fact finding mission nanotechnology in brazil · 8/29/2008 · jacobus swart, cti results of the...

Nanoforumeula report- FFM in Brazil September 2008

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Fact Finding Mission

Nanotechnology

in Brazil


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Authors: Ineke Malsch and Hernan Valenzuela, NanoforumEULA consortium www.nanoforumeula.eu Published November 2008 Acknowledgement: The fact finding mission, workshop and report have been funded by the European Union under the Sixth Framework Programme for RTD. The information presented here has been collected from presentations during the fact finding mission, literature and internet resources. Care has been taken to control the quality of the information, but errors or omissions can not be excluded. Comments or corrections are welcome. Any interpretations or views given are the responsibility of the authors and can under no circumstance be considered an official standpoint of the European Commission or other organization.


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About NANOFORUMEULA

The project lasted from 1 December 2006 until 30 November 2008 and aimed to foster lasting research relations between European research organisations and research organisations in Latin America specialising in nanotechnology. Exchange visits for twentyone Latin American researchers to four European research organisations specialising in nanotechnology were supported. Two fact finding missions and a workshop were organised in Mexico and Brazil enabling European researchers and industrialists to identify opportunities for establishing working relations.

Check our website for updates: www.nanoforumeula.eu

or contact Ineke Malsch: [email protected]

About the European Union Framework Programmes

This Specific Support Action Nanoforum EU Latin America (NANOFORUMEULA) is funded by the European Union under the Sixth EU Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development; Nanotechnologies and Nanosciences, Knowledge Based Multifunctional Materials and New Production Processes and Devices (FP6, NMP). The EU Framework Programmes constitute the main instrument for funding research in Europe. Under FP6 (2003-2006), approximately €17.5 billion has been invested in research, including €1.3 billion for the NMP programme. FP7 (2007-2013) with a budget of around €50 billion, including about €3.5 billion for the NMP programme, is running. Organizations and researchers from outside the European Union are welcome to participate in all European Community research activities under FP7, subject to the rules for participation. See http://cordis.europa.eu, http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology and links.


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Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................... 6

Nanotechnology in Brazil ....................................................................................................... 11

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 11

2 Rio de Janeiro – 5 September 2008 .................................................................................. 14

2.1 INMETRO.......................................................................................................................... 14

2.2 UFRJ - COPPE......................................................... Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd.

2.3 PUC .................................................................................................................................. 18

3 Campinas – 8 September 2008.......................................................................................... 26

3.1 CTI and NAMITEC........................................................................................................... 26

3.2 CCS - Unicamp .............................................................................................................. 29

3.3 Unicamp IFGW Institute for Physics research............................................................ 31

3.4 The LNLS, National Lab Research at the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center.................................................................................................................................... 33

3.5 University of Sao Paulo - Chemistry Institute (USP-IQ).............................................. 35

3.6 University of Sao Paulo- USP LSI Laboratory of Integrated Systems Dept. of Electronic Systems ............................................................................................................... 37

3.7 University of Sao Paulo IFSC - Multidisciplinar Institute for Polymeric Materials (IMMP).................................................................................................................................... 38

3.8 Federal University of Parana Physics and Chemistry Institutes............................... 40

3.9 CEITEC.............................................................................................................................. 41

3.10 EMBRAPA / NANOTECHNOLOGY AT THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CORPORATION CNPDIA ..................................................................................................... 42

3.11 CSEM – Brazil, Belo Horizonte ..................................................................................... 43

3.12 Digimed......................................................................................................................... 45

4. Belo Horizonte – 9 September 2008.................................................................................. 47

4.1 Federal University of Minas Gerais UFMG – Physics department .......................... 47

4.2 UFMG – other departments ......................................................................................... 51

4.3 Spin-off companies of UFMG ...................................................................................... 51


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4.3.1 DSD (Dispositivos Semiconductores Discretos).................................................. 51

4.3.2 NANUM Nanotecnologia S.A. .............................................................................. 52

4.4 CSEM Brasil ...................................................................................................................... 52

5. Recife – North east, 10 September 2008 ......................................................................... 53

5.1 Federal University of Pernambuco- RENAMI nanonetwork.................................... 53

5.2 Federal University of Sergipe UFS ................................................................................ 57

5.3 CETENE – Centre for Strategic Technologies of the North East ............................. 58

5.4 Spin-off companies of RENAMI / UFPE ....................................................................... 58

5.4.1 Ponto Quantico ...................................................................................................... 59

5.4.2 LUMITEC .................................................................................................................... 59

6. Manaus North - Minapim seminar, 11-12 September 2008......................................... 60

Annex 1: Background document prepared before the fact finding mission, 15 April 2008............................................................................................................................................ 65

Where are the Brazilian nanotechnology research centres?...................................... 65

Current Nanotechnology Research Networks in Brazil ................................................. 66

Infrastructure development............................................................................................... 69

Past networks and institutes ............................................................................................... 69

Application domains and industrial interest ................................................................... 70

Government policies and debate ................................................................................... 70

EU-Brazilian cooperation .................................................................................................... 73

Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 73

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................. 74

References............................................................................................................................ 74

Websites ................................................................................................................................ 75

Annex 2: programmes of the (pre) fact finding mission, MINAPIM conference and NanoforumEULA workshop .................................................................................................... 76


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Executive Summary

In Brazil, dedicated Nanotechnology research networks have been funded by the Brazilian government and Worldbank since 2001 under a number of subsequent calls for proposals. This has led to the building up of human resources and research infrastructure in a number of different fields including Microsystems and nanoelectronics, and nanomaterials. In the coming years, the Brazilian government intends to fund a number of nanotechnology research institutes. A call for proposal for National Science and Technology Institutes under the PACTI I programme has closed 18 September and selected networks are expected to start beginning of 2009. The call included for the first time the topics of Nanotoxicology and of communicating nanoscience by nanoscientists. Until now, the network on Nanotechnology, Society and Environment RENANOSOMA has been active in research on social aspects of nanotechnology and in public engagement with nanotechnology. This network consists of social and human scientists. There is apparently limited cooperation between the natural science and technology networks on nanotechnology and RENANOSOMA.

CNPq/MCT received 261 proposals demanding over R$1.5 billion (~ €500 million) (for all areas, including nanotechnology). 61% of proposals targeted a specific call, 39% responded to the open call for proposals. 67% of proposals originated from the South-East, 11% from the Northeast and South, 6% from the Centre-West and 5% from the North. The selection committee must distribute 50% of funding in the South-East, 35% in the North, North-East and Centre-West and 15% in the South, thereby stimulating regional development in less developed regions of the country. The selection process started 27 October. (Source: website MCT, 28-10-2008: www.mct.gov.br) The selected projects will be funded in two stages, 3+2 years, and a total of R$600 (~ €205) million will be invested in 101 institutes including 7 explicitly in nanotechnology. The final result of the selection process has been published 27 November 2008. (Source website NCPq, 27-11-08: http://www.cnpq.br/saladeimprensa/noticias/2008/1127.htm, see list below.) The established network RENAMI will continue in parallel according to Prof Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz.

Region Network Coordinator

Centre-West INCT Nanobiotechnology of Centre-West and North

Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo, UNB

Northeast INCT Nanotechnology for Integrated Labels INAMI

Oscar Malta, Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz, UFPE

South INCT Catalysis in Molecular and Nanostructured Systems

Faruk Jose Nome Aguilera, UFSC

Southeast INCT Nanobiopharmacy Robson Augusto Souza dos Santos, UFMG


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Southeast INCT Carbon Nanomaterials Marcos Assuncao Pimenta, UFMG

Southeast INCT Semiconductor Nanodevices

Patricia Lustoza de Souza, PUC/RJ

Southeast INCT Micro and nanoelectronic systems

Jacobus Swart, CTI

Results of the fact finding mission

There is a lot of research activity in nanosciences and nanotechnology in Brazil. Government funded dedicated nanotechnology networks have been operational since 2001. Results were presented from the NAMITEC network on nanoelectronics and RENAMI network on materials as well as other activities. NAMITEC and RENAMI are among ten nanotechnology research networks currently funded by the Brazilian ministry for Science and Technology MCT (see annex 1, which also reviews literature and internet sources on nanotechnology research and strategy in Brazil).

A number of new research laboratories for nanotechnology are currently under construction. These investments in new research infrastructure are funded by the Brazilian government (MCT) but also by industry. Especially Petrobras is a major investor in research infrastructure on university campuses, e.g. investing R$12 (~€4) million in a building on the campus of PUC-Rio.

Our hosts demonstrated a strong interest in cooperation with European research groups in nanotechnology. Many groups are already cooperating nationally as well as internationally. Learning how to do technology transfer and spin-out high tech companies has a high priority among researchers. The research activities in Brazil are well-coordinated by the Brazilian government in a strategic plan. The amount of funding is naturally relatively low compared to Europe or the USA, which calls for focusing the research activities in Brazil on national priorities. A national IPR strategy is starting. UNICAMP owns most patents followed by PETROBRAS.

The Action Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation, 2007-2010

In this PACTI action plan, Nanotechnology is included in the action line III: Research, Development and Innovation in strategic areas. It is one of two future carrying areas together with biotechnology. Economic sectors relevant to the country which are affected by nanotechnology include:

food production, biotechnology, electricity and electronics, aerospace, textiles,


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metal-mechanics and energy (including oil and gas). (PACTI, p 144)

The action plan includes:

the development of a medium to long term strategic plan for nanotechnology development in Brazil,

strengthening the existing nanoscience and nanotechnology research competences in the country through support for education, human resource development and consolidation of research infrastructure for characterising and manipulating nanostructured materials,

implementing actions for innovation support in nanotechnology areas considered strategic for the country, stimulating interaction between Science and Technology Institutes and companies (PACTI, p 144-146)

Milestones:

In the period 2007-2010, 10 regional reference laboratories for characterising and manipulating nanostructured systems should be consolidated;

Support at least 20 cooperative research projects per year between laboratories and companies;

Support at least 15 basic research projects/year; Evaluate Rede BrasilNano in 2008 and 2010; Educate 100 nanotechnology professionals per year (technician, master, doctor and

post-doc); Stimulating interaction between companies and research networks by organising

annual conferences; Stimulating international cooperation with two more countries in 2008 and 2009.

(PACTI p 147) The total budget for nanotechnology in PACTI is R$69.99 (~€23) million in 4 years, from MCT/FNDCT (National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development) and MCT/other actions PPA. (specified on PACTI p 148)

Industrial interest in nanotechnology in Brazil

Nanotechnology R&D in Federal Universities is funded by special sectorial funds, to which companies in that particular sector are obliged to contribute. On top of this, PETROBRAS is investing directly into enlarging its own research centre CENPES in Rio de Janeiro and a new building on the campus of the PUC in Rio. They also invest in research projects involving academic researchers. Nanotechnology is included in PETROBRAS work on sustainable energy, sensors and catalysis. Some agrifood sectors like the citrus fruit and sugar cane sector are also innovative and invest in relevant research to improve the quality of their products. The agribusiness research centre EMBRAPA is a key player in nanotechnology (instrumentation, toxicology and agrifood applications), working with academic research groups as well as companies. EMBRAER, the aerospace research centre, INMETRO (metrology), INPA (Amazon research) and CETENE (North East) are also cooperating in nanotechnology research.

Estimates of the numbers of companies active in nanotechnology in Brazil vary between 30 and 40. According to a Swiss survey, most of these are very small spin-offs. Brazilian local


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companies are mostly interested in cost reduction. Only companies exporting to Europe and the USA are interested in added value. (Györvary, CSEM). During the fact finding mission, 8 spin-offs, 12 established Brazilian companies and 5 foreign companies were referred to. Spin-offs: Gaviasensor (PUC), Nanobionics (CCS-UNICAMP), Supranano (USP), Perinova (USP), DSD (UFMG), NANUM (UFMG), Ponto Quantico (PQS&D Ltda, UFPE), LUMITEC (USP, RENAMI). Established Brazilian companies: Petrobras (energy), Boticario, Natura (cosmetics), Novo Filme, D&L Welding Fumes, Braskem, GETEC, PADTEC, OXITENO, Santista Textil (textile), Digimed (analytics), and CERAMICA Sergipe S.A (ceramics). Foreign companies (including with activities in Brazil): NovaLED (Dresden, Germany), FEI company (Netherlands), HP Brasil, BOSCH Brasil and CSEM Brasil.

Comparison with 2002 mission

The German fact finding mission in 2002 visited government bodies and academic research organisations selected by the Brazilian funding council CNPq in Sao Paulo, Campinas, Belo Horizonte, Recife, Brasilia and Rio de Janeiro. This partly overlapped with the present mission. In 2002, the research institutes were well-equipped, but the research was mainly basis science. Some groups were already working on nanoscience. At that time it was difficult for the research groups to find industrial partners, and the necessary structure to support such public-private cooperation was in an early phase. The German mission explored opportunities for 2+2 networks involving an academic and an industrial partner in Brazil as well as in Germany, but considered this hard to achieve at that time. Existing individual contacts between researchers in Germany and Brazil could be extended to more institutional cooperation programmes.

In 2008, the interest in Brazilian industry for nanotechnology is clearly more developed and the focus of nanotechnology research networks is shifting from building up a research infrastructure and investing in human resources for research towards technology transfer and public-private cooperation. The South East (Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro) is most advanced, but the federal government policy stimulates regional development through investment in Science and Technology in less developed regions. The ministry for science and technology (MCT) is primarily responsible for Science and Technology Policy including international cooperation.

Websites of hosts of the fact finding mission

INMETRO: http://www.inmetro.gov.br/

UFRJ – COPPE, overview of nanotechnology activities: www.nanoday.coppe.ufrj.br/temas.html

PUC-Rio: http://www.puc-rio.br/

CTI: www.cti.gov.br

UNICAMP, NAMITEC network in nanoelectronics: http://www.ccs.unicamp.br/namitec/.


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Federal University of Minas-Gerais UFMG: http://www.ufmg.br/english/

Federal University of Pernambuco UFPE www.ufpe.br

SUFRAMA, Manaus: http://www.suframa.gov.br/minapim/


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Nanotechnology in Brazil

1. INTRODUCTION NanoforumEULA is a project funded by the European Commission as a part of the Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development. Its objective is to promote permanent links between European and Latin-American organizations developing scientific research in nanoscience, nanotechnology and nanomaterials in order to enhance the building up of joint research consortium enabled to compete for EC Funding; in particular, within the Seventh Framework Program for Research and Technological Development of the European Commission for 2007- 2013.

Under this perspective, the Superintendence of the Free Trade Zone of Manaus SUFRAMA, a Branch of the Ministry of Development Industry and Foreign Trade in Brazil, as the Brazilian counterpart of the NANOFORUM EULA project, organized a Fact Finding Mission (FFM) in Brazil, in order to show European industries and researchers the great potential Brazilian and Latin American researchers have in areas related to nanoscience and nanotechnology. Therefore, this FFM enabled researchers from both regions (Europe and Latin America) to know each other and discuss possible collaborations with potential


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partners. One of the deliverables of this initiative is the elaboration of a nanoscience, nanotechnology and nanomaterials diagnostic as well as a first roadmap for boosting Brazilian, Latin-American and European Collaborations, in particular within the Seventh Framework Program for Research and Technological Development of the European Commission for 2007-2013. The mission consisted on visiting the southeast northeast and north regions within Brazil in order to provide a more complete view of the Brazilian activities related to nanoscience and nanotechnology in Brazil. The main goals stated for each of the meetings where:

To identify the priorities and strengths in nanoscience and nanotechnology research in each region.

To promote relevant international cooperation, especially between Brazil and the EU. To propose joint nanotechnology projects with the relevant sectors in the fabrication

of new products applied to: composite materials, bio-applications, water purification, (sustainable) energy and environmental technology, agro food, aerospace etc.

The meetings took place in 4 different regions of Brazil, to ensure a broad and not centralized view of Brazil activities in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. It started in Campinas, in South region, continuing in Belo Horizonte west, then Recife northeast, and finishing in Manaus, north, where institutes and industries joined for the workshops. In each place where the meetings took place, the workshops and networking activities consisted in the following:

Presentation of the financing opportunities opened by the Seventh Framework Program for Research and Technological Development of the European Commission in nanoscience, nanotechnology and new materials.

Presentation of the researchers and industries explaining, current advances, future perspectives, competitive advantages and common points of possible interactions with other partners.

Visits to laboratories. In this report, a brief description of the results obtained with this FFM is presented. The NanoforumEULA Fact Finding Mission realized from 8 until 12 September 2008, was planned to visit different regions in Brazil, and involving the University of Campinas, University of Sao Paulo, University of Minas Gerais, University of Pernambuco, University of Parana, University of Campina Grande, and important research institutes around the country. On 5 September, a small European delegation attended workshops and visited laboratories at INMETRO (Xerem, Rio de Janeiro area), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Pontifical Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro. The report of these visits is also included here. The findings of the present NanoforumEULA fact finding mission are compared with the findings of a German fact finding mission in 2002, the report of which was made available by Dr Gerd Bachmann of VDI, who participated in both missions. (VDI, 2002)

Rio de Campinas Belo Recife Manaus


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Janeiro Horizonte

Lecturers 7 14 14 9 13

Attendants (estimate)

30 30 30 20 100


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2 Rio de Janeiro – 5 September 2008

Three Europeans met with around thirty researchers and visited laboratories at INMETRO, UFRJ and PUC on 5 September 2008.

2.1 INMETRO Contact: Prof. Dr Carlos Achete: [email protected] XEREM campus, Materials Metrology Division Postal address: Rua Santa Alexandrina 416, 5o andar Rio Comprido – Rio de Janeiro – RJ CEP: 20261-232 Brazil Website: www.inmetro.gov.br 8:30 arriving at Inmetro campus 9:00 – 11:00 Presentation and visit of the laboratories Contact : Prof. Carlos A. Achete

Prof. Carlos Achete – Introduction.

The building was constructed twenty years ago for Mechanical Metrology. Since four years, the research done in this building includes nano and other materials research. Topics include nanotubes and standards for biodiesel. The building is isolated very well for temperature, noise and vibrations. The AFM and STM measurements have a good resolution.

Website: http://www.inmetro.gov.br/english/scientific/mechanical.asp (English)

http://www.inmetro.gov.br/laboratorios/inmetro/labmetmecanica.asp (Portuguese)

Prof. Ado Jorio – Overview of the laboratory

Contact: Prof. Dr Ado Jorio, http://www.fisica.ufmg.br/~adojorio/

In 1862, Brazil first accepted the metric system. In 1961, the National Institute for Weights and Measurements was founded. INMETRO was founded in 1973, to stimulate cooperation with European and other countries.

Currently, INMETRO is focusing on several topics of interest in nanotechnology, including Carbon nanotubes (CNT), organic semiconductors, nanopowders, biofuels, etc. For CNT, the international roadmap by Endo et all (2008) forms the framework of INMETRO activities. INMETRO is currently cooperating with NIST in the USA. INMETRO cooperates in the


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organisation of metrology conferences. MSIN07 was organised in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and MSIN08 in Montpellier, France (June 2008), http://www.cnrs-imn.fr/NT08/MSIN08_2.html.

The research on CNT spectroscopy compares TEM and Raman spectroscopy, which give different responses. The aim is to calibrate equipment. Most cooperation of INMETRO is with universities, but there are also some cooperation agreements with PETROBRAS and automobile industry. They also cooperate with IMBRAER in research for the automotive and aerospace industry, which is an important sector in Brazil. The research focuses on large volume markets. However, industry is still looking for applications for nanomaterials. The LED/OLED market is increasing. There is a roadmap 2005-2015. Potential applications include flexible displays integrated in clothes / PDAs etc.

Prof. Marco Cremona – OLEDs

Contact: Prof. Dr. Marco Cremona, [email protected]

Prof. Marco Cremona is a professor at the PUC in Rio de Janeiro, and works 2 days/week at INMETRO. He specialises in OLEDS. The main problem is that the lifetime of the materials is too short. The main advantage is lower energy requirements. OLEDs form currently a niche market. Brazil does not plan to produce displays. Passive LEDs and illumination form a big market in backlights and illumination. In this area, Brazil can compete. Measuring light efficiency is still an unresolved issue in metrology.

INMETRO also investigates nanopowders. There is a big laboratory working on thermo-analysis. They have a project in cooperation with PETROBRAS to improve properties of liquids and fluids used for lubrication, to improve performance of heat exchangers compared to currently used fluids. They compare ZnO, γ-Al2O3 and CuO to investigate if properties are better than currently used fluids. γ-Al2O3 is most used now, and CuO works quite well. It depends on the stability of the nanofluid. Prof. Cotta measures heat transfer. INMETRO produces many fluids and characterises them.

Energy and nanocatalysis

In some new areas, INMETRO does basic research with a focus on metrology, by STM study and surface science. They publish scientific papers. One example is reference materials for biofuels. They have produced a white paper on this together with NIST and European institutes. It was published 1 February 2008: http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/biofuels.html

INMETRO’s chemistry department is doing a lot of work on ethanol and biodiesel. The study focuses on how materials react with other materials in a tank; tribology and wear properties. They also study trace elements, impurities and additives to identify in which Brazilian state the biodiesel was produced.


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Energy and nanocatalysis are big and important industries in Brazil. This includes PETROBRAS as well as companies specialising in nanocatalysis. E.g. Vanadium Oxide is important for CO reduction. INMETRO produces well-organised films of VaO, and investigates stabilization of Va on silicon clusters. Catalytic activity is not measured yet.

One example is a TEM study of the interface of VxOy-layers on Cu3Au surface, how the layers grow on the surface in thin layers of 2 nm with 0.8 Å resolution.

Nanofabrication and lithography studies have for the first time cut a slice of the sample and studied the side of the sample with FIB instead of looking through it from the top. Cooperation with PETROBRAS is starting.

Brazil is rich in minerals. Graphite and precious stones are mined in Brazil, of which INMETRO measures the properties.

Overview of the Materials Metrology Division

The Materials Metrology Division of INMETRO consists of 7 group leaders, 24 postdocs and a number of PhD students. A concourse was held recently to recruit 13 new permanent staff members. Another concourse will be held this year. If all fellows pass, they will become permanent staff.

Magnetic materials (e.g. silicon, Iron), magnetic steels, sensors.

Cooperation with Fiat.

Tribology, biofuels

< cooperation>

Biomaterials, implants (hip, knee, dental)

Thermophysical properties (biofuels, nanofluids)

Particulated systems (pharma, pigments, nanofluids)

Materials Metrology Division

Organic devices, OLEDS

Nanometrology (microscopy and nanomachining, surface and thin films, nanocatalysis, CNT characterisation, Nanobiometrology: proteomics, biomembranes)


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In CNT/biofuels applications INMETRO has a 3D nanometrology project where they carry out X-ray measurements with a Dual beam / FEG source of a good resolution. The next step is Raman spectroscopy and TEM.

There is no structural cooperation with other INMETRO divisions. They carry out analysis on demand on chemical or electronic properties. The Materials Metrology staff does the experiments for the other labs, or their staff can do it themselves with one Materials Metrology staff member.

The goal is to use the equipment in the Materials Metrology Division 16 hours per day. This goal has not been reached yet. The operations have only started recently; they are still building it up after having started planning such intensive use six years ago. A bottleneck is the construction of a hotel on the INMETRO campus, scheduled for completion in 2010. In the past, INMETRO was a standards depot. They expect to have the facilities in place in five years time. In the vicinity, a new university which will cooperate closely with INMETRO is under construction, and on the INMETRO campus they are building two new labs.

Currently, INMETRO is supported by a theoretic group of four people, specialising in metals and carbon. Internationally, they cooperate with Portugal and Germany (Humboldt University, Berlin). They visit each other 2-3 times a year.

INMETRO belongs to the ministry of industry, but the research cooperation is with the ministry for science and technology MCT. Recently they signed an agreement with MCT for long term funding for metrology research. In the near future, there are two distinct programmes funding nanotechnology research. One covers the short term (2009-2010) and the other longer term research (2009-2015). The total budget of the relevant Industrial Research Programme PDP is $500 million in the next 5 years including $250 million for nanotechnology. Minister for Science and Technology Sergio Rezende is a physicist. There are two committees for planning the short and long term activities.

Prof. Alexei Kuznetsov – Determination of crystal size and shape by X-ray diffraction method

There are problems with current methods for characterising crystal size and shape. The volume is too small and it is hard to prepare samples. There is a need for new simple methods for industry. The problem is that the apparent size and shape are distorted and broadened. Studies are made to correct this.

Cooperation activities

OLED fabrication and characterisation equipment was designed by INMETRO and built by the company Ǻngstrom engineering. Most international cooperation is with Europe (e.g. Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany), with America it is just starting. In Asia, only Marco


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Cremona has cooperation with a partner in Korea. Inside Brazil, INMETRO cooperates with universities in Rio, Belo Horizonte, Rio Grande do Sul, etc. Except for their own research programme, INMETRO is setting up inter-laboratory cooperation with other Brazilian research organisations.

In tribology and biomaterials, INMETRO tests hip and knee implants. They participate in a Brazilian network for testing lots of the implants in quality control of all products sold on the market in Brazil. This group cooperates with Heine Heider of Nebraska University, USA and is starting cooperation with LNE in France.

Comparison with earlier German visit

After an earlier visit of a German delegation, a German metrology institute could not establish working relations with INMETRO. This was due to the early stage of the nanotechnology activities which are still being built up.

2.2 UFRJ - COPPE Contact Prof Dr Renata Simão, [email protected] Alberto-Luis Coimbra Institute Graduate School and Research in Engineering Federal University Rio de Janeiro Postal address: Cidade Universitaria Centro de Tecnologia, Bloco G Sala 101 Ilha do Fundao 21945-970 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Caixa Postal 68513 http://www.coppe.ufrj.br/english/ (English homepage) http://www.nanoday.coppe.ufrj.br/temas.html (Overview of nanotechnology activities) 12:45 arriving at UFRJ campus 13:00 - 15:00 UFRJ visit Contact: Prof. R.A. Simão Prof. Renata Simão – introduction

COPPE is the largest research centre in engineering in Brazil. PETROBRAS is a major financial supporter. Their research centre is next door. Research cooperation focuses on:

- Thermal convergence; - Light absorbing surfaces (selective surfaces for solar energy). - Coatings - Hydrogen - Nanofluids - Membranes


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PETROBRAS calls itself “the sustainable company”. PETROBRAS is obliged by law to invest a percentage of revenues in R&D via sectorial funds in sixteen areas of industrial activity including oil, energy, telecom, environment etc. All companies active in each sector must transfer a percentage of their revenues to the ministry of Science and Technology for R&D. This funding is dedicated to research in universities. Apart from that, PETROBRAS has created its own nanotechnology network. Five universities in Brazil are invited to participate in their own network. They have currently invested R$10 million, but this could be increased. Prof. Sérgio Camargo is participating in this network. Topics include hydrogen, ethanol, biodiesel, on which more people are working. PETROBRAS is a 50% state-owned.

On 19 August 2008, COPPE organised a Nanoday, bringing together all research groups working on nanotechnology in COPPE. The researchers would like to join forces and build a formal nanotechnology institute. An informal network exists since 2004, when they identified most research groups working on nanotechnology. The first activity was to apply for funding from a special fund for starting a “school on nanoscience and technology”, in which 14 graduate programmes are participating. It is an interdisciplinary area, which requires changing the minds of people. They are doing well in getting the people together. The next step is to create a centre for nanotechnology. Other universities already have such centres, including those in Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais.

COPPE is setting up an interdisciplinary education programme in nanotechnology. Together with the physics institute as well as the biophysics department they are organizing a proposal to start a Nanotechnology Bachelor. There was much resistance as there is little knowledge in this area but as people is getting more informed about the importance of having professionals with a multidisciplinary for the Brazilian technological development, the Bachelor is pretended for starting at 2010. It is important to have an understanding of what experts in related fields are talking about. So far, the education is mono-disciplinary, but the situation is changing since Brazil opened its market for foreign companies. Brazilian companies have realised they should change in order to be competitive.

The COPPE laboratory is open to research cooperation with other faculties. Among others, nutrition and odontology departments use their equipment and cooperate. The nanotechnology research network is virtual and does not have their own webpage. The university administration has realised that the initiative should be institutionalised and has established a council for nanoscience and technology. It is developing slowly. The expertise is now scattered. If it is put together it is quite strong. The interdisciplinary cooperation takes place on the boundaries.

The Brazilian government has started an official nanotechnology strategic plan in 2004. Before, there were only individual activities. A recent call has opened for new national science and technology institutes in two programmes, the short programme 2009-10 and the longer programme 2009-2015.

Some industrial companies are producing nanostructures or goods with nano-inside. Two Brazilian cosmetics companies producing nanocosmetics have opened shops on the Champs


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Elisee in Paris: Boticario and Natura. Some smaller companies are active in nano drug delivery. Automotive industry is using nanomaterials in automotive parts. Nanomaterials are also applied in fabrics and clothes and in paint (nanobubbles in paint give a white colour due to nanoholes). Over 30 companies are active in nanotechnology in Brazil. In cooperation with the physics institute of the University of Sao Paulo and EMBRAPA (Agribusiness research centre) an electronic nose was developed as sensor for liquids and gases. EMBRAPA and the biggest company in compressors for refrigerators etc are working on a project on the magnetocoloric effect.

A Brazilian scientist who wants to participate in the EU FP7 needs funding from MCT or the funding council CNPq, not from the ministry for development, industry and foreign trade or the funding council FINEP. How could the Brazilian government contribute to cooperation? It is important to get feedback on who are the suitable partners in Brazil. It appears that for the first time in history, different ministries are trying to cooperate.

The UFRJ research lab on nanomagnetism located in the Physics department works on nanoparticles for environmental cleaning and drug delivery (nanobiocompatible magnets). This research is more applied. They also do basic science on a bottom up approach in nanomagnets.

Nanotechnology themes at COPPE

The nanotechnology research themes covered by COPPE research groups are:

- Catalysts (Martin Schmall, PEMM); - Polymeric emulsions (Jose Carlos Costa da Silva Pinto, PEQ); - Nanostructured metallic materials (Juan Garcia de Blas, PEMM); - Selective membranes (Vera Salim, Claudio Habert, PEQ); - Computational models and methods (Eduardo Rocha de Almeida Lima, Frederico

Wanderley Tavares e Evaristo Chalbaud Biscaia Jr, PEQ, Alvaro Coutinho, PEC); - Nanocomposites (Dilson dos Santos, PEMM, Eduardo Fairbarn, PEC); - Nanofluids (Renato Cotta, PEM); - Coatings (Sergio de Souza Camargo Jr. PEMM); - Sensors (Marcelo Martins Werneck, PEE); - Colloid systems (Rosanna Mara Thiré, PEMM); - Surfaces Modification and analysis (Renata Simao, PEMM).

The websites of the research programmes:

- PEC (Programme of Civil Engineering): http://www.coc.ufrj.br/ - PEE (Programme of Electrical Engineering): http://www.pee.ufrj.br/ - PEM (Programme of Mechanical Engineering):

http://www.mecanica.coppe.ufrj.br/ufrj_em/Home.do - PEMM (Programme of Metallurgic and Materials Engineering):

http://www.metalmat.ufrj.br/ - PEQ (Programme of Chemical Engineering): http://www.peq.coppe.ufrj.br/


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Comparison with 2002 mission (German BMBF/VDI)

In 2002, UFRJ participated in the Millennium Institute of Nanoscience, in the National Network on Nanotechnology and received funding from the funding council FAPERJ for research on Materials for Nanotechnology. At that time, the Materials and Metallurgical department was already cooperating with Research Centre Jülich, University Ulm, MPG Munich and University of Bremen. UFRJ Biophysics research had been receiving support from the Volkswagen Foundation since 1996, via the LMU Munich. At that time the focus was on genomics, proteomics and cell biology. A proteomics network existed and they were planning a network on nanoscience. CNPQ was expected to support nanobiotechnology research.

2.3 PUC Contact: Prof. Dr Marco Cremona, [email protected] Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 – Gávea 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro – RJ – Brazil Caixa Postal 38097 www.puc-rio.br Physics Department: http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/home.php 15:45 arriving at PUC-Rio campus 16:00 – 18:00 PUC-Rio visit Contact: Prof. M. Cremona Prof. Marco Cremona – introduction

The Pontifical Catholic University PUC in Rio was founded in 1945 by Jesuits. They also founded PUCs in other places, but PUC-Rio is the only private university which is also strong in research, not only teaching. A non-profit organisation, the Catholic Faculties foundation owns it. Students have to pay for the education. PhD students get a government grant and undergraduate students can also apply for government grants. UFRJ has 20,000 students, and PUC 10,000. Foreign students are welcome. They can pay for the education themselves, or bring a fellowship from outside (2xR$1800/month for graduate students and 2xR$1400/month for undergraduate students, 1x for the student, 1x for the university), and they can also apply for a grant from PUC.

PUC research focuses on specific areas including oil and some areas of nanotechnology. Not all disciplines are covered, e.g. there is no medical faculty, only a PhD programme in dentistry. PUC Rio faculties include Physics (including biophysics), mathematics, chemistry, electrical and mechanical engineering, informatics etc. PUC Rio has a strong tradition in physics, informatics and mechanical engineering.


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The PUC Rio campus has a big advantage compared to other universities because it is completely integrated. Everyone knows each other and is collaborating closely, which facilitates interdisciplinary cooperation in a cafeteria system. They are starting interdisciplinary education. Nanotechnology is among the first programmes, both undergraduate and graduate programmes. A particular problem for a private university is that each department wants to keep its own students. They are opening up slowly. E.g. a student can have electrical engineering as main topic and include lectures from other disciplines including physics, chemistry and materials science. The degrees are still classical but with an emphasis in a specific area.

Since 2002 some changes have been made. PETROBRAS has funded the construction of a new building (R$12 million) for professors who are working on projects funded by PETROBRAS. PUC-Rio has a strong group in fiber optics. E.g. Bragg grating reflection depends on the bending of the grating. It can be used to measure reflection in different parts of oil wells. A spin-off company Gaviasensor started at PUC. It grew up at the campus and has become independent. This year it was bought by a big company.

Since two years professors are allowed to start their own business. Now, Brazilian law gives good opportunities for professors to become entrepreneurs. Cultural barriers remain: it is not seen as proper for professors to gain money. Five years ago, Gaviasensors had problems. PUC has an incubator with ten start-ups just outside the campus. The building only includes offices, but the companies have an agreement with PUC to use PUC laboratories. In the past, these agreements were informal, recently they started to formalise them including financial arrangements.

PUC has some problems acquiring research funding, because 30% of the funding is only reserved for federal universities via de Special Funds (CT). The other 70% is for public and private universities. Most research funding comes from the federal government, but recently state funding is becoming more important. The research politics depends on the government and changes typically every four years. Lula’s government gives eight years stability. FINEP is funding projects joining industry and academy. E.g. SMEs can apply for up to R$3 million for cooperating with a university in an applied research project. The company must contribute a part. Sometimes they contribute money; sometimes they contribute infrastructure or human resources. The revenues can be for the company or shared, that depends on the project. E.g. a cooperation involving INMETRO, PUC, Gaviasensor and NovaLED (Dresden) is about to start. A big OLED initiative in Germany is just starting.

Thin film lab – Cremona

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/labfilmesfinos.php

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/dispositivosorganicos_ing.php

The laboratory specialises in OLED with small (organic) molecules. It is the first group in Brazil to work with small molecules. The advantage is the increased temperature in vacuum


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to 120-140oC. They use sublimation to deposit the material. It is different from polymer OLEDs, fabricated by 90% of Brazilian research groups in this area. Marco Cremona was invited to start similar research activities at INMETRO. INMETRO has multi-user facilities, unlike PUC. At INMETRO, they cooperate with synthesisers from University of Sao Paulo etc. They contribute rare earth doped organic compounds (europium, samarium). These emit sharp lines which are more or less monochromatic. They are interesting for developing red, yellow and blue OLEDs for white light OLEDS. Cremona’s group can sputter and deposit materials. They are cooperating with the German Institute for Solar Energy on Zink Chromoxide. They characterise the film in the nanometre range. They recently bought a new perfilometer to characterise the film and the developed device.

In INMETRO, the investment is R$60 million by FAPERJ of the funding council FINEP. At PUC, less is invested.

In the biomolecule spectroscopy measurement lab a new time resolved PTI fluorimeter for nanosecond to millisecond measurements is placed. The wavelength ranges from the visible to 800 nm. It is not just used for characterising materials but also for electroluminescence of devices. In the past, they also used EPR, but this is too old. The lab is a central characterisation lab for several groups.

Magnetic non-destructive testing lab

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/labensmagnetnaodest.php

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/ensaiosmagnet_ing.php

In this lab, methods are developed for detecting defects in oil pipes for transporting oil. A mobile device with sensors can be sent through the pipe and identify the defects. It is characterised in this lab with examples of different shapes and types of defects. They also developed a magnetic microscope. SQUIDS are used to identify and recognise properties of magnetic nanoparticles. It is a laterally resolving detector, used for detecting magnetic biomarkers and counting the number of nanoparticles.

In Brazil there are several networks in nanotechnology funding research, including nanotechnology network, millennium institute (also a kind of network), Pronex institute of excellence. The latter funds this SQUID research.

Opto-electronics lab

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/labespectopmolec.php

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/optomolecespecopt_ing.php


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Walter Magulis started this lab in the 1960s. He is now in Sweden. They specialise in 2nd Harmonic generation using a NdYAG laser. Pooling in glass is the same as 2nd harmonic generation in fibre. The Bragg grating activity started here, which is now continued in the company Gaviasensors. They are currently experimenting with developing fibre pressure sensors. They apply gold and silver nanoparticles and surface plasmon resonance, and cooperate with the group of Anderson Gomes in Recife. The project is funded by Ericsson. They are collaborating in the RENAMI network, one of four national nanotechnology networks, which has survived three reviews and still exists. The research has developed in a continuous trend and has produced much knowledge in some parts.

Marco Cremona is a partner in RENAMI, and shares equipment with other groups.

The new call for proposals for national institutes for Science and Technology aims to start a new kind of network. The aim is not just to bring people together, but to focus resources. It is result oriented (can also be education). The trend is from technology push to market pull.

Surface physics – Enio Silvera

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/labvandergraaff.php

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/estudofragment_ing.php

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/fisanalisuper_ing.php

A van der Graaf generator is used for several experiments including basic research on mass spectrometry of secondary ions of ice from different gases (a mixture of CO, H2O, NH3). The sample is irradiated with heavy ions. Only surface effects are investigated. The hypothesis is that on the moon and other planets ice from different gases exists which can be impacted by heavy ions, generating larger organic molecules. This may be important for the origin of life. The goal of the research is to find prebiotic molecules.

The laboratory policy is to do applied research with new instruments and to do traditional research with self-built instruments.

Other nanotechnology labs

MOCVD lab

Thermoelectric lab

Nanotechnology is done mainly in physics, (organic) chemistry, engineering, metallurgic and materials science. Many researchers are involved in PETROBRAS projects. The research includes nanofibres, microstructured fibres, sensing, coatings and nanoparticles. In Brazil it is difficult to obtain investment from industry. Only big companies like PETROBRAS and those which are forced by the government. The move towards focusing funding in centres of


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excellence is complicated. It takes a cultural change. INMETRO is involved in FP7 projects e.g. in transmission microscopes led by FEI company in the Netherlands.


In 2002, PUC had 12000 students including 3000 in the Science Centre. Physics concentrated on analysis, electronics/optoelectronics and materials science. There were connections with the Germany funding council DFG, the Fraunhofer society, Volkswagen Foundation, LMU, University of Stuttgart, Research Centre Jülich, Philips and Daimler Chrysler. At that time there were several thematic networks but none in nanotechnology.

Websites of hosts in Rio de Janeiro area of the fact finding mission, 5-9-08

INMETRO: http://www.inmetro.gov.br/

UFRJ – COPPE, overview of nanotechnology activities: www.nanoday.coppe.ufrj.br/temas.html

PUC-Rio: http://www.puc-rio.br/


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3 Campinas – 8 September 2008

The first workshop during the formal fact finding mission was realized on September 08 in the CTI facilities, with around 30 attendants. Lunch time discussions resulted in the following information.

The government is calling for proposals for a new generation of millennium institute: National Institutes for Science and Technology. They are planning to invest R$450 million in three years with a second stage of two more years. Half the funding is dedicated to predefined topics, the rest to an open call. The deadline is 18 September 2008 and the institutes are expected to start 1 January 2009. They have for the first time included Nanotoxicology as a priority area. The Agricultural research centre EMBRAPA is interested in Nanotoxicology and is planning to start cooperating with Prof. Wolfgang Heckl in Germany. Dr Paulo Hermann works in instrumentation at EMBRAPA and is interested in nanotechnology.

A national strategy on intellectual property is starting. UNICAMP has most patents in Brazil, followed by PETROBRAS. Universities are currently learning how to do it.

The Brazilian government decides on the priorities in research, assisted by expert committees. The current strategy is to fund networks and develop remote regions in the country. Still, most research organizations are located in the state of São Paulo, the most developed part of the country. Campinas is located in São Paulo state.

3.1 CTI and NAMITEC Contact: Prof. Dr Jacobus Swart, [email protected]


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CTI Rodovia Dom Pedro I, km 143,6 Bairro: Amarais – Campinas – São Paulo – Brazil CEP 13069-901 CTI website: http://www.cti.gov.br/ NAMITEC website: http://www.ccs.unicamp.br/namitec/item.php?id=10401 Other relevant sites: www.ci-brasil.gov.br (IC programme), www.bndes.gov.br (national development bank), www.cnpq.br (funding council for scientific research), www.finep.gov.br (funding council)

The Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer – CTI, a research institution linked to the Ministry of Science and Technology, was founded in December 1982 and has accumulated experience in various aspects of knowledge in the Information Technology area. CTI has 300 staff members.

The CTI acts in three main areas: Microelectronics, Software and IT Applications. In Microelectronics the main focus is on: i) IC Design using Mentor Graphics and Cadence Tools: Digital, Analog, Mixed-Signal and RF IC Design; ii) Microsystems Technology: Micro-Fabrication, Mask and SAW devices and Lithography process; iii) Electronic Packaging - Surface Mount Technologies (BGA, Flip Chip, Chip on Board, Micro BGA), component’s encapsulation; Soldering Rework and LCD repair services; iv) Information Displays - Design and pilot fabrication of LCD, FED, OLED, Touch-Screen, Tablets; v) Hardware Reliability, Characterization, and Failure Analysis - Failure Analysis; Characterization and Qualification, Feasibility Tests and Reliability Analysis and ESD. In Software the main focus are: i) Software Product Quality Evaluation – development of software quality product evaluation methodology, websites usability and SW components library; ii) Software Process Quality Assessment and Improvement - based on CMM, CMMi, SPICE, ISO/IEC 15504, MPS-Br models, Software Test etc. iii) Software Development -


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Web applications, e-Government; Middleware Platforms, MDA etc; iv) Information System Security - Honeypots & Honeynets, PKI Applications and Safety Programming. In IT Applications the main focus are: i) Product Development Technologies - CAD, Rapid Prototyping and Health Care Applications: Image Segmentation SW and body parts prototyping; ii) Robotics and Computer Vision - UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), Underwater and Pipeline Inspection Robots, Computer vision tools and techniques and Remote Access Laboratory; iii) Enterprise Management - ERP, CRM, Scheduling, BPR, Reengineering, Information Systems, Simulation, Logistics and Transportation and Industrial Benchmarking.

Complementary information for the topics Packaging, Micro and Nano Fabrication and Nanomaterials and Devices:

Packaging

- Small scale ceramic packaging – engineering phase of IC design, Chip on Board (COB) technology for prototyping, Packaging of sensors and SAW devices, Microsoldering of Al and Au wires, Special dicing for different substrates, Si, GaAs, Al2O3, LiNbO3, glass, quartz, circuit boards, etc.

Micro and Nano Fabrication

- Technologies: Electron beam lithography, Optical lithography, Thick resist lithography and Saw technology

- Applications: Mask making, SAW filters, SAW RFID´s, MEM´s, Microfluidics devices, Microchannels, SAW Micropumps, SAW Atomizers, Sensors, SAW physical and chemical sensors, SAW biosensors, Lab-on-a-Chip and BioMEM´s.

Nanomaterials and Devices

- Synthesis: Carbon Nanotubes, Semiconducting Nanoparticles, CdSe, CdTe (quantum dots) and ZnS and Copper Oxide Nanostructures.

- Applications Under Development using Nanomaterials; Field-Emission Displays (FED) , Carbon Nanotubes Films (Displays, Solar Cells, Tablets) , Solar Cells (quantum dots) and Biological Labels.

CTI is also involved in the coordination and activities in the IC-Brazil Program, by providing support to IC Design Houses and IC Design Training program. Two trainings have been organized in Porto Alegre (April 2008) and Campinas (August 2008), for 100 PhD students a year. Two more are planned in 2009 and 2010. In a Master and PhD programme, 100 MScs and 40 PhDs a year are participating. Another important activity is the coordination of the NAMITEC research network (2005-2008), involving about 100 researchers from 20 institutes in Brazil. The main objective of NAMITEC is to carry out research and development work in the area of smart integrated nano- and microelectronic systems, which enable the creation of autonomous electronic systems such as smart sensor networks, and embedded and self-configurable systems. Potential applications for such systems are endless and include precision agriculture,


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environmental control, energy savings, biomedical instrumentation, automotive and space industries, and telecommunications. The research and development activities are on the following topics: a) Systems on Chip and sensor networks; b) Methodologies and tools for designing and testing of low-power and fault-tolerant integrated circuits, including analog, RF and digital circuits; c) Micro- and nanoelectronic devices, photonic and optoelectronics devices, MEMS and NEMS, and the processes involved in their integration and packaging; d) Materials and techniques of micro- and nanofabrication, required for the manufacture of integrated devices and circuits. Examples of exploitable results of CTI and NAMITEC include:

- An irrigation control system for precision agriculture, of which first commercial devices are available;

- Solar cells with quantum dots, developed in cooperation with UNICAMP. CTI is open to international cooperation in this area;

- CTI’s specialty is prototyping. They can produce thousands of LCDs per month, at first on glass, now on flexible substrates. A large group is working on ink-jet printing, embossing, roll-to-roll fabrication;

- CTI has stopped producing SWNT and MWNT, because there is sufficient supply from commercial suppliers;

- The private company HP invests in CTI research. Visit to the Cleanroom, lab of Microsystems: Projects include sensor systems adapted to use in the Amazon and an experiment with an atomizer in aerospace, used in the ISS. This was built in four months time. Packaging of MEMS takes place in a lab and cleanroom of class 100,000. In a few weeks, the area will be restoraged for new technology development, to enable better handling of MEMS and systems in a package, sensors etc. The nanotechnology activities focus on packaging and assembly of MEMS / MOEMS. Another task is repairing Brazilian voting machines. Visit to product development division: This division focuses on medical applications, e.g. software for computerized tomography, Electromagnetic Resonance. They can create images with a much higher resolution than achieved by surgery. They study odontological implants in the mouth and reconstruct parts of heads in surgery by rapid prototyping, designing scaffolds of biocompatible materials for regrowing bone and other biological materials. Visit to robotics division: This division develops two types of robots: for environmental studies and extension of human perception; and in the lab, systems that enable robots to perceive their environment and make the human-machine interface easier to understand. Environmental robots are e.g. used in black water in the amazon. They are designed to use the perception of electrical fishes for sensing their environment. The height of the Amazon water levels can vary 50 metres in a short time. This means oil spills must be identified quickly and stopped, to prevent extensive pollution of large areas of the rainforest. They have developed a completely electronic zeppelin which can fly and monitor the region on its own. This system can use feedback from forest life to detect danger, e.g. the sounds of frogs. Such systems are more efficient than purely technological solutions. They are cooperating with native Brazilians. The national institute for Amazon research INPA in Manaus is the main partner. They supply the problems and other parts, CTI develops the electronic system.

3.2 CCS - Unicamp Contact: Prof. Dr Newton Frateschi (director Physics Institute),


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http://www.ccs.unicamp.br/index.php?pagina=OCCS/Equipe/direcao.html&indice=OCCS/Equipe/menuequipe.html CCS – UNICAMP Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz Rua João Pandiá Calógeras, 90 CEP 13083-870 PO Box 6061 Campinas SP Brazil CCS Website: http://www.ccs.unicamp.br/ LAMNI: http://www.ccs.unicamp.br/index.php?pagina=NoticiasEventos/lamni.html

The Center for Semiconductor Components (CCS) is a multi-disciplinary Center at UNICAMP. CCS is a large facility with competence in micro and nano fabrication. In a 700 m2 area with a 150 m2 clean room several equipments such as photolithography systems, ion implanters, oxidation furnaces, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Systems, Metallization Systems, and Plasma Etching Systems are installed. Also, a complete set of characterization systems, such as Infra-red spectroscopy and complete electrical characterization systems. Located within CCS, a new laboratory for the integration of micro and nanotechnology (LAMNI) has a dual focused ion/electron beam system (FIB), plus a micro-Raman/atomic force microscopy system which are currently dedicated to technologies such as carbon nanotubes, graphenes, photonic bandgap devices, microcavity, etc. CCS has also a strong interaction with the Device Research laboratory (LPD). LPD is located at the Applied Physics Department at the “Gleb Wataghin” Physics Institute. LPD is a complete facility for epitaxial growth, synthesis of new materials, design, fabrication and characterization of material and devices. LPD has large experience in optoelectronic devices using III-V compounds such as GaAs/AlGaAs, InGaAsP/InP, GaAs/GaAlSb, and InSb. More recently, it has focused its interest in new components based on micro-cavity structures as well nano-structured materials. The laboratory has a Chemical Beam Epitaxial System, a set of material characterization equipment such as Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, Atomic


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Force Microscopy, Photoluminescence, Hall and doping profile systems, etc. A device characterization laboratory, plus a complete clean room facility with lithography, etching, dielectric film deposition and metallization systems are also available. CCS is an interdisciplinary centre in which 15 associated faculties from UNICAMP departments participate. In the LAMNI laboratory they organize hands on classes for fifteen students per class, three times a year. Students from outside UNICAMP are welcome. Research topics include:

- Quantum dot emission spectra, - Silicon photonics, - Multi-color element sensors, - Tissue engineering – membranes; - micro-electrodes and microfluidics; - Drug dispensing microstructures for bone growth (used to study cell biology); - Top-down and bottom-up interaction; - Growing Si and GE nanoclusters; - Graphene (research is just starting).

Financial support is received from CNPq, FAPESP and FINEP+ and through direct interaction with the private sector. E.g. CCS cooperates with the missile developing company MECTRON Ltd on multi-color element sensors. Research topics are identified by several approaches. The first goal is research, education and extension. Topics must contribute to these goals. A professor can propose an idea, or industry can request contract research. Education can also be a driver, for students who must be attracted from outside CCS. The start-up company Nanobionics Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Ltda is a spin-off from the research of Newton Frateschi at CCS-UNICAMP.

3.3 Unicamp IFGW Institute for Physics research Contact: Prof. Dr Marcelo Knobel (Nanostructured Magnetic Materials) UNICAMP – IFGW Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz Barão Geraldo CEP 13083-970 PO Box 6165 Campinas SP Brazil IFGW UNICAMP website: http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/ Marcelo Knobel’s website: www.mknobel.net Outreach to children: www.mc.unicamp.b/nanoaventura The Institute for Physics Gleb Wataghin is an important research center located at the University of Campinas. The 40 Research Groups are grouped in four departments devoted exclusively to research materials; in average the team has 30 publications per year. Three of the departments work on nanoscience and nanotechnology.

DEQ


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GFURCO Group of Ultraspeed fen.and optical comunications GFAM Group of Atomic and Molecular Physics GFPFTC Group of Physics of Plasmas and Termonuclear fusion controled GFTP Group of Physic and Plasma Tecnology GFRM Group of Phototermic and Magnetic resonance GLA Group of Lasers and applications GML Group of metals and Ligas GOQ Group of Quantum optics GPOMS Laboratory of Optical and Magnetical properties of solids

DFA GCA Group of Alternative Fuels DTRDR Group of Diagnostics and Therapy with radionuclueides GFNMN Group of Physics of Nanosystems and Nanostructured materials GFEFC Group of Physics Statistic and complex fluxes GPCM Group of preparation and caracterization of materials GPP Group of Plasma process GSONM Group of Organic solids and new materials LDRX Laboratory of Diffraction of X Rays GFS Laboratory of Physics of Surfaces LH2 Laboratory of hidrogen LMD Laboratory of Materials and devices LNI Laboratory of Nanostructures and interfaces LPD Laboratory of research of devices LPF Laboratory of photovoltaic research

DFMC

FSMC Physics of systems GCARX Group of crystallography applied and X rays GPEPPP Group of Electronic propierties GPO Group of Optical properties of the Materials GPTMSC Group of termical Proprierties and magnetics of condensed systems GSD Group of dynamic systems GHS Semiconductor Heteroestructurs LMBT Laboratory of materials and low temperatures LO Laboratory of Optics MESD Statistic in Mechanic of Dissipative systems PEEMS Electronic Proprieties and metal structures of metals and semiconductors

LMBT research group • 02 post-docs • 01 PhD students • 02 Master student

Former researchers:

• 07 post-docs • 07 PhDs


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• 08 master degrees • 14 undergraduate

Granular Systems

Magnetic properties Structure Magneto-transport properties: magnetoresistance and Giant Hall Effect

Soft Magnetic Materials Amorphous wires and ribbons; amorphous microwires, nanocrystalline

systems Joule heating

Other Molecular magnets Magnetic semiconductors Nanowires

Research lines : Magnetic recording

1- Nanocrystalline Materials shared in Magnetic properties and magneto-transport 2- Biomedical applications (thermotherapy)

Marcelo Knobel’s research is basic, studying interactions with nanoparticles. Pharmaceutical industry has shown interest in thermotherapy research.

3.4 The LNLS, National Lab Research at the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center Contact: Prof. Dr. Caio Lewenkopf (Division Nanosciences and New Materials), [email protected] LNLS postal address: PO Box 6192 CEP 13083-970 Campinas, SP Brazil Campus LNLS Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro, 10000 Polo II de Alta Tecnologia de Campinas LNLS website: www.lnls.br

LNLS is a private, non-profit institute. Its mission is to act as an open multi-user, multi and interdisciplinary national laboratory, capable of creating and providing integrated solutions to complex scientific and technological problems in the areas of advanced materials, nanotechnology, biotechnology, particle accelerators and related technologies as well as scientific instrumentation.

Team: 160 employees


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60 students at graduate level

16 post-docs

32 trainees

As an open laboratory, in 2007 1600 costumers used the LNLS labs.

Tools: Beam lines

VUV; soft X-rays, 3 in operation,1 in commission, 1 in construction, 1 in diagnostic

Hard X-rays; 10 in operation, 1 in diagnostic, 1 in reform

Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

The main tasks are: Synthesis chemical, thin films, microfabrication

Characterization: UV, X-rays, electron microscopes

Theory and Modeling; Electron Microscopy Lab., Open Facility: LME: 150 Projects or 80 groups / year.

Trained ~50 users for SEM

~20 users for HRTEM

Tools: 300kv HRTEM / LV-SEM / 200kV TEM 200kV FEG-TEM/STEM EELS

Scanning probe Microscopy Lab STM/UHV / AFM-air / Prep Chamber STM-UHV

Laboratory for chemical synthesis of Nanoparticles: Infrastructure for chemical synthesis of nanoparticles, Synthesis and characterization (metals and semiconductors), Self-organized super-crystals, Manipulation using biomolecules

Technological research- Nano

Main partnerships:

– BOSCH-Brazil – HPFDS -GETEC – catalysis

– NOVO FILME - Fuel cells -PADTEC - Optical fibers metallization

– D&L Welding Fumes -Natura – cosmetics/soft matter

– BRASKEM – fibers -OXITENO – catalysis

– PETROBRAS - catalysis -HEWLETT-PACKARD-Brazil – quantum dots

LNLS next step LNLS2


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The LNSL 1 was released in 1997 the facility has a 1.37 GeV storage ring; the next implementation will be a storage ring of 2-3 GeV. Furthermore, the nanocentre will be expanded and a facility will be dedicated to industrial cooperation.

Most of LNLS’ budget comes from government contracts, the operation is state funded. A varying percentage of income comes from industrial contracts. 15-17% of academic research proposals come from abroad. Most of these applicants are from Latin America, 2-3% from Europe or North America. Working with industrial companies is complex. Mostly they don’t understand what LNLS can offer. The procedure is to give them a free demonstration. If they really want to use the facilities they have to pay or apply for academic access. Vicinity of the users is important for establishing a working relationship.


In 2002, the LNLS synchrotron had ten beam lines for characterizing materials and had beam time free. It was the first open access synchrotron in Brazil. In 2002, the annual budget was $10 million, there were 184 employees including 55% technicians. At that time they had just introduced a academic basic research line in anaorganic materials including gold nanowies, nanotubes, chemical synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, InAs-InP quantum dots (Epitaxial/produced in glass or films). In 2002 the Nanotechnology lab was equipped with a good electron microscopy, AFM and STM. According to the visitors, LNLS was in 2002 an excellent research centre which could compete at international level. They considered this exceptional for Brazil. In 2002, the main bottleneck appeared to be a lack of qualified research staff to use the equipment. They saw good opportunities for German researchers to use LNLS given a shortage of beam time in Germany.

3.5 University of Sao Paulo - Chemistry Institute (USP-IQ) Contacts: Prof Dr Fernando Galembeck Prof. Dr Henrique E. Toma (coordinator IM2C) USP-IQ Avenida Prof Lineu Prestes, 748 Butantã – São Paulo – SP Brazil PO Box 26077 CEP 05513-970 USP-IQ website: http://www2.iq.usp.br/ The Millennium Institute for Complex Materials (IM2C): http://www2.iq.usp.br/im2c/index.dhtml?pagina=1033&chave=UTE&PHPSESSID=a1a30f3b92f27a22f1cbbd8f93089998 Nanotechnology at the Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, is mainly focused on nanomaterials by design, and on molecular materials. There are about ten research groups working on supramolecular chemistry, self-assembled materials, polymers, lamellar and intercalation materials, luminescent materials, metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles,


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superparamagnetic nanoparticles, photoelectrochemical devices, electrochromic devices, logic gates and sensors. Interaction with private companies in Sao Paulo city is very strong. There are three spin-offs companies working in collaboration with the research groups. Funding has been provided by the Brazilian agencies, FAPESP and CNPq, and also by Petrobras. There is a successful research program on Nanotechnology applied to the oil sector. The Institute of Chemistry is the most traditional research center in Chemistry in Brazil, and has a broad range of activity covering all areas of Chemistry, from synthesis, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, analytical methods, to molecular designing and theoretical chemistry. Most of nanotechnological facilities are available, including electronic microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, confocal Raman microscopy, FTIR microscopy, dynamic light scattering, plasmon resonance spectroscopy, EPR, NMR, Mass Spectrometry, etc.

Fernando Galembeck highlighted opportunities of pristine natural rubber and man-made nanocomposites. Rubber is an important natural resource won in Brazil. Incorporating nanoparticles in natural rubber leads to desification of the rubber around the impurities. In fact, rubber is a natural nanocomposite because it contains nanoparticles and calcium bridges. Incorporating clay impurities in artificial latex improves thin film adhesive properties. Water can be used as a good adhesive material in rubber. However, there are safety problems including dust explosions, fires and pharmaceuticals. Electrostatic effects must be handled. Osvaldo Luis Alves of the LQES laboratory in the Chemistry Department works on ecomaterials. Their research aims to reduce low concentrations of pollutants from water. They can make nanotubes from any lamellar material including Vanadium Oxide and Titanate. Nelson Duran is an expert in nanobiotechnology. He coordinates the RNN network funded by the ministry of Science and Technology MCT. Products of this research include Biphor, a white pigment from aluminium phosphate and Depth, a hydrotalate material. The laboratory has the facilities for characterization and pilot production. Galembeck’s ambitions for the future are to focus on radical innovations in fertilizers and agrochemicals. Brazil is importing 90% of Potassium (K), 80% of Phosphor and 50% of Nitrogen. Some crops are under heavy pressure from pests, but most active agrochemicals are


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wasted and become pollutants. In Brazil, most agriculture research is funded by companies. E.g. Fundecitrus is a special fund financed by citrus fruit companies. In some areas, private industry is investing a lot in R&D of good quality, but not in all areas. The national and multinational companies resource themselves globally. Information on their investment in R&D is not published on the internet, but must be dug out from their annual statements. Many Brazilian companies are not public companies; their shares are not sold on the stock exchange. Orange juice producers have very clean facilities and ships for transporting fresh juice. The same goes for sugar cane planters. When they lost government support, they became very competitive. The supramolecular approach to nanotechnology at the supramolecular nanotechnology laboratory headed by Henrique Toma is different from mainstream research in Brazil. They combine molecular building blocks to assemble nanostructured materials with new properties for photo-action, catalysis, electronics and electron transfer. They use films to make functional materials, coatings and devices. Examples of molecular devices include electro-optical supramolecular devices such as OLEDs and organic photovoltaics. Supramolecular films are also used as molecular rectifiers. The goal is to develop supramolecular chemical sensors for food, beverages and drugs. Fast and low cost analyses should be possible of sulfite, nitrite and vitamin C in food and beverages, in a four centrimetre disposable sensor device. They use a supramolecular photo-electrochemical cell comparable to a Grätzel cell. Other applications are in smart windows and molecular logic gates. Other research is on functional nanoparticles including nano TIO2 used in UV dosimeter sensors. Henrique Toma has won the NanoEurope Award 2006 for this. These are ultrasensitive SERS sensors including plasmonic pigments with gold nanoparticles, which can change the color from blue to red under laser light. Other sensors with vanadium oxide are used to monitor gasoline. A spin-out company SUPRANANO is working on composites and applications of silver nanoparticles for the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil. Four students are working in it.

3.6 University of Sao Paulo- USP LSI Laboratory of Integrated Systems Dept. of Electronic Systems Contact: Prof Dr Antonio Carlos Seabra, http://www.lsi.usp.br/~acseabra/ USP – LSI Av Prof Luciano Gualberto Trav.3 N.158. CEP 05508-900 Cidade Universitaria Sao Paulo, SP Brazil USP- LSI website: http://www.lsi.usp.br/ The University of São Paulo has 473 professors in the Academic Staff; currently there are 48.530 undergraduate Students, 11.376 PhD Students, and 16.654 MSc Students. Because the results the USP is in the Webometrics Ranking of World 2008 – 113 (1st in Brazil); in the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008 – 121 (1st in Brazil); in the Times HE QS World University Rankings 2007 – 175 (1st in Brazil). Another important attraction of the university is the Double Engineering Diploma/Accreditation with schools in Germany, France and Italy, and also European TIME (Excellence Schools in Engineering) Member.


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The Laboratory of Integrated Systems Micro-Nanoelectronic Fabrication has:

– Academic Staff (Professors): 8 – Researchers/Collaborative: 4/15 – Post-doctorates: 2 – PhD Students: 22 – MSc Students: 32 – Undergraduate Students Fellowships: 32 – 5 Professors have National Research Fellowship

Contract oriented

– VLSI Design – High-performance PCB line – Industry Partnerships

Integrated Piezoresistive Pressure Microsensors

Pressure Sensor + Transducer + Transmitter Industrial Applications

The LSI does applied and basic research in partnership with other institutes.

Microsystems on package:

Process intensifiers: Microfluidic Devices for Nanoparticle Generation/Encapsulation

Micro-Analytical Systems – Contaminants in Water (Heavy Metals, Phosphates, etc.)

Carbon Nanotubes Plasma Deposition (they buy and make some equipment

themselves) Photonic and Electronic Application of Carbon Nanotubes Deposition of Nanostructured Carbon Thin films Photonic and Electronic Application of Nanostructured Carbon Thin films Carbon Nanostructure Carbon thin films

Hydrogen Nanosensors Polymeric nanofibers Hydrogen sensitive layer Ceramic templates for nanorods Nanostructures by e-beam lithography: FinFETs – Microsquids – Nanomagnetic structures – electronic transport – Nanoelectronic Devices on Graphene

3.7 University of Sao Paulo IFSC - Multidisciplinar Institute for Polymeric Materials (IMMP) Contact: Prof Dr Osvaldo Novais de Oliveira Jr, http://www.ifsc.usp.br/pessoal/Pagina_Docente.php?codigo=181


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USP – IFSC Av Trabalhador SãoCarlense, 400 PO Box 369 CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Brazil Website USP – IFSC: http://www.ifsc.usp.br/ Website Polymer Group Bernardo Gross: http://www.polimeros.ifsc.usp.br/ Website IMMP: http://www.if.sc.usp.br/~immp/ They are working in a network with 250 researchers from 25 institutes around Brazil, in Electronic Polymers, Photonic Polymers, Biopolymers and Supramolecular structures. The Millennium Institute was started with World Bank funding in 2001, but later the Brazilian government has taken over the funding. The main achievements are related to: Discovery of the active protein in the natural rubber latex for angiogenesis (technology transferred already to the spin-off Perinova!) First evidence of a non-biological lock-key system, Design of polymers using genetic algorithms, Alignment of liquid crystals – command surfaces and use of surface-relief gratings, Sensors and biosensors – i) detection of low-dose ionizing radiation using conjugated polymers. ii) Electronic tongue. iii) Immobilized enzymes in nanostructured polymer films. iv) chitosan-based sensors , Molecular control of a number of electrical and optical properties of ultrathin polymer films, Optical storage – 2D and 3D using azopolymers, Theoretical modeling of electronic structure of luminescent polymers, consistent with NMR spectroscopy, Polymer circuits with ink-jet technology – toward “cheap” electronics, Studies of ageing in polymers (including elastomers) for the electricity distribution industry, Nanotechnology applied to the textile industry – partnership with Santista Têxtil.

In terms of results using numbers:

~ 450 Papers in refereed journals 10 Books and book chapters ~ 90 PhD and MSc dissertations One new company 7 Patents 4 Prizes

Cooperation:

• IMMP members have extended their National and International networks • Cooperation with CEPIDs – Multidisciplinary Centers supported by FAPESP • Publications with partners from ~ 15 countries • Active role in Nanotechnology networks • Workshop with CGEE and MCT (at FIESP) for opportunities in the advanced

polymers industry Future actions:

• Consolidate emerging groups • Attract new partners from industry and enhance technology transfer • Human resources for innovation and development, in addition to fundamental

sciences • Concentrate activities on organic electronics


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Comparison with 2002 mission In 2002, the University of Sao Paulo had 70,000 students, 5000 professors in 35 faculties in 7 locations all over Sao Paulo. The rector of the University, Nunes, considered cooperation between Germany and Brazil in nanotechnology only feasible at the level of individual researchers. Institutional cooperation should follow later. He did not consider cooperation projects including one academic institute and one company in Brazil plus one academic institute and one company in Germany feasible because of a lack of industrial interest in nanotechnology in Brazil. The Chemistry Institute focused mainly on education. Research was basic science oriented. Nanoscience included supramolecular chemistry (electrochromics), Nanowires and CNT, metal-organic molecules (development, potential applications and sensor development). There were no contacts with Brazilian industry and if there were connections, industry did not pay for the research. All funding came from the government. The LSI institute had intensive cooperation with France, exchanging 10 students each year, and both countries had an agreement for mutual recognition of diplomas. Other cooperation existed with USA, Japan and Germany. The focus was on Microelectronics, MEMS and Thin Films, with a government investment of $100 million in 3 years. The visitors envisaged good cooperation opportunities in thin films.

3.8 Federal University of Parana Physics and Chemistry Institutes Contact: Prof. Dr Ivo Hümmelgen (Physics department), http://fisica.ufpr.br/departamento/fones.html UFPR PO Box 19044 81531-990 Curitiba, Paraná Brazil Website UFPR: www.ufpr.br Website Physics department: http://fisica.ufpr.br/ Website Chemistry department: http://www.quimica.ufpr.br/ Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) is located in Curitiba, south Brazilian region. UFPR has several groups working in nanoscience and nanotechnology subjects, most of them at the Physics Department and at the Chemistry Department, both with a strong research activity and post-graduate study programs, including a joint program in Materials Science. In the Physics Department the most important Nanoscience & Nanotechnology related research is focused on nanostructured materials and devices. The Department hosts the pioneering group in organic electronics in Brazil and develops research focused on organic and hybrid electronic and optoelectronic device development, including transistors, photovoltaic devices, organic light-emitting diodes and memory cells. Inorganic semiconducting and magnetoresistive materials and devices are also intensively investigated in the Department, including multilayered magnetic structures and magnetic nanoparticles. In the Chemistry Department there is a strong research effort devoted to the synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles, including magnetic ones. Hybrid materials, composed by metal oxides and conjugated polymers are also currently developed.

The group investigates:


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• Carbon nanotubes • Metalic nanoparticles • Conducting polymers • Nanocomposites and hybrid materials

The Nanostructured device Group- DINE: This group investigates electrical, optical and morphological properties of materials with potential for application in devices. The group of Nanomechanical properties works with mechanical characterization of thin films using nanoindentation. The Lab of Nanostructures for Sensors works in magnetic nanostructures The group of Optoelectronic devices is working on Charge carrier injection and transport in conjugated polymers and blends.

- Organic semiconductor magnetoresistance. - Hybrid and all-organic vertical architecture transistors. - Organic memories – floating gate field-effect transistors. - Organic LEDs & photovoltaic devices.

3.9 CEITEC Contact Prof Dr Peter Celso CEITEC UFRGS location Av Bento Goncalves 9500/Bloco 4 – Predio 43413, sala 67 Porto Alegre – RS – Brazil CEP 91501-970 Website CEITEC: http://www.ceitec.org.br This a public Technology Center focused on Integrated Circuits Design and Fabrication. The research center is mainly focused on microelectronics, the mission is to develop high quality innovative and market-oriented IT and electronic solutions. They aim to be a reference in innovative microelectronics solutions aiming at Brazilian social, scientific and economic growth.

The main objectives are to offer locally developed microelectronics products to the market, design and prototyping solutions to the market, offer infrastructure and technological support to develop microelectronics products, provide qualified human resources in the field of microelectronics in Brazil, establish partnerships with other microelectronics centers, stimulate the technological development encouraging IP development, develop local suppliers and attend international quality standards as well.

The design centre area has room for 100 designers, high speed network, uninterruptible power system, redundant communication link, controlled access, teaching rooms, prototypes test laboratory and area for Startups.

The wafer Fab facilities has 2.000 m2 Cleanroom, maximum capacity: 4.000 Wafers/month (WSPM) – 6 inches, ultrapure Water: 18,2 MOhm – 36 m3/h , 1.600 m3 water


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consumption/day, 9 MVA subestation, generator= 2,25 MVA, UPS = 450 kVA, 300 m3/h Nitrogen consumption, compressed air, vacuum, industrial waste treatment, bulk gas, heat, acid, caustic and solvent exhaust, hot and cool water.

Service: The CEITEC offer microelectronic solutions as, application specific integrated Circuits (ASICs); System on a Chip (SoC); FPGAs programming; IP’s development; Backend services.

The CEITEC team is composed of Masters and Phds in Microelectronics, Physics and Materials Science from UFRGS, PUC-RS, Unicamp and USP. It is a production team with 10 to 20 years of experience at high technology industry. They have benefited from one year of training at CEITEC and 3 months of “hands on” training at Freescale Chandler Fab, working with technologies from 0,65 to 0,18µm.

Production tools: Applied Materials P5000 Plasma Etchers and Deposition Tools, Applied Materials Endura Sputtering, Eaton Nova High Current Implanters, Nikon i-line steppers.

CEITEC innovations are e.g. used in oil platforms. They have developed low power RFID labels e.g. a 135 KHz RFID label for cattle identification, which is almost ready and offered to a Brazilian company.

Another project is being built. Construction of new facilities ended in June 2008, the equipment installation will take until May 2009, production validation until July 2009, and they expect to start producing by December 2009. Currently, there is no wafer processing at submicron level in Brazil. In general, there are seven design centres in Brazil. CEITEC is the only one where prototype development is possible. Six universities have activities in processes and training courses in design.

3.10 EMBRAPA / NANOTECHNOLOGY AT THE BRAZILIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CORPORATION CNPDIA Contact: Prof. Dr Paulo Sergio de Paula Hermann Jr., [email protected] EMBRAPA - CNPDIA Rua XV de Novembro, 1452 São Carlos – SP, Brazil CEP 13560-970 Website EMBRAPA: www.embrapa.br Website CNPDIA: http://www.cnpdia.embrapa.br/ The Embrapa is disseminated around Brazil and has 8 Basic Themes Research Centers, 13 Product Research Centers, 15 Agro Forestry or Centers for Agricultural Research in Brazilian Ecological Regions, 3 Service Centers, LABEX- EUA, Europe (France and Netherlands) and ASIA (plan), Technological Transfer- Ghana, Africa. All staff is about ~ 8.400 employees including ~ 2.600 researchers (50% PhD). The Embrapa Agricultural Instrumentation division was founded on 18/12/1984; the administration and laboratories take up 3000 m2. They have 65 employees: 26 researchers; 15 technical support; 7 communication & business; 18 administrative staff.


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The National Laboratory of Nanotechnology Applied to Agribusiness (LNNA) (EMBRAPA/FINEP (MCT)) has an Initial Research Staff of: 59 PhD’s and 5 MSc’s from 28 centers; 16 Embrapa Unities and 12 Universities throughout Brazil. FINEP is investing US$2.2 million in two years, and EMBRAPA is investing US$1.9 million. Currently the network is working on Development of nanoengineered materials and sensors, Membranes and thin-films for packaging and separation applications, new uses for agricultural-based materials (fibers, etc).

The main results in Embrapa concerning Nanotechnologies are: Electronic Tongue (Liquid taste sensor), Disposable Sensor using Conductive Polymers to Evaluate Fruit Ripeness, and Disposable pH Sensor.

3.11 CSEM – Brazil, Belo Horizonte Contact: Dr Ricardo Pereira CSEM Brasil Praça Carlos Chagas 49-11o andar 30170-020 Belo Horizonte –MG Brazil Website: www.csem.com.br, [email protected] The CSEM BH is a branch of CSEM located in Neuchatel, Switzerland. The CSEM Brasil is an Innovation Center, a private association, non-profit, which is operational since January 2008; created by CSEM S.A and FIR Capital, Funded by Government of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Objectives Supporting the local industry in the short-term to enhance its processes and its products and achieve clear competitive advantages: Providing state-of-the-art technology and technical and business solutions and awareness, as well as post-graduate education supporting the local Universities. Accelerating innovation in the medium term (3-5 years): Developing innovative products (based on Brazil-rooted know-how) to be produced by the local industry for world-wide markets. Creating start-ups and job opportunities in the long term (5-10 years), feeding the incubators and technology parks in Brazil: by creating and incubating added-value businesses co-owned by Government Authorities, local investors and the start-up management team. The main activities are: Applied research, industrialization of technologies, product development, creates spin-offs; in Micro-and Nanotechnology, Information Technology, and System Engineering. In collaboration with local universities, with basic research, Phd programs and lecturing, the CSEM aims to be the bridge to the advanced solutions and innovative products creating high.tech start-ups.


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The heterogeneous technology alliance is composed by VTT (Finland) «HTA» CSEM, CEA/Léti, FhG Microelectronic Group and VTT (Finland).Together there are more than 5000 scientists in micro-and nanotechnology. The four partners pursue a policy of joint lobbying in Brussels. They have also decided (unanimously) to intensify their collaboration; agreed on the joint foundation of a marketing company in Switzerland, for project acquisitions in countries outside the «home countries». The technology platforms at CSEM are: New materials, nanotechnology, systems engineering, bioengineering, microelectronics, photonics, microrobotics and information systems. The platforms are oriented for applications to energy, water, materials, aeronautics, environment and mining. The Information & communication technology System-oriented solutions, combining microtechnology and systems engineering for: Biomedical instrumentation, Telemedicine and healthcare, Telecommunication devices and systems (UMTS, GPS), Safety and security of private and public buildings, as well as the global environment. The microsystems, sensors and actuators for applications in: Automotive markets, Consumer devices, Industrial and environment control, Medical markets and Telecommunication systems. Micro-& nanotechnology: Making things smaller, faster, stronger with new physical laws and interaction schemes opens “a new industrial revolution” in: Medical & environmental monitoring, Biochemical diagnosis and sensing, Computing (data storage), Cosmetics, and Lithography processes. Nanomedicine Combining surface engineering with microfabrication, microfluidics and nanotechnology leads to the next generation of biomedical tools and instruments : Detection & treatment of diseases, Pharma & drugs. Photonics Image sensing and vision sensors for fast, robust and low-power solutions in: Automotive, Building control applications, Surveillance, security and safety. New materials Polymer optoelectronics for cost-effective solutions in: Optical communications, Metrology, Medical analysis, security and safety. Low-power microelectronics ASIC and standard IC chip design for: Signal processing and control in industrial, audio and portable applications demanding ultra low-power, Wireless sensor networks, Medical instruments, Telemonitoring systems, Novel vision systems. Mechatronics & robotics Compliant mechanisms technology and robotics are springboard to encourage the industrial creativity in many application fields: Transportation, automotive, Astrophysics, space, aerospace, Measurement instrumentation systems, Packaging & micro-assembly, Medicine (surgery and medical instrumentations), Biotechnology, laboratory robotics.


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Aeronautics: The Brazilian aerospace industry remains one of Brazil’s strong export successes, and serves as an important core of the nation’s high-tech manufacturing workforce. CSEM Brazil’s fields of interest are: airspace traffic and safety, passenger/cargo aircraft, unmanned aircraft (UAV), helicopters. For instance: UAV payloads for environmental and energy line supervision, UAV deconfliction in occupied airspace (the biggest barrier right now to UAVs’ full civil potential), quieter helicopters and rotorcraft, lower fuel consumption, embedded sensors, etc. Environment –Agriculture –Water -Mining Brazil is a huge agricultural power: it is the world’s largest producer of coffee, sugarcane and oranges. Brazil has the world's largest commercial cattle herd. Cattle trading forms a bigger market than in Europe, with opportunities for CSEM in quality control, tracking, integration etc. Forests cover half of Brazil, with the largest rain forest in the world located in the Amazon Basin. Brazil is the 2nd largest exporter of iron in the world and one of the main aluminum producers. CSEM Brazil’s fields of interest are: monitoring systems for sustainable agriculture, green technologies for pest control, water and waste water treatment systems, hard-and software for imaging systems. Integration of the economies is good for European cooperation. Basic research in Brazil is very good. This can be applied in a more economical way than in Europe. Brazil could play a more important role in technology development in the future.

3.12 Digimed Contact: Dr Francisco Medina Digimed Rua Marianos 227 04691-110 São Paulo Brazil Company website: www.digimed.ind.br This is a private enterprise which works in analytic instrumentation and analytic sensors. The products are applied in Petrochemical, chemical, Paper and cellulose, mining, metallurgy, pharmaceutical, food, beverages, health, automotive and fuels. The products are divided in 3 families, potentiometry, amperometrics and spectrometry. The main products are: combined electrodes, PH and ORP analyzers, lab measurements, conductivity analyzers, Cloro analyzers, field measurement and field colorimetry.


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4. Belo Horizonte – 9 September 2008

4.1 Federal University of Minas Gerais UFMG – Physics department Contact: Prof. Dr Wagner Rodriguez, [email protected] UFMG Physics department Belo Horizonte – MG Brazil Website UFMG: http://www.ufmg.br/ Website Physics department: http://www.fisica.ufmg.br/ Description Nanoproject – in Portuguese: http://www.fisica.ufmg.br/docs/nanoci/nanoproj.html The workshop at the Physics Department of UFMG had about 30 attendants from the university and some research institutes located in BH. The research focuses on Carbon, polymers, III-V semiconductors and other materials and nanodevices. Introduction – Wagner Rodriguez Minas Gerais is a state dominated by mining, siderurgical industry and heavy industry. It has the size of Germany. Belo Horizonte is the main city. The university has around 35000 students. The number of PhD students and staff members with a PhD is increasing since 1990. 37 of the 55 doctoral courses are considered of national or international excellence. New multidisciplinary areas with several graduate courses are being established. 650 research groups published 10,000 scientific publications in 2005. The university holds 180 national and 48 international patents. There are 13 technology transfer contracts and 20 registered trade marks. Highlights in research include:

- Biotechnology: including diagnostics for infectious diseases, cardiovascular drugs, bismuth compounds for ulcer caused by H. Pilori, vaccines for influenza, spider bite, schistosomiasis and veterinary drugs;

- Materials science: biomaterials, ceramics etc. - Mechanical /electrical /electronic engineering: project and development of small size

airplanes for aerial photography, power electronic sources / devices, lightning detection, process control and automation, mathematical models for industrial processes. They cooperate with the food company Sadia, which is originally a meat and sausage producer that has opened up to include other products such as pizza. This group helped Sadia reposition itself.

- Environmental technologies; - Chemistry: including a new ceramics department; - Information Technology: the UFMG spin-off company Akwan is sold to Google in

2005. The spin-off Minnertech group is sold to UOL, a Folha de Sao Paulo owned company;

- BH-Tec: is a technology transfer project partnership of UFMG, the local government and private companies. The area around the airport is developed as a high tech industrial zone, offering fiscal advantages (Zona Franca).

UFMG does not offer a formal nanotechnology education, but all departments engaged in nanoscience and technology are cooperating and are part of national nanonetworks. The UFMG was part of the nanoscience millennium institute which started in 2000, and is currently engaged in a proposal for a new nanocarbon network. Carbon, Semiconductors and


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Ceramics are traditional strengths of UFMG. They are active in nanotechnology since the 1990s. This university is doing 60% experimental research. The physics department has strong connections with all other departments including chemistry, biology, pharma, etc, since 5-10 years. Wagner Rodriguez is contact person for CSEM Brazil at UFMG. The University works mainly on basic research, but a new focus is on innovation and regional development in cooperation with CSEM. They recently bought new equipment including FIB, TEM in a new laboratory. FINEP has funded it. The Brazilian government policy is good, future oriented. However, the budget is relatively low compared to European funding. It would be useful if Brazilian groups could receive EU funding for equipment. Prof. Dr. Mauricio Pinheiro – Paramagnetic resonance Contact: [email protected] Website Laboratory: http://www.fisica.ufmg.br/~ress/ This group investigates nanostructures for biomedical applications including nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy (PDT), braquitherapy (cancer), Single Photon Emission Tomography SPECT. In PDT, they inject photosensitizer which reacts with oxygen from the blood under the influence of light, to produce free radicals, which locally kill cells. This can be applied for macular degeneration causing blindness, cancer or parasitic skin diseases including leishmaniasis (C60 derivatives in cream, let sun do the rest), candida, bacterial acne etc. Sensitizers can be different substances including fullerenes and TiO2 nanoparticles (focus in Mauricio Pinheiro’s group). Nanomaterials laboratory Website laboratory: http://www.fisica.ufmg.br/~nanomat/ Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Lacerda – CNT based nanosensors Contact: [email protected] Rodrigo Lacerda works on CNT based nanosensors. They grow nanomaterials (SWNT, MWNT, ZnO and CuO Nanowires and Titanate nanotubes) and develop applications. Potential applications include nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and sensors. They try to understand and control what happens at the interface between the catalyst and the growing nanotube or wire. There are many growth mechanisms but nobody really understands what happens at the interface. The growth mechanism for ZnO is not the same as for Silicon with a gold droplet catalyst. Without gold, Zn forms a polycrystalline film, with gold catalyst, nly Zno Nanowires are formed, no polycrystal film. The wires can be applied in sensors and FETs. They recently studied gas sensors including a hydrogen sensor CNT network and a ZnO nanowire transistor as a sharp UV photodetector. Prof. Dr Luiz Orlando Ladeira – Synthesis and biological applications of CNT Contact: [email protected] The group of Luiz Orlando Ladeira cooperates with other departments of UFMG, including biology and pharmacy. Examples include CNT for fungus infection; nanotechnology in vegetables; and siRNA transfection in cancer cells transported by CNT. Together with chemists and others in the physics department they grow CNT with electrical discharge, generating a high production with low defects. However, there are many impurities and the process is sensitive to changes in parameters. An alternative is CVD synthesis of CNT, with a production of 5-7 grams per hour. They intend to scale it up to 20-50 g/h by December 2008.


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This gives a very high quality PECVD of CNT on Si substrate. This substrate is used to grow neuronal cells. They use a collagen-CNT composite for stimulating bone growth in rats. They cooperate with a Mexican company, because they have not encountered interest in Brazil. Another application is growing CNT in cement, for a composite with 25% more strength than conventional cement at 2x the price. This process was patented last April. The process will be transferred to a cement company soon. It can be applied in conventional cement plants. Low cost iron oxide materials mined locally are used as catalyst to grow the CNT in the cement at much lower cost than if the CNT is mixed into the cement. The safety of the process is still to be investigated. They also work on hydrogen sensors made with TiO2. Prof. Dr Marcos Pimenta – Resonance Raman Scattering in Carbon nanostructures Contact: [email protected] The group of Marcos Pimenta uses resonant Raman spectroscopy to determine structural properties of individual carbon nanotubes. They disperse the CNT with different kinds of surfactants (DNA and SDS) to determine which is better. They also work on Raman scattering in graphene nanoribbons, a hot topic in nanoscience. It is used to distinguish zig-zag and armchair edges in graphite. They use light scattering for comparing electronic structures of single layer and bilayer graphene. The group cooperates with partners in Japan, USA, Mexico and Brazil. Prof. Dr Flavio Plentz – Luminescence in CNT and graphene based devices Contact: [email protected] This group is cooperating with IFW in Dresden for measuring CNT, USA and Japan. They started work on photoluminescence measurements in 2002. The CNT are dispersed in aqueous suspension using surfactants. Each emission and absorption peak could be connected to a specific CNT. They test what is the best dispersion fluid, and determine the quantum yield of CNT and optimize it to a high quantum yield (~0.8%). They use the best graphite from a nearby company in Brazil. The electric field effect in atomically precise graphene layers can be used in a transistor. They use flakes to make contact and measure transport properties, study environmental effects on conductance. Equipment includes lasers, a simple cleanroom for basic device fabrication, e-beam lithography and microscopy. Prof Dr Roberto Luiz Moreira – Relaxors Contact: [email protected] This group works on relaxor ferroelectric polymers, a highly disordered material. They cooperate with European groups in France, Slovenia and the UK. Using polymers in stead of ceramics has some advantages: it can be elongated more with much (1000x) lower weight. They are looking for different production methods than gamma irradiation. UV irradiation may be cheaper. It can be controlled by varying the UV dose. This way they make a new class of relaxor materials with order-disorder ferroelectrics in varying % with hexagonal in stead of cubic parent phases. The present work concentrates on chemical production routes. Future applications could include thermoplastics, but also microphones, sensors for detecting if babies are alive. The materials can be used as sensors as well as actuators (1 mm movement is possible, they hope to increase this to several mm, possibly for artificial muscles). There are many patents for applications. They aim for a cheaper and easier production method. Prof Dr Luiz Cury – devices based on molecular semiconductors Contact: [email protected]


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This group studies blends of different polymers for OLEDS. They try to understand the differences between electroluminescence and photoluminescence effects. This can be used in lasers, nanocomposites etc. They continue work to determine useful ways to make the material and measure properties. Prof Dr Rodrigo Gribel – Oxide Nanowire based devices Contact: [email protected] This group works on sensors and nanotechnology, including gas sensors based on semiconductor oxides. Commercial sensors are limited because of a high operating temperature. Nanotechnology is promising because of a high surface area, high sensitivity, novel detection and transport mechanisms. They prepare and characterize titanate nanotubes and fibres for catalysis, photocatalysis and photovoltaics. Prof Dr Klaus Krambock – TiO2 based devices Contact: [email protected] This group works on TiO2 based electronic devices, photocatalysis, sensors, solar cells, photodynamic therapy, hydrolysis for energy applications. In 2008 a breakthrough was achieved in making Anatase TiO2 single crystals with highly reactive sides. The Anatase form of TiO2 is most dominant at relatively low temperatures (below 800oC) and at nanoscale. TiO2 works well as photocatalyst for cleaning up oil spills. Klaus Krambock’s group is investigating why it works. In the near future they will investigate photodynamic therapy at home and hybrid photovoltaic cells including TiO2 acceptor and MEH-PPV donor layers, with an efficiency around 1%. There is a great variety of applications of nano-TiO2, but defect control is important. There is potential industrial interest in Brazil in catalytic effects. Nelcy Mohallem has started a small company with interest in silver nanoparticles as nanocatalysts for sterilization. Petrobras is investing in projects like hydrogen sensors. TiO2 may be useful. Solar energy is difficult to sell, but there is some emerging interest, e.g. in government funded projects in solar energy. The hydrolysis process has a low efficiency in producing hydrogen. It is difficult to set up the necessary small reactor for hydrolysis, but it may be possible. Prof. Dr Paulo Guimaraes – Nanostructured infrared sensors Contact: [email protected] Nanostructured infrared sensors are useful for detecting infrared at room temperatures. There is a wide range of applications including in defence. It is a sensitive area, so it is difficult to buy commercial Infrared detectors. This is why he started to build them in his own lab. Potential applications include detecting the exhaust of airplanes (defence), temperature differences in reactors (industry), temperature of body parts (medical), anomalous temperature rises to indicate imminent material failure (industry), telecommunication, and gas detection and control, see www.x20.org/fsi. There are several technologies currently used for infrared detectors. The group focuses on two newly emerging technologies: Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) and Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetectors (QDIPs). They use self-assembled quantum dots of InAs/GaAs, with some control of growth. The activities include theoretical design, MOCVD growth (now mainly done at PUC in Rio), characterization by AFM/TEM, fabricating QWIP/QDIP with D-well structure (inserting a quantum dot in a quantum well). They also measure the optical response of QDIP, the intraband Auger effect and compare it with theory. The group cooperates with PUC-Rio and INMETRO and other universities in Brazil and USA. The detectors are now ready. Davies recently joined the group to transform the research into technology. They cooperate with a


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regional company, the aim is to build an infrared camera in three years time, but this may be optimistic.

4.2 UFMG – other departments Prof. Dr Nelcy Mohallem – Nanostructured ceramics Contact: [email protected] Website: http://www.qui.ufmg.br/professores/professor?professor_id=62 The group works on nanostructured ceramics including nanoparticulates, nanocomposites, colloidal dispersion, thin films (single phase and nanocomposite). Synthesis is done through coprecipitation and hydrolysis; drying is done in an oven/ by freeze drying/ by supercritical drying. The nanoparticles have controlled textures. They can prepare a sol-gel matrix, xerogels and aerogels; and make porous as well as dense thin films, e.g. magnetic thin films of cobalt ferrite. The lab of nanostructured materials is making the films. The group created the spin-off company NANUM Nanotecnologia S.A. as an incubated company. It started 5 years ago and now they produce 10 kg of material per month. Magnesite is bought by a company for siderurgic purposes and aluminum is bought by a catalysis company. They also produce nanoparticles for Clamper. The support comes from SEBAE and FINEP. Five years ago they tried to develop large volume production of nanoparticles in their lab. This failed, but they received a grant of R$1 million for a project to start NANUM. Recently, a large company has bought it. The control over the nanoparticle size depends on the drying time. Some materials need more control than others. They can make particle sizes on customer specifications, e.g. with 500 nm diameter. Prof Dr Davies Montero - MOEMS devices Website: http://www.cpdee.ufmg.br/~optma/english/ The group on Optical devices and MEMS (OptMa) is part of the Electrical Engineering department. It started in 2005, and the group has currently 12 members. Davies Monteiro has worked at TU Delft in the Netherlands. The work focuses on adaptive optics, making sharp images of stars (telescopes) as well as retinas (confocal microscopy). This is possible thanks to a MEMS deformable mirror. In adaptable glasses, a pair of mirrors is included per eye. To correct aberrations, you need to detect the aberration and send the information to microlenses to adapt them. They are also working on CMOS optical sensors for wavefront sensing, to see and correct distorted images of sensors; made to order custom contact lenses from Silicon; wavefront sensors on a chip, microlens arrays from Si mould. They cooperate with CSEM Brazil and the UFMG department of Physics on infrared sensors. In the past they also cooperated with Okotechnologies in the Netherlands.

4.3 Spin-off companies of UFMG

4.3.1 DSD (Dispositivos Semiconductores Discretos) Contact: Prof Dr Wagner Rodriguez (professor at Physics Department UFMG), director of the spin-off company DSD [email protected] Rua Wanderley Carsalade, 105 Jardim Piemonte 32680-490 Betim –Minas Gerais


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Brazil www.dsd.com.br

4.3.2 NANUM Nanotecnologia S.A. Contact: Prof. dr Nelcy Mohallem, [email protected] Av Jose Candido da Silveira, 2100, sala 25, Horto Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais CEP 31170-000 Brazil Website: http://www.nanum.com.br/ , [email protected] Produces nanoceramics materials (10 kg/month)

4.4 CSEM Brasil Contact: Erika Györvary, [email protected] Director Marketing and Technologies CSEM Brasil Praça Carlos Chagas 49-11o andar 30170-020 Belo Horizonte –MG Brazil Website: www.csem.com.br, [email protected] CSEM Brazil is interested in cooperating with UFMG professors in topics including adaptive optics and infrared sensors. These topics could match with CSEM experience. They are also interested in mining, an important sector in Brazil (not in Switzerland). The Swiss consulate in Sao Paulo prepared a survey report on interest of Brazilian companies in nanotechnology of some years old. They identified around 40 companies, mostly very small spin-offs. Most interest of Brazilian local companies was in cost reduction. Only companies exporting to Europe and the US are interested in added value. The latter are relevant for CSEM cooperation.


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5. Recife – North east, 10 September 2008

The workshop in Recife had about 20 attendants, including researchers. The main public in the workshop was from Renami network.

5.1 Federal University of Pernambuco- RENAMI nanonetwork UFPE Contacts: Prof Dr Oscar Malta, [email protected] Prof Dr Petrus de Amorim Santa Cruz, [email protected], [email protected] DQF-CCEN-UFPE 50740-540 Recife – Pernambuco Brazil Website UFPE: www.ufpe.br Website RENAMI network: http://www.renami.com.br/ Oscar Malta – introduction of RENAMI The RENAMI network on Molecular Nanotechnology and Interfaces started originally in 2001. During phase I (2001-2003), the network partners were from UFPE (coordinator), USP and UFRJ). In phase II (2003-2005), consolidation of the network with more partners took place. The current phase III (2006-2009) is an integration stage. They are now establishing collaborations with industry and focusing on innovation. The results in 2006-2008 include 14 patents, 961 scientific publications and 30 invited participations in scientific events. Examples include:

- Persistent luminescent ions, which can stay luminescent over 20 hours. Applications include road safety, hospitals, security;

- Molecular light converting devices; - Light collectors, with potential applications as anti-fraud marker for money; - Supramolecular OLEDS; - Technology for bio-assays as photonic markers for breast cancer, leishmaniasis, etc.

The network partners cover the whole chain of interdisciplinary cooperation, including synthesis, biochemical and other characterization. They are developing photonic markers for leishmaniasis in North Brazil. The objective of the Molecular and Interfaces Nanotechnology Research Network (RENAMI), from CNPq/MCT, is the study and development of nanostructured materials, interfaces and devices for molecular nanotechnology. Several research groups, from 17 institutions, compose the network, joining their abilities to synthesize supramolecular systems and intelligent molecules, develop molecular interfaces and nanoparticles, elaborate new analytical methods and finally to design and produce functional devices based on microfabrication technologies. Emphasis is given to the synergic interaction between theoretical modeling of nanostructures, based on molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry methods and experimental techniques of preparation and characterization of these materials. Foreign collaborations: Larry Clark Thompson (University of Minnesota- EUA); François Auzel(CNRS/UPR211-


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Paris) ; Paul Burrows(Pacific Northwest National Laboratory- EUA); Andries Meijerink (University of Utrecht - Holland); Pierre-Noël Favennec (France Télécom /CNET) ; Frédérique de Fornel (University of Bourgogne - France). Maria Helena Raposo Fernandes(University of Porto - Portugal). (Inter)National collaborations:

• UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco • USP - Universidade Estadual de São Paulo • UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro • IMA - Instituto de Macromoléculas / UFRJ • PEMM/COPPE - Programa de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais / Instit.

Alberto Luiz Coimbra • PUC-RJ - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro • UFPR - Universidade Federal do Paraná • UFPB DEMa - Universidade Federal da Paraíba- Departamento de Engenharia de

Materiais • UEPG - Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa • UNESP - Universidade Estadual de São Paulo - Júlio Mesquita • USP-IF/S. Carlos- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo - Campus de

São Carlos • CNEN / Instituto de Pesquisas Enrgéticas e Nucleares • IPT / Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo • CBPF – Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas • University of Minnesota, Campus de Duluth- EUA • University of Bourgogne - França • University of Utrecht - Holanda • France Télécom (CNET) - França • PQS&D Ltda. - Ponto Quântico Sensores e Dosímetros Ltda. • GKSS - Germany national research facility - Chemical Department.

Petrus d’Amorim de Santa Cruz’ group works on skin cancer prevention (dosimeters for UV radiation for personal use) and detection (early diagnostics of skin cancer). Other application areas of RENAMI include:

- detection of pollutants in water, - a computer programme “Spectra-lux” for simulating the human eye, - Brazil has mines of natural clay (bentonite). This material can be intercalated with

polymers. - Metallic nanoparticles (e.g. nanosilver) and effects on luminescence.

The network will be operational until end 2009. They are open to establishing new cooperation and are already cooperating with European partners. They don’t know yet if there will be a prolongation. They submitted a proposal under the MCT call for National Science and Technology Institutes. In any case cooperation will continue. They are usually interested in bilateral international cooperation on research and student exchange. They also have two kinds of cooperation with companies:

- Giving support to enterprises, which requires feedback on their needs; - Beginning research inside the company, which is an incipient activity in Brazil, a

priority of the Brazilian government focusing on building human research resources inside the enterprise.


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Oscar Malta participates in a new spin-off LUMITEC in cooperation between USP (Sao Paulo) and RENAMI. Two years ago, the Brazilian government changed the innovation policy, to regulate professors owning spin-off companies. In the proposal for the next phase of RENAMI, companies are included as partners, especially spin-offs. The Brazilian policy is ok, but it takes time to develop innovation policy in practice. Most spin-offs are in Sao Paulo. They have most experience there.

UFPE- Biophysics and Radiology department Contact Prof Dr Oleg Krasilnikov UFPE Recife Pernambuco Brazil Olg Krasilnikov’s group works on formation of nanopores in membranes using proteins. They detect the presence of proteins in the membrane by electrical currents and use MALDI-TOF to size compounds as comparison. They can identify a single molecule with calibrated nanopores. The resolution is better than 44 Da. It is a simple technique, which does not require chemical modification of the analyte. Prof Dr Celso Melo – DF – UFPE Contact: Prof Dr Celso Melo, Physics Department UFPE Recife, Pernambuco Brazil Website: http://www.df.ufpe.br/corpodocente/celso.htm The physics department of UFPE has one of the four best education programmes in the country (score 7 out of 7 by the Ministry of Education). The chemistry department has a score of 6 out of 7. They are interested in student exchange with European universities to consolidate or improve the rating of their programme. European students who want to come to Brazil are especially welcome. The physics department includes research groups on Colorimetric, Transport and magnetometrics by SQUID, e.g. thermotherapy for cancer treatment. A recent idea is to use nanoparticles for fluorescent biosensor markers in composites of metal (e.g. gold) nanoparticles in conducting polymers and DNA. For some metal/conducting polymer nanostructures, intense luminescence occurs. This is the ELINOR effect (Enhanced Luminescence of Inorganic-Organic origin). Advantages include: no need to amplify DNA/RNA, it is fast (45 minutes to extract DNA, 3 minutes to test), low cost, easily automated implementation, high sensitivity (concentrations can be as low as a picomole; the exact sensitivity is still being investigated). They have developed (on lab scale) successful tests for HPV (Human Papiloma Virus) and Dengue Virus. The result of the HPV test is that the genetic make-up of Brazilian women makes them more sensitive to HPV and cervical cancer. There is also a need for a rapid test to detect four types of Dengue virus. They can include markers for three types on a single substrate. They are cooperating with a group in Rio de Janeiro who will develop the test further. Applications include identification of different pathogens in different genetic tests.


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DF- UFPE concentrates on physical research questions. There are also other applications outside health. An example is a DNA-Polyaniline-Gold nanostructured system for luminescence. The intensity depends on the pH. [During the visit to the labs of the Physics department:] The present Brazilian Minister for Science and Technology founded this department 35 years ago. It was an initiative of students, who received permission if they could get support from a senior physicist. The present minister had 5 years experience after his PhD and agreed to found the lab. Currently there are 34 faculty members in 5-6 groups working on different areas. Interdisciplinary research is still a challenge. The start of a graduate programme on materials science eight years ago was an improvement. They are introducing nanoscience in the graduate programme, by teaching e.g. quantum optics to biologists. The money and people are available; the main bottleneck is institutional change. Prof Dr Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz – CCEN and DQF – UFPE Contact Prof Dr Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz, [email protected] Department of Chemistry, UFPE Recife, Pernambuco Brazil The department of Chemistry is part of CCEN, the Centre for Exact and Natural Sciences, together with mathematics, physics and statistics. The computational sciences department has recently been moved to another department. In the chemistry department, there are 25 professors. The research groups focus on inorganic chemistry, theoretical and computational chemistry, physical chemistry, materials science, organic chemistry and analytical chemistry. The quality of the research is very good; a cooperative paper from 2000 was cited 337 times, comparable to the H index of the USA. Currently, they are preparing a proposal for the INAMI project – the Brazilian Institute for Nanotechnology for Intelligent Labels. The project should run from 2009-2013 and have five departments focusing on different kinds of labels (e.g. molecular, atomic) and transversal lines on common aspects like security of information and computation. It is a follow-up from the RENAMI and Petroleum networks. They are open to cooperation in the next phase. Examples of relevant work include dose measurement as a function of Eu3+ luminescence (interest in cooperation with Fraunhofer Institute for semiconductor integration); Leishmania detection, for which they have the device but look for cooperation on system integration, and carbon nanotube growth. They are also preparing a proposal for a nanobiotechnology and society project done by researchers in nanoscience for the same call: NANOBIOTEC-BRASIL (CAPE). Prof Dr Walter Azevedo, Polymeric Materials Composites, Solid State Chemistry Lab, UFPE This group develops nanostructured materials and applications, including metallic, ceramic, composites and magnetics. The lab includes work on:

- Polyaniline conducting polymer, - Heterojunction fabrication process and characterization, - Polyaniline thin films of 40 nm on silicon, - Ionization radiation detector and optical dosimetry; - Polymeric ionization chamber WELI.


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They study chemical reactions under extreme reaction conditions including ultrasound and gamma radiation. They make PANI/Fe3O4 magnetic composites and characterize the materials chemically and magnetically. They also grow pure polyaniline nano and microfibres using electrospinning techniques. Prof. Dr Alberto Simas – Computational Chemistry, UFPE This group focuses on modeling of Lanthanide complexes and biomaterials. Recife made two methods:

- Sparkle (can model Lanthanide elements) - RMI model (Recife Model I) for biomolecules and nanostructures

Applications include light conversion of molecular devices and NMR Imaging, using lanthanide complex as contrast agent. Sparkle can calculate some lanthanide complexes much faster than conventional methods (e.g. 1 minute in stead of 52 hours). RMI can be applied in organic chemistry and pharmacy. It is included in a commercial package, which is free for researchers. Comparison with 2002 mission In 2002, the German fact finding mission also visited the department of physics at UFPE, which was a polytechnic at that time with 20,000 students and 1700 teaching staff. UFPE already had an incubator centre which had produced 40 start-ups in different domains. Materials research concentrated on basic research in metal oxides, silicon carbide, III-V and II-VI semiconductors, nanostructured materials and sensor development. Presenters included professors Rezende (basic research in magnetic nanostructures) and Malta (Chemistry department). Oscar Malta presented the RENAMI network and spin-off Ponto Quantico. They foresaw more application oriented work on supramolecular chemistry and nanomaterials.

5.2 Federal University of Sergipe UFS Contact: Prof Dr Mario Valerio, http://www.fisica.ufs.br/CorpoDocente/mvalerio/ UFS- DFI Sergipe Brazil Website University: http://www.ufs.br/ Website Physics department: http://www.fisica.ufs.br/ Most of the work on nanoscience and nanotechnology is related to the RENAMI network. The DFI at UFS includes 50 people including 6 professors, postdocs, PhD, Masters and undergraduate students and technicians. They work on:

- Nanoparticles preparation; - Characterization of nanosystems; - Modeling.

Nanoscience and technology infrastructure includes a multi-user lab of 500m2. Selected applications include:

- oxides, biocompatible nanopowders (e.g. hydroxyappatites, tricalcium phosphates) - metallic nanoparticles; - Phosphorescence nanopowders.


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They have 2 patents in cooperation with CERAMICA Sergipe S.A. (brand Escorial) for emergency signs, ceramic painting, decorative tiles and radiation sensitive tiles. They are currently working on technology transfer. Nanostructured ceramic pigments are used for decoration in inkjet printer systems. It must be nano to be useful in this printer. Colours include magenta, black and yellow. They are heading in the right direction. They have also developed new sun protection based on HydroxyAppatite (HAP) which reflects the sun rather than absorbing it. Other work is on ferro-electric nanopowders; porous bionanopowders of artificial HAP; dense bio-nanoceramics with few pores, useful as teeth substitute; and molecular dynamics in a glass system. Sergipe State and University are interested in cooperation with Europe and would like to broaden this. They are using coconut as raw material, because there is a lot of it in Brazil and it is a natural gel forming process. Impurities are no problem in most applications, and most impurities are salts which can be removed by washing with water. A unified sol-gel process works for almost all salts. There is a coconut industry that produces powder and throws out coconut water. The group uses that water for ceramics and is also developing other routes. In HAP, they are starting in vitro cooperation with another department and they are studying it as a drug delivery system together with the pharmaceuticals department.

5.3 CETENE – Centre for Strategic Technologies of the North East Contact: Prof Dr Andre Galembeck, [email protected] CETENE Av Prof Luiz Freire, 01 Cidade Universitaria CEP 50740-540 Recife, Pernambuco Brazil Website: http://www.cetene.gov.br/ Website LAMM: http://www.cetene.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=54&Itemid=74 CETENE is a research centre developing technological innovations for the development of the North-Eastern region of Brazil. It is the North-Eastern branch of the National Institute of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Science and Technology. They have an institutional network in the North East and rest of the country. They have a biofactory (Biofabrica) of scaled up production of sugar cane, pine-apple, banana, orchids, flowers and new development of other materials. The biodiesel unit is operational and a new, larger one is under construction. The network Rede NanoCETENE is linked to the nanotechnology and electron microscopy lab (LAMM). Research fields include nanobiotechnology and nanostructured materials. This network is open to anyone who is interested in cooperation, also with Europe. The focus is on applying natural resources of the North-Eastern region of Brazil.

5.4 Spin-off companies of RENAMI / UFPE


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5.4.1 Ponto Quantico Contact: Prof Dr Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz [email protected] Positiva incubator website: http://www.dine.ufpe.br/positiva/index.php Ponto Quantico is a spin-off from UFPE in 2000. It is located at the incubator Positiva on the UFPE campus. The company specializes in OLED displays for dosimetrics to detect worker exposure to UV light.

5.4.2 LUMITEC Contact Prof Dr Oscar Malta: [email protected]


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6. Manaus North - Minapim seminar, 11-12 September 2008 Contact: Dr Hernan Valenzuela, [email protected] SUFRAMA – MINAPIM Website: www.suframa.gov.br/minapim

The Nanoforum session at the Minapim seminar was realized in the afternoon of 11 and 12 September 2008. The MINAPIM seminars will be held annually and combined with other relevant events. In 2009, it will be co-organized with “Chips on the Dunes” – SBMICRO2009 and SBCCI2009 in Natal, 31 August – 3 September 2009, www.sbmicro.org.br/sbmicro and www.sbc.org.br/sbcci The first session was opened by Mr. Angel Landabaso, the representative of EC in Brasilia, his talk was about the Nanotechnologies and International cooperation between Brasil and European Union and the opportunities in Framework Programme 7 for Research and Technology Development (FP7). Since 21 September 2007, there is an EU-Brazilian Science and Technology Agreement. The second meeting of the committee overseeing this agreement is on 23 October 2008 in Brussels, including discussion on topics for a joint call for proposals for nanotechnology. Brazil has the highest number of participants in European projects of Latin America. However, the success rate is only 10%, compared to 23% for Argentina, 14% for Chile and 17% for Mexico. The success rate must be improved to maintain interest of Brazilian partners. The Brazilian government could stimulate participation by Brazilian companies. Currently, many Brazilian partners are asked to join European consortia at the last moment. This gives them too little time to evaluate good opportunities. An additional problem is that the banks in Brazil charge too high a percentage on any international money


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transfers. 50% of the problems are technical, 50% are management problems. Brussels can also improve the system. The second presentation was made by Dra. Ineke Malsch. She discussed the aim of NanoforumEULA and the objectives of the EC for a global partnership for development and international RTD cooperation on areas of common interest. The opportunities for scientists and students were mentioned. The Introduction of the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD and the opportunities for researchers in International Cooperation Partner Countries (including Latin America) – NMP programme, was an important aspect of her talk.

“Nanoparticles for Optics” was the approach of the INM from Germany represented by Dr. Peter de Oliveira, a very interesting solution for light management films, using nanocomposites was presented. The novel approach for photocatalysis, a double layer systems based on INM‘s nano-Anatase Titanium was also an important issue for to be applied in the industry. He also presented ideas for exporting the INM innovation model for nanotechnology to Brazil. Currently, this model is not directly applicable in the Brazilian research infrastructure. Like CSEM, they are starting activities in Minas Gerais to build up a base and develop parallel rules and a strategy for doing it in Brazil. Prof Sergio Bampi of UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porte Alegre) presented CEITEC and micro and nanoelectronics, EDA and integrated systems at his university. CEITEC is and IC design centre and CMOS fab comparable to Fraunhofer IMS 20 years ago. UFRGS is one of the top three federal universities in Brazil. Brazil is one of four countries in the world with a large area, large population and large GDP. The electronics industry is important for the GDP. Currently, 20% of electronic goods are imported. The Brazilian electronics manufacturing sector is responsible for 4% of the world computer


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production. Brazil is a leader in assembling electronics products like mobile phones, computers etc. They import chips etc. They are trying to find a role for Brazil in the electronics/IT business. Bottlenecks include: R&D in companies is limited, and there is a need for more cooperation. New actors like venture capitalists are needed in Brazil.

The Namitec network from Brazil, presented by Prof. Jacobus Swart, shows the micro- and nanoelectronic devices, photonic and optoelectronic devices, MEMS and NEMS, and their integration and packaging processes, also micro- and nanofabrication materials and techniques, required for the manufacturing of integrated devices and circuits. Also in Brazil, the RENAMI network for molecular and interfaces technology was presented by Prof. Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz from the Federal University of Pernambuco, working in health solutions, organic LEDs and sensors for UV dosimeters. The lectures of Jacobus Swart and Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz are combined with their presentations during the fact finding mission because of overlap.

Very large scale integration of NEMS, was the presentation of the Leti Minatec representative Dr Pascal Sire. He also presented the MINATEC nanocluster model of bringing together all micro-nanoinnovation actors including research, education and companies in one location.

The German plan for Nanotechnologies involving 8 ministries was presented by Dr. Bachmann on behalf of VDI organization, where the main challenges are speed up of value-added chain processes, accompanying risk evaluation/communication, consumer protection


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and safety at work, standardisation and quality assurance, and cooperation of different funding activities increasing the visibility of the activities. There were also presentations of regional microsystems and nanotechnology clusters in different regions in Germany (IVAM in North Rhein Westphalia, Silicon Saxony). Brazil might benefit from exchanging best practices in such innovation clusters.

Topics for EU-Brazilian cooperation

Under the EU-Brazilian science and technology cooperation agreement, nanotechnology cooperation could be supported between well-established European and Brazilian networks. In Brazil, NAMITEC (on nanoelectronics) and RENAMI (on nanomaterials) appear strong candidates. They could be associated with European Technology Platforms such as EPOSS (www.smart-systems.org) (interested in adding international dimension), ENIAC or ETP Nanomedicine or established networks of excellence. ETP Aerospace apparently is not interested in adding an international dimension.

Because the collaboration still has to be initiated, topics should not be narrowly determined beforehand. Support for technology transfer and mobility of researchers could be useful, perhaps in a follow up of NanoforumEULA.

There appear to be good opportunities for cooperation in materials (growth processes, alloys, combining different types of materials), nanomedicine for tropical diseases, biocompatible materials, materials for outer space. Nanoelectronics and optics are less obvious, because interest from industry is lacking. ASICS can be interesting from a European perspective. Brazilian nanotechnology actors are thinking more application oriented than in 2002. PETROBRAS could be an interesting partner. They have a research centre in Rio de Janeiro (CENPES) where they also work on microsystems and nanotechnology:

http://www2.petrobras.com.br/ingles/ads/ads_Tecnologia.html .


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Annex 1: Background document prepared before the fact finding mission, 15 April 2008.

In this article, current and past research activities and policies on nanotechnology in Brazil are presented, based on literature and internet sources. This background information should be useful for Europeans interested in nanotechnology cooperation with Brazil.

Where are the Brazilian nanotechnology research centres? There is not one central location where nanotechnology research in Brazil is concentrated. The research is coordinated in thematic research networks in which scientists and companies from different regions collaborate. However, some cities can be considered as central nodes in these networks.

The National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light LNLS www.lnls.br is located in Campinas (South Brazil), together with the University of Campinas UNICAMP, www.unicamp.br. Professor Fernando Galembeck of the Institute of Chemistry at UNICAMP has played a leading role in the development of nanotechnology research strategy in Brazil. He coordinated the group that produced the National Program of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology under Lula’s first Government, dismissing previous plans elaborated by Cylon Gonçalves da Silva. He is also one of the most quoted scientists in newspapers’ articles on nanotechnology. (Invernizzi, 2007) The Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Solar Energy is also interesting. At the Institute of Physics, the group on physics of nanosystems and nanostructured materials and the laboratory on nanostructures and interfaces are relevant. At the faculty of Chemical Engineering, the Laboratory of Dielectric / Optical materials and nanocomposites is doing nanoresearch. Professor Jacobus Swart leads research into nanoelectronics http://www.ccs.unicamp.br/namitec/. Nearby São Paulo is also home to nanotechnology research, notably the University of Sao Paulo has a nanotechnology network http://www.usp.br/prp/nanotecnologia/ coordinating research in nanobiotechnologies and nanomaterials. There is also a centre for simulation and modelling of nanostructures. In Sao Carlos, the agricultural research centre EMBRAPA hosts the AGRONANO network of nanotechnology for agribusiness, and the national laboratory for nanotechnology in agriculture since 2006. http://www.embrapa.br/english

In Rio de Janeiro, the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro is one of the main universities in the country. Some of the institutes that develop research in nano are Instituto de Biofísica, Instituto de Física, Instituto de Macromoléculas, Instituto de Química e Programa de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia – COPPE. Coppe and the Instituto de Macromoléculas are active in the field of molecular nanotechnology. Also in Rio, INMETRO http://www.inmetro.gov.br/ specialises in metrology and standardisation of nanotechnology. The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro http://www.ica.ele.puc-rio.br/nanotech/main.asp is active in multidisciplinary nanotechnology research involving several departments. These include physics, electrical engineering, chemistry, informatics, materials science and mathematics.


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In the vicinity of Rio, UFMG, the Federal University of Minas Gerais http://www.ufmg.br/english/ hosts a centre for research on carbon nanotubes. The institute of chemistry is also engaged in research on nanotechnology for aerospace.

In the North-East, in Recife-Pernambuco, the Federal University of Pernambuco UFPE www.ufpe.br is home to nanophotonics research and research on nanomolecules and interfaces.

In Amazonia, the Free Trade Zone in Manaus is more active in microsystems (MEMS) research, but there are some activities in nanobiotechnology and nanoelectronics NEMS, in the Federal University of Amazonas UFAM. www.ufam.edu.br http://www.suframa.gov.br/minapim/

Current Nanotechnology Research Networks in Brazil In the period 2005-2008 ten research networks in nanotechnology are being funded from the multi-annual plan 2004-2007 in the research programme Rede BrasilNano, with a total investment of 78 million Reales (~US$28 million). In 2005, the National Nanotechnology Programme was launched with a budget of 71 million Reales (~US$31 million) in 2005-2006. (Invernizzi, 2007) The networks are included in table 1.

Independently, without funding from this Rede BrasilNano programme or other programmes of the research council CNPQ, RENANOSOMA, the Research Network in Nanotechnology, Society and Environment focuses on potential implications of nanotechnology for society and the environment. They also stimulate public engagement and actively seek to establish international collaborations. CNPQ does not see the need for a network evaluating social implications and risks of nanotechnology, according to Noela Invernizzi. www.nanotecnologia.iv.fapesp.br

End of 2006, 106 research projects in nanotechnology were running, including 50 in basic research, 46 involving companies, 5 international cooperation projects and 5 on social and environmental impacts. (MCT, 2006)

Table 1: Nanotechnology networks funded in Rede BrasilNano (Source: MCT website, Martins et al, 2007)

Name Coordinator Participants Weblink

Nanophotonics network (NANOFOTON)

Anderson Stevens Leônidas Gomes

UFPE (Federal University of Pernambuco), UFAL, UFS, IPEN, FATEC, UNESP,

http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=S6523


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UNIVASF

Research network in Nanobiotechnology and nanostructured systems (NanoBioEstruturas)

Eudenilson Lins de Albuquerque

UFRN (Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte), UFMA, CEFET-MA, UFPI, UFC, UFPE, UFAL, UnB

http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4783172H5 ; http://www.dfte.ufrn.br/ppgf/EULA_en.htm

Network of Molecular Nanotechnology and Interfaces

Oscar Manoel Loureiro Malta

UFPE (Federal University of Pernambuco), USP, UFRJ, UFS, PUC-RJ, UFPR, UFCG, UEPG, UNESP, USP/SCarlos, IPEN, IPT, UFRN, USP/RP, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, INMETRO, PQNano (Ponto Quantico Nanotecnologia)

http://www.renami.com.br/

Network of Carbon Nanotubes: science and applications

Marcos Assunção Pimenta

UFMG (Federal University of Minas Gerais), UFPA, UFMA, UFC, CDTN, UFLA, UFJF, UFF, UFRJ, UFPR, UNIFRA, USP, USP/RP, UNICAMP

http://www.fisica.ufc.br/redenano/

Nanocosmetics network: from concepts to technological applications

Sílvia S. Guterres

UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), UNIFRA, USP, USP/RP, UNICAMP, UEM, UMC, IPT, UCS, UFRJ

http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4794790Y6

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Gilberto Medeiros-

LNLS (National Laboratory of Synchrotron

www.lnls.br


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network: software and hardware

Ribeiro Light), UFRGS, UFSC, USP, UNICAMP, UFMG, CDTN, UFV, UFRJ, PUC-RJ

Research Network in Simulation and Modelling of Nanostructures

Adalberto Fazzio

USP (University of São Paulo), USP/SC, UNICAMP, UFSM, UFMG, UFU, UFRJ, UFF

http://macbeth.if.usp.br/~fazzio/

Cooperative Research Network in Nanostructured Surfaces

Fernando Lázaro Freire Júnior

PUC-RJ (Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro), UFF, UNICAMP, USP, USP/SC, INPE, UFRGS, SOCIESC, UCS, EMBRACO, Clorovale

http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4783922P6

http://www.fis.puc-rio.br/fernandolazaro_ing.php

Nanoglicobiotechnology Research network

Maria Rita Sierakowski

UFPR (Federal University of Paraná), UFC, UNIFOR, USP (SP & SCa), UNIVALI

http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4788020T3

Nanobiomagnetic Network

Paulo César de Morais

UNB (University of Brasilia), UFG, USP-RP, USP, UFRJ, UFU, UNIFESP, UFMS, DNATech, FKBiotec, EMBRAPA, HRAN, FINATEC

http://www.unb.br/ib/cnano/projetos.htm


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Infrastructure development The Brazilian government is investing in research infrastructures for nanotechnology research in the Synchrotron LNLS, in the metrology institute INMETRO, in the Brazilian Physics Research Centre CBPF, in the EMBRAPA research centre for agricultural research and in the centre for strategic technologies in the Northeast CETENE. They furthermore support basic research and public-private research cooperation. Porto Alegre in the south is the location of the international Brazilian-Argentinean Nanotechnology Centre CBAN. This is very active in promoting human resource development in both countries.

http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/24251.html

Around Brazil there are enough laboratories for Nanocharacterization, such as: CETENE / NANOFENTOLAB / Nanoscience Inst. / Inmetro / LabNano /LNLS/Embrapa / IMMP /Cenpra /Ceitec.

Past networks and institutes In the period 2001-2005 four research networks were active on nanotechnology in Brazil: RENAMI, NANOSEMIMAT, Nanostructured materials, and Nanobiotechnology. They were funded by the national research funding agency CNPq, with a total investment of 3 million reales, or US$1 million.

The Molecular and Interfaces Nanotechnology Research Network RENAMI (www.renami.br) focused on study and development of nanostructured materials, interfaces and devices for molecular nanotechnology. It consisted of research groups in twenty institutes. Most were based in Brazil, but there are also partners in the USA, France, The Netherlands, Portugal and Germany. 61 researchers in 17 research institutes and 3 companies participated in RENAMI, resulting in 450 scientific articles and 57 patents. NANOSEMIMAT was the Cooperation Network for Research in Semiconductor Nanodevices and Nanostructured Materials, established in 2001. 55 researchers in 18 research institutes and 1 company collaborated, resulting in 970 scientific publications and 15 patents. The network on Nanostructured Materials (http://www.if.ufrgs.br/~israel/) included research on nano-objects, semiconductors, magnetic nanostructures, polymers and ceramics. 150 researchers in 23 institutes participated, resulting in 225 scientific publications. The network on Nanobiotechnology (http://www.nanobiotec.iqm.unicamp.br/) included work on biocompatible magnetic fluids, photobiology, controlled release systems, drug and vaccine development for leishmaniosis, cell and molecular biology of the hematopoyetic system, tumor immunopathology, topical colloidal systems and nanoparticles as drug vehicles. 92 researchers in 19 institutes and 9 companies collaborated, producing 674 scientific publications and 25 patents (Ozorio de Almeida, 2004, Martins et al, 2007)

Furthermore, four Millennium institutes working in nanosciences and nanotechnologies were funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology MCT and the World Bank in 2001-2004: one specialised in Nanotechnology (Nanosciences Institute UFMG), one in Microelectronics (Research Network on Systems on a Chip, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, UNICAMP), one in Complex Materials (UNICAMP) and one in polymeric materials. These


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included 17 networks. Other institutes were also active in nanotechnology. (Ozorio de Almeida, 2003, Foladori, Rushton & Lau, 2007, MCT, 2006).

A very recent study made in 2008 by CGEE www.cgee.org.br in Brazil shows, that all networks are very diversified and with good results in:

• Nanobiotechnology • Nanobiostructures • Nanofotonics • Molecular Nanotechnology • Nanobiomagnetism • Nanosciences • CNT • Nanocoating • Simulation / Models • Nanoglicobiotechnology • Nanocosmetics

Application domains and industrial interest Noela Invernizzi explains only some companies are strongly involved in nanotechnology. In this area as in many others, Brazil has problems in the transference of knowledge to the productive sector (this problem has complex historical roots). Nanotechnology policy is very eager to develop such collaboration, but it appears to be still very weak. One indicator of this is that almost all the R&D budget in nano is publicly funded. An important policy action in this matter was the recognition of nanotechnology as “bearer of the future” area in the Technological and Trade Policy in 2004. Apart from basic nanoscience research, nanotechnology research in Brazil is focused on a number of industrial application domains. These include aerospace, agribusiness, cosmetics and health, energy, environment and textiles. A bottleneck for developing nanotechnology for aerospace is that the research in this sector is focused in two institutes (Centre for Aerospace Technology CTA and National Institute for Space Research INPE), and the research in nanotechnology is spread in multidisciplinary networks in other institutes. EMBRAPA is coordinating the research in nanotechnology for agrofood. (MCT website,

http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/727.html)

Government policies and debate The current government policy stimulating nanotechnology research is coordinated in the National Programme for Nanotechnology since 2005. This brings together earlier initiatives including the programme “development of nanoscience and nanotechnology” under the PPA 2004-2007 and 2008-2011, and activities funded under the sectorial funds CT-Petro, CT-Energ and Fundo Verde e Amarelo. Actions on nanotechnologies included in the Industrial, Technological and Trade Policy are also included. The Ministry for Science and Technology MCT is responsible, but President Lula da Silva is also actively engaged. Under the policy for biotechnology development of February 2007, nanotechnology and nanobiotechnologies are explicitly mentioned as important future technological developments with applications in biomaterials and future technologies for human health, agriculture (especially controlled


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release of animal feed, vegetal nutrition and pesticides), and industrial biotechnologies. (Presidente da Republica, 2007)

Table 2: Brazilian government investment in nanotechnology research 2001-2006 (MCT, 2006)

Funding action Budget

Nanotechnology networks 2001-2003 R$3 million

Millennium Institutes 2001-2004 R$22.5 million

Nanotechnology networks 2003-2004 R$5 million

Sectorial funds 2003-2005 R$6.7 million

Programme Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (PPA 2004-2007) 2004-2006

R$8.4 million

Sectorial funds 2004-2006 R$9.1 million

RHAE Innovation 2004-2006 R$7.1 million

National Nanotechnology programme 2005-2009 R$58.6 million

Millennium institutes and microelectronics call 2005-2008

R$ 21.5 million

National nanotechnology programme call 2006 R$28.4 million

Total 2001-2006 R$170.2 million (€61.6 million)

According to Invernizzi (2007) nanotechnology policy making in Brazil started already in 2000. Researchers have played a leading role in planning. Two opposing views have been discussed from mid 2003 to mid-2004, championed by two leading scientists. The government and several scientists including Fernando Galembeck supported distributed investment in nanotechnology networks coordinating the work of researchers all over the country. Cylon Goncalves da Silva proposed a model of horizontal integration (networks) + vertical integration in a National Laboratory of Micro and Nanotechnology in Sao Paulo. As the lab will in fact consume a lot of money the former group reacted and the network scheme prevailed and dominates current research policy.

Malta (2003) is in favour of developing sustainable nanotechnology in line with Agenda 21 as agreed during the UNCED conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1992. To reach this goal he sees research and training requirements in emerging economies. Currently, these countries


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can only adapt innovations developed in the western world and produce them unsustainably at the expense of human and natural resources in their country.

Galembeck (2004) warned that Brazilian scientists lack awareness of patents, which leads to duplication of effort in research published in patent literature. Results of Brazilian research published in academic literature ends up benefiting foreign companies who import products and processes rather than creating employment and economic growth in Brazil. He also worried about potential job losses in less developed countries including Brazil and move of employment to G7, China and Russia due to the emergence of nanotechnology. A targeted government policy should help avert this scenario. Galembeck saw opportunities of nanotechnology in precision agriculture and health monitoring. The education system should also be changed to accommodate for multidisciplinary research in nanotechnology.

Martins (2007) criticised the Brazilian strategic plan for nanotechnology for excluding social and human scientists in the networks and research proposed. He included some references to future expectations, including quotes of the US NSF workshop on societal aspects of nanotechnology and the Canadian ETC group’s little BANG theory of potential risks of converging technologies. Martins’ main concern appears to be with who controls the technology. He expects that by 2015, those who control nanotechnologies will be the major players in the world economy.

In the public debate in Brazil, proponents and critics of nanotechnology appear to be divided. The proponents are mainly natural scientists, engineers and policy makers interested in scientific and economic benefits for Brazil. Critics are mainly social scientists and non governmental organisations such as trade unions. According to Invernizzi, the issue at stake is that nanotechnology policy is not paying the necessary attention to economic and social implications and potential risks, neither to particular demands for social development. The main goal of nano policy is competitiveness, considering that it is sufficient to promote development and welfare, something pretty unlikely in a very unequal country such as Brazil. Mention to implications and risks is made only into the last pluri-annual plan on nano (2007), but up to now it seems to be a very formal incorporation since no concrete actions were taken to promote research or public discussion on such issues. The RENANOSOMA network in Brazil and the Latin American RELANS network coordinate critical reflection and public engagement regarding nanotechnology. Concerns include shorter term health and environmental risks of nanomaterials. Critics also argue that the research priorities in Brazil are insufficiently focused on the needs of the Brazilian society, and lobby for incorporating social scientists in nanotechnology research programmes. In the past, some critics highlighted speculative risks of self-replicating nanomachines, which lead proponents of the technology to question their seriousness, as they didn’t focus on research taking place in the laboratories. Recently, more concrete problems are highlighted by social scientists and there appear to be attempts at overcoming the gap.


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According to Hernan Valenzuela, Brazil is investing in nano for society but can’t invest as much as requested. They have to focus on priorities. No Brazilian researchers are working on nanoreplication. Concerning the rules for nanoindustry, the laws are very restrictive. In some cases it is not possible to put products in the market, e.g. in nanocosmetics.

By the end of 2007, the Science and Technology Ministry Published the Action Plan 2007-2010, in which nanotechnologies occupy an important place and, for the first time in a piece of public policy, the necessity of analyzing ethical implications and social impacts derived from the diffusion of nanotechnology products is considered (MCT, 2007).

EU-Brazilian cooperation

The European Union and Brazil have a Framework Cooperation Agreement since 1992 and a Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement since 2004. Currently, European Commission cooperation activities with Brazil are governed by a country strategy paper for the period 2007-2013. This strategy governs development cooperation activities with a budget of €61 million. The priorities of the country strategy paper are:

1) Stimulating exchanges, contacts and transfer of know-how between the EC and Brazil:

a. Facility to support sectoral dialogues; b. Higher Education programme (€30.5 million) to strengthen links between

EU and Brazilian academia; c. European Studies Institute, to be established in Brazil;

2) Supporting projects promoting the environmental dimension of sustainable development in Brazil.

This policy is complemented by other activities, including participation of Brazilian researchers in FP7. Brazil has also been invited to join the European Galileo satellite programme and strengthen cooperation between European and Brazilian aerospace activities. (EC, 2007)

Conclusions

Since 2001, Brazilian national policies have stimulated research networks and research centres in nanotechnology, with government investments of €61 million in calls between 2001 and 2006. Nanotechnology research in Brazil is coordinated in thematic research networks in which scientists and companies from different regions collaborate. All nanotechnology research is incorporated in the Brazilian national nanotechnology plan since 2005. Apart from basic nanoscience research, nanotechnology research in Brazil is focused on a number of industrial application domains. These include aerospace, agribusiness, cosmetics and health, energy, environment and textiles. The public and policy debate on nanotechnology appears to be divided between technology promoters and critics. The


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European Commission and the Brazilian government are actively promoting academic research cooperation including in nanotechnology.

Acknowledgement This article has been written as part of the NanoforumEULA Specific Support Action, funded by the European Commission under the Sixth Framework programme, NMP programme, contract number 032155. Comments by Hernan Valenzuela, Paulo Martins and Noela Invernizzi are gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed are purely those of the author and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of NanoforumEULA or the European Commission. Copyright NanoforumEULA. All rights reserved.

References

EC (2007): “Brazil Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013,” E/2007/889, European Commission, 14 May 2007, http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/brazil/intro/index.htm

EMBRAPA (2006): “Nanotechnology; the power of the quasi-invisible,” online publication http://www.embrapa.br/publicacoes/institucionais/pesquisa-em-rede/folhetos/Nanotecnologia.pdf

Foladori, Guillermo, Rushton, Mark & Lau, Edgar Zayago (2007): “Nanotechnology for Development or Knowledge Enclaves? The World Bank case for Latin America,” RELANS website, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/relans/documentos/CJDS-Nano-development.pdf

Galembeck, Fernando (2004): “Ethical issues of Nanotechnology,” in Proceedings of the Committee on Ethics in Science and Technology (COMEST), UNESCO, http://www.fgq.iqm.unicamp.br/textos.html

Invernizzi, Noela (2007): “Brazilian Scientists Embrace Nanotechnologies,” RELANS website, http://estudiosdeldesarrollo.net/relans/documentos/Visions-Brazil.pdf

Leite, Jose Roberto (2004): “Questionnaire International Dialogue on Responsible Research and Development of Nanotechnology, Brazil,” Meridian Institute, USA,

http://www.meridian-nano.org/Attachment_F_Responses_and_Background_Info_040812.pdf

Malta, Oscar L., “Nanotechnology Research and Training Requirements for Sustainable Development in the Countries of Younger Industrialisation”, paper presented at Euronanoforum 2003. European Commission, Brussels, http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology/src/euronanoforum.htm (last accessed 04-09-06)


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Martins, Paulo, Premebida, Adriano, Domingues Dulley, Richard, Braga, Ruy (2007): “Revolução Invisível; Desenvolvimento recente da nanotecnologia no Brasil,” Xamã, São Paulo, http://nanotecnologia.incubadora.fapesp.br/portal

Martins, Paulo, Domingues Dulley, Richard, Bueno de Azevedo, Regina Maria, Sanches Junior, Oswaldo. Nanotecnologia, Sociedade e Meio Ambiente em São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal, Xama, São Paulo, 2007 http://nanotecnologia.incubadora.fapesp.br/portal

MCT (2006): “Nanotecnologia Investimentos, Resultados e Demandas,” Ministry of Science and Technology, December 2006, http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/727.html

MCT (Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia). (2007). Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação para o Desenvolvimento. Plano de Ação 2007-2010. http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/66236.html Ozorio de Almeida, Alexandra (2003): “Responses to questionnaire on nanotechnology: Brazil,” Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, UK,

http://www.nanotec.org.uk/evidence/brazil.htm

Presidente da Republica, “Decreto no 6.041, de 08 de Fevereiro de 2007; Institui a Politica de Desenvolvimento da Biotecnologia, cria o Comité Nacional de Biotecnologia e dá outras providencias,” Congresso Nacional, Camara dos Deputados, Brazil, 2007, http://www2.camara.gov.br/internet/legislacao/legin.html/textos/visualizarTexto.html?ideNorma=550858&seqTexto=66916&PalavrasDestaque=nanotecnologia

Websites NanoforumEULA: www.nanoforumeula.eu

European Commission Nanotechnology pages: http://cordis.europa.eu/nanotechnology

Nanoforum: www.nanoforum.org

RENAMI: www.renami.com.br

NANOSEMIMAT: http://www.if.sc.usp.br/~nanosemimat

RENANOSOMA: http://nanotecnologia.incubadora.fapesp.br/portal

Ministry for Science and Technology, Brazil, nanotechnology pages:

http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/727.html


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Annex 2: programmes of the (pre) fact finding mission, MINAPIM conference and NanoforumEULA workshop

NanoforumEULA delegation

September 5, 2008 - Rio de Janeiro visit

Program

7:45 Leaving Copa Sul Hotel (Inmetro car).

8:30 Arriving at Inmetro campus

9:00 – 11:00 Presentation and visit of the laboratories.

Contact : Prof. C.A. Achete

11:15 – 12:30 Lunch

12:45 Arriving at UFRJ campus

13:00 - 15:00 UFRJ visit

Contact: Prof. R.A. Simão

15:45 Arriving at PUC-Rio campus

16:00 – 18:00 PUC-Rio visit

Contact: Prof. M. Cremona

18:15 Leaving PUC-Rio to Copa Sul Hotel.


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NanoforumEula Fact finding mission in Brazil

MEMS NEMS and AEROSPACE

MONDAY, 08 September, 2008 - CAMPINAS

Venue: CTI auditorium (former CENPRA)

Opening session Prof. Dr. Jacobus Swart

9:00 Keynote speaker: NanoforumEULA coordination

9:30 CTI e NAMITEC Jacobus Swart CTI

9:50 CCS/UNICAMP Newton Frateschi UNICAMP

10:10 IQ/UNICAMP Fernando Galembeck UNICAMP

10:30 Break

10:50 IFGW/UNICAMP Marcelo Knobel UNICAMP

11:10 LNLS Caio Lewenkopf LNLS

11:30 IQ-USP Henrique Toma USP

11:50 LSI-USP Nilton Morimoto USP

12:10 IFSC-USP Roberto Faria USP

12:30 Lunch

14:00 IQ/UFPR Ivo Hümmelgen UFPR

14:20 CEITEC Celso Peter CEITEC

14:40 CNPDIA/Embrapa Paulo Herrmann EMBRAPA

15:00 CSEM, BH Ricardo Pereira CSEM

15:20 Empresa - Digimed Francisco Medina Digimed

15:40 Empresa - Nanobio Claudio Cutrim Nanobio

16:00 Break

16:10 Laboratory tour CTI

16:45 Summary


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Nanomaterials and nanodevices in UFMG

Tuesday, 09 September, 2008 - BELO HORIZONTE

Venue: Physics Departament - UFMG

Opening session Prof. Wagner Rodrigues

CARBON

8:30 CNT and Fullerenes Production in UFMG Prof. Luiz Orlando Ladeira UFMG

CNT-based sensors Prof. André Ferlauto UFMG

Fullerenes Bio-medical applications Prof. Mauricio Pinheiro UFMG

9:30 Break

9:45 Raman Spectroscopy studies of CNT Prof. Marcos Pimenta UFMG

Luminescence in CNT Prof. Flávio Plentz UFMG

Graphene-based devices Prof. Elmo Alves UFMG

POLYMERS, III-V SEMICONDUCTORS AND OTHER MATERIALS

10:45 Relaxors Prof. Roberto Moreira UFMG

Devices based in molecular semiconductors Prof. Luiz Cury UFMG

MBE growth of InAs nanowires Prof. Marcus Vinicius

Moreira UFMG

12:00 Lunch

13:30 Oxide nanowires based devices Prof. Rodrigo Gribel UFMG

TiO2 based devices Prof. Klaus Krambrock UFMG

Nano structured infrared sensors Prof. Paulo Sérgio

Guimarães UFMG

14:30 Nanostructured ceramics - NANUM Prof. Nelcy Mohallem UFMG

MOEMS devices Prof. Davies Monteiro UFMG


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15:10 Laboratory Tour


17:00 Summary

NanoforumEula Fact Finding Mission in Brazil

MONDAY, 08 September, 2008 – CAMPINAS

Chairperson : Prof. Dr. Jacobus Swart

TUESDAY 09 September, 2008 - BELO HORIZONTE

Chairperson: Prof Prof. Wagner Rodrigues

WEDNESDAY 10 September, 2008 – RECIFE

Chairpersons: Prof. Oscar Malta and Prof. Petrus d’Amorim Santa Cruz

September 11 to 13, 2008 - MINAPIM / Nanoforumeula – MANAUS - Chairperson: Hernan Valenzuela

RECIFE SCHEDULE

Wednesday, 10 September 2008, RECIFE

Venue: Federal University of Pernambuco – Department of Chemistry (DQF/UFPE)

8:00 Welcome and Nanoforum team introduction

8:20 The Brazilian N&N Network RENAMI at Step III

Prof. Oscar Malta – DQF/UFPE

8:40 N&N at UFS (Federal University of Sergipe)

Prof. Mário Valério - UFSE


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9:00 N&N AT DF-UFPE (Department of Phisics, Federal University of Pernambuco)

Prof. Celso Melo - UFPE

9:20 N&N AT Biophysics and Radiobiology Department - UFPE (Federal University of Pernambuco) Prof. Oleg Krasilnikov - UFPE

9:40 N&N AT DQF-UFPE (Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco)

Prof. Petrus Santa Cruz - UFPE

10:00 Break

10:20 N&N at CETENE (Strategic Technologies Center of Nordeast)

Prof. André Galembeck – DQF/UFPE – CETENE

10:40 Computational Chemistry - Prof. Alfredo Simas UFPE

11:00 Polymeric Materials Composites - Prof. Walter Azevedo UFPE


12:00 Discussions

12:30 Lunch

14:00 Visit to Department of Physics Labs / UFPE

14:30 Visit to Department of Chemistry labs / UFPE

15:00 Visit to Ponto Quantico Nanodevices and UFPE incubator

15:30 Visit to CETENE

MINAPIM/NanoforumEULA SEMINAR PROGRAM

Day 1 - 11th September 2008

09:00 Open Ceremony - Mrs. Flávia Grosso

09:20 Keynotes: Prof. Dr. Thomas Gessner


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Chair Session: Hernan Valenzuela

Session 1 : Microsystems Trends

09:40 Trends on Microsystems Roger Grace

Grace AssociatedUSA

10:00 Strategy for initialating a regional technology cluster - the 3-phase model Helmut Kergel

VDI/VDE-ITGermany

10:20 Silicon Saxony Prof. Dr. Thomas Gessner

Silicon Saxony NetworkGermany

10:40 The IC. Brazil Program Jacobus Swart

MCTBrazil

11:00 Coffee Break

Keynotes Speaker: Prof. Dr. Thomas Gessner

Chair session: Dr. Reinhard Streiter

Session 2: Microsystems for Sustainability by Fraunhofer Institutes

11:30 BioMedical Prof. Bier

Fraunhofer IBMTGermany

11:50 MEMS for Environmental Monitoring Dr. Thomas Otto

Fraunhofer IZM-CGermany

12:10 Transponder systems Gerd von Boegel

Fhg IMSGermany

12:30 Fuel Cells Dr. Uwe Partsch

Fraunhofer IKTSGermany


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12:50 Lunch Break

Keynotes Speaker: Dr. Angel Landabasso

Chair session: Prof. Dr. Jacobus Swart

Session 3: NanoforumEULA / Nems By European Latino Nanotechnology Consortium

02:50pm Nanoforumeula Dr. Ineke Malsch

Malsch technologyNetherlands

03:10pm IZM-C Dr. Reinhard Streiter

Fraunhofer ENASGermany

03:30pm Nanoforumeula CEA Leti Pascal Sire

LetiFrance

03:50pm The governmental Action Plan for Nanotechnology in Germany Dr. Bachmam

VDIGermany

04:10pm Nanoforumeula Carlos Matheus

ITA EmbraerBrazil

Session 4

04:30pm Nanoparticles for the Optics Dr. Peter de Oliveira

INMGermany

04:50pm coffe Break

05:30pm LSI USP Prof Nilton Morimoto

Namitec Brazil


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05:50pm Nanoforumeula Dr. Petrus Amorin

RenamiBrazil

Day 2 - 12th September 2008

Keynotes Speaker: Prof. Dr. Augusto de Albuquerque

Chair session: Dr. Helmut Kergel

Session 5: Microsystems Fabrication

09:20 Dr. Uwe Partsch FHR/CentrothermGermany

09:40 Green Electronics Ing. Middendorf

IZM-BGermany

10:00 IVAM cluster Dr.Thomas Fries

IVAMGermany

10:20 From MEMS to Beans Junji Adachi

Micromachine CenterJapan

10:40 MEMS monitoring animals Dr. Toshihiro Itoh

AISTJapan

11:00 Coffee Break

Chair session: Dr. Toshihiro Itoh

Session 6: Special Applications

11:30 Dr. Kiesewetter UST GeschwendaGermany

11:50 Multisensor metrology for MEMS Dr. Thomas Fries

FRT GmbHGermany

12:10 Photolithography Process Technology Update ICSolutions


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Mark Puzerewski USA

12:30 Launch Break

Chair session Prof. Reinhard Streiter Keynote Speaker: Ineke malsch

Session 7: NanoforumEula / Nems By European Latino Nanotechnology Consortium

02:50pm Nanotechnology from the ideia to the product Dr. Peter de Oliveira

INMGermany

03:10pm Martin Haupt Germany

03:30pm Nanoeletronics Trends For The Global Industry and Local Opportunities Sergio Bampi

UFRGSBrazil

03:50pm Nanoscience and Nanotechnology at the UFMG Physics Department Flavio Plentz

Milenium InstBrazil

04:10pm Nanoforumeula Debate and Remarks

04:50pm Coffee Break

Update: 2008.08.29

fact finding mission nanotechnology in brazil · 8/29/2008 · jacobus swart, cti results of the...

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