior citizen ( an old person or

retired person)

Ironic

Ironic has an aim such usage is when words are used to mean the opposite of

or something very different from their meaning.

E.g. this is a nice youve got us into!

So, actually the speaker feels no need no more the help of the hearer.

Levels of Diction

Diction means simply "word choice." English teachers probably mention it

most often when there's a problem with the level of diction. The English language

sports many near synonyms, groups of which may share more or less the same

denotation, but which differ in connotation. And sometimes these connotations

can be arranged hierarchically, from high to low. Think of warrior (high diction),

soldier (middle), and dogface or grunt (low); or apparel (high), clothes (middle),

and duds (low). Higher diction often involves Latinate words, and lower diction

Germanic, but not always.

28

Jargon Jargon is a terminology that relates to a specific activity, profession, or

group (www.wikipedia.com/jargon/). It develops as a kind of shorthand, to

express ideas that are frequently discussed between members of a group. This

term is used by particular speakers, called insiders of the group. If there are

outsiders, or any people that are unfamiliar in the group, making conversation

with insiders, they will think that jargon words or phrases the insiders use are

weird or incorrect usage of jargon.

Jargon is terminology that relates to a specific activity, profession or

group. Much like slang it develops as a kind of shorthand, to quickly express ideas

that are frequently discussed between members of a group. In many cases a

standard term may be given a more precise or specialized usage among

practitioners of a field.

== Uses of Jargon ==pop Jargon is used in several fields:

Sports: One can find Jargon just by watching a sports broadcast, where

commentators will often use jargon specific to the game which may hold

little or no meaning to those not familiar with the sport.

Religion: Jargon is widely used to refer to concepts within the belief

systems of organized religion.

Medicine: Particularly in the operating room or under emergency

conditions, particular jargons have developed that allow medical

professionals to communicate quickly and effectively where common

29

language would take much longer. This kind of jargon is also known as

technical terminology.

Information Technology and the Internet: Computer and programming

jargons used by computer scientists, programmers, system architects,

enthusiasts and hackers to communicate. (See the Jargon File.) The proper

usage of these words is a sometimes considered prerequisite for inclusion

in these groups (leetspeak).

Nautical Terms, an example of an ancient form of jargon.

Politics: Jargon is used by ministers and commentators to refer to political

strategies and tactics.

In some cases jargon is used as a shibboleth to distinguish those who

belong to a group from those who do not. This is sometimes called "guild" or

"insider" jargon. Those unfamiliar with a subject can often be tagged by their

incorrect use of jargon. The use of jargon by outsiders is considered by insiders to

be audacious, since it constitutes a claim to membership of the insider group.

Conversely, since outsiders may not see the reference made via jargon, they are

all the more sensitive to its more visible elitist social framing. Jargon may be

perceived as pedantic, nerdy, and divorced from meaning to outsiders.

Because of jargon is tended to a very formal occasion such as used in

official reports and technical studies, it can be concluded that the types of style

which can use this diction is between frozen, formal, and consultative. In addition,

jargon expression here based on Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionaries.

30

Colloquial Colloquial is a speaking engagement that a group of people participate in,

in which they share a common knowledge of the subject matter. Colloquialism

can include words (such as gonna or grouty), phrases (such as aint nothing

and dead as doornail), or something aphorism (such as theres more then one

way to skin a cat). Dictionaries often display colloquial words and phrases with

the abbreviation collog. Colloquialism is often used primarily within limited

geographical areas. Colloquial also can show the regional where the speaker come

from.

Even though colloquial term can be founded in some formal occasion, but

still in this study it only will be categorized as several types such as consultative,

casual and intimate. The reason why colloquial term can be founded in formal

occasion is because the speakers want to make the words simpler be used in their

conversations. Although colloquial words or phrase are technically incorrect, the

meaning is recognizable duo to common usage.

Slang

Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressing that are not

considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. Slang terms are

frequently particular in certain subculture, such as artists, musicians, and members

of a minority. Slang words and phrases emerge in a particular social situation or

group of people. However, unlike jargon, slang can be followed or be used by

31

people outside the group as expression in conversations. It is not considered weird

by the outsiders.

Slang is the use of informal words and expressions to describe an object or

condition. Slang is vocabulary that is meant to be interpreted quickly but not

necessarily literally, as slang words or terms are often a metaphor or an allegory.

Slang is sometimes regional in that it is used only in a particular territory.

Slang terms are frequently particular to a certain subculture, such as musicians,

and members of minority groups. A slang term could be like calling someone

from China and Canada a Chinadian. Nevertheless, usage of slang expressions can

spread outside their original arenas to become commonly used, such as "cool" and

"jive". While some words eventually lose their status as slang, others continue to

be considered as such by most speakers. In spite of this, the process tends to lead

the original users to replace the words with other, less-recognized terms to

maintain group identity.

In this study, slang will be placed into several groups based on the types of

style such as intimate and casual. In other types of style would not allow slang

language may appear in their occasion. In addition, slang expression here based

on Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionaries.

Formal

Formal expression is usually only used in serious or official condition,

especially being applied in written language.

E.g. disrobe, redoubtable, paucity.

32

Informal

Informal expression are used between friends or people who know each

other well, this belongs to relaxed or unofficial context. They are not appropriate

in formal situation.

E.g. brainy, umpteen or wallop.

Other

Other here means when the term such as jargon, colloquial, slang, formal

or informal are not founded. It can be said that this language has ordinary

expression which can not represent obviously the term that the writer intend to be

an element on classifying the types of styles of the utterances used.

33

CHAPTER III

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY

3.1. Theoretical Framework

Play is a prose or verse composition, especially one telling a serious story,

that is intended for representation by actors impersonating the characters and

performing the dialogue and action. It usually represents a situation or succession

of events in real life having the dramatic progression or emotional effect

characteristic.

As Labov (1972) stated that Sociolinguistics is the empirical study of how

language is used in society, furthermore it probes the effect of the society on the

language. Then this study is trying to proof whether the society can affect ones

language utterance. Term society here means social stratification, educational

background, norms and class aspiration.

For that reasons, the writer intends to find out the style of the language

that is used in the dialogue of Pygmalion plays, so that she could identify that the

style of ones utterance is related with his/her social background. As she stated

above, stylistic of ones utterance can be analyzed from its register, levels of

meaning, and levels of diction. Register is distinguished into three types; field,

mode and tenor. Field is concerned with the purpose and subject matter of

communication. Mode refers to the means by which communication takes place

i.e. written or spoken. Finally, tenor depends on the relations between participants.

34

Term levels of meaning represent traditional systems for analyzing

language, levels of meaning have been divided into two separate classes which are

literal and figurative languages. Lastly, levels of diction means simply "word

choice." There are some levels of diction that will be used to analyze the stylistic,

such as jargon, colloquial, and slang.

Register, levels of meaning and diction are expected to complete each

other in aim to identify what style that being used. Finally, after finding the kind

of style, this study will be continued in analyzing the equivalence between the

styles which being used with the social stratification of the sayer. Then, it is

expected the research question will be answered as valid and reliable as possible.

3.2. Research Method

This study is designed as a descriptive analytical study by analyzing the

social stratification from the ones style of language. Furthermore, style of

language or stylistic will be analyzed from the register, levels of meaning and

diction which are used by the characters language utterance. This study also will

analyze the style of lecturers-students conversation as the implication of the

previous research in Pygmalion.

The research questions to be answered in this study are as follows:

1. What are the languages styles used in Pygmalion that reflect social

stratification?

2. How is the social stratification reflected in Pygmalion?

35

3. What are the languages styles used in lecturer-student communication at

ED UNJ?

3.3. Data and Data Source

The data is the language styles which represent social stratification. The

source of data was collected from a play, which is entitled Pygmalion and

lecturer-student communication at ED UNJ. Pygmalion which was written by

George Bernard Shaw is a comedy about a phonetic expert who, as a kind of

social experiment, attempts to make a lady out of an uneducated Cockney flower

girl. Pygmalion probes important questions about social class, human behavior

and relations between the sexes. Pygmalion has been chosen because of the high

prevalence of social stratification diversity and the relevance to the theme, plot,

characterization and current social structure of the Victorian era. The data was

also collected from the daily conversations between the lecturer-student at ED

UNJ.

3.4. Instruments

An observation and literary studies became the instruments in obtaining

the data. Literary studies were the main instrument, while the observation was

used to support the data and to convey the implication of this skripsi. It was in the

form of analyzing a kind of literature, play. Meanwhile, the observation had done

by recording the conversation between the lecturer and student at ED. Mostly; it

was being recorded in the class, either in regular class or in seminar of skripsi.

36

3.5. Data Collection Techniques

Decide the play that will be analyzed Read the original play Identify the characters social background in Pygmalion Identify the play. Then marked the words, phrases and clauses which indicate the kind of social stratification differences

Record the conversation between student-student and lecturer-student at ED UNJ

Identify the students and lecturers at ED educational background Identify lecturer-student conversation at ED. Then marked the words, phrases and clauses which indicate the kind of social stratification

differences

3.6. Data Analysis Techniques

From the data that had been collected, by using the procedures above, it will

be continuing to the next steps:

Analyze the classification of clauses by the three elements of register Analyze the marked phrases by its levels of meaning Analyze the levels of diction, in term of word choice Analyze the type of style which is used Analyze by using the theory of sociolinguistic, in am to relate the social

background with the kind of style that is used

Draw a conclusion of the result and search for indicato

61

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