funda of solar enrgy

8/2/2019 Funda of Solar Enrgy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/funda-of-solar-enrgy 1/19



Lhl Dhl~kls`hlfb Klkwop Th{wdkt

DEFYSKW ! 7

THBFW KLKWOP

7,6, @lswhc{ds`hl

Klkwop nwha sek t{l `t dfbbkc thbfw klkwop, Sek T{l‐t klkwop dhakt nwha

l{dbkfw n{t`hl wkfds`hl sefs sfmkt ybfdk ckky `l sek t{l, Epcwhokl l{dbk{t

n{tk `lsh ekb`{a l{dbk{t, Sek klkwop nwha sektk wkfds`hlt nbh h{s nwha sek

t{l flc ktdfyk `lsh tyfdk,

Thbfw klkwop `t thak sàkt dfbbkc wfc`fls klkwop, Sektk fwk c`nnkwkls m`lct hn

wfc`fls klkwop ka`sskc gp t{l, Sek ahts ayhwsfls fwk bòes `lnwfwkc wfpt, [bswf

~`hbks wfpt" flc U! Wfpt,

Sek t{l `t f bfwok tyekwk hn ~kwp ehs oftkt, @s‐t c`fakskw `t

6,40u69>MA, _e`bk sefs hn sek kfwse `t 6,7?u69 3 MA, Sek akfl c`tsfldk

gkskkl sek sh `t 6,;u695MA, Sek gkfa wfc`fs`hl wkdk`~kc nwha sek t{l hl

sek kfwse `t wknbkdskc `l sh tyfdk" flhsekw 6;+ `t fgthwgkc gp sek kfwse

fsahtyekwk flc sek wkts `t fgthwgkc gp sek kfwse‐t t{wnfdk, Se`t fgthwgkc

wfc`fs`hl dhlt`tst hn bòes flc `lnwfwkc wfc`fs`hl `se h{s e`de sek kfwse h{bc

gk gfwwkl,

Fbb b`nk hl sek kfwse ckyklct hl thbfw klkwop, Owkkl ybflst afmk nhhc

gp akflt hn yehshtplsekt`t, Bòes `t kttkls`fb nwha l se`t ywhdktt sh sfmk

ybfdk, Se`t bòes {t{fbbp dhakt nwha t{l, Flàfb oks sek`w nhhc nwha ybflst hw

gp kfs`lo hsekw flàfbt sefs nkkc hl ybflst, Ybflst flc flàfbt fbth lkkcthak ekfs sh tsfp fb`~k, Se{t ybflst fwk tshwk eh{tkt hn thbfw klkwop,

Sek thbfw klkwop sefs nfbbt hl @lc`f `l hlk a`l{sk `t klh{oe sh t{yybp sek klkwop

lkkct hn h{w dh{lswp nhw hlk cfp, Afl eft afck ~kwp b`ssbk {tk hn se`t klhwah{t

fah{ls hn thbfw klkwop sefs wkfdekt sek kfwse,

THBFW KLKWOP 7 ^f`gef~ `sehgf Lf`m




7,7 Thbfw Dhltsfls

Sek t{l `t f bfwok tyekwk hn ~kwp ehs oftkt" sek ekfs gk`lo oklkwfskc

gp ~fw`h{t m`lct hn n{t`hl wkfds`hlt, @st c`fakskw `t 6,40u69>

MA, _e`bk sefshn sek kfwse `t 6,7?u693 MA, Sek akfl c`tsfldk gkskkl sek sh t 6,;9u695

MA, Fbseh{oe sek t{l `t bfwok" `s t{gsklct fl flobk hn hlbp 47 a`l{skt fs sek

kfwse‐t t{wnfdk, Se`t `t gkdf{tk s `t fbth f ~kwp bfwok c`tsfldk, Se{t sek

gkfa wfc`fs`hl wkdk`~kc nwha sek t{l hl sek kfwse `t fbahts yfwfbbkb, Sek

gwòeslktt hn sek t{l ~fw`kt nwha st dklskw sh `st kcok, Ehk~kw nhw

klo`lkkw`lo dfbd{bfs`hlt" s `t d{tshafwp sh ftt{ak sefs sek gwòeslktt fbb h~kw

sek thbfw c`td `l {l`nhwa, Ft ~`kkc nwha sek kfwse" sek wfc`fs`hl dha`lo nwha

sek t{l fyykfwt sh gk kttkls`fbbp kv{`~fbkls sh sefs dha`lo nwha f gfdm

t{wnfdk fs ;?>7hm,

‒Sek wfsk fs e`de thbfw klkwop fww`~kt fs sek shy hn sek fsahtyekwk `t dfbbkc

thbfw dhltsfls @td‑, Se`t `t sek fah{ls hn klkwop wkdk`~kc `l {l`s sàk hl f {l`s

fwkf ykwyklc`d{bfw sh sek t{l‐t c`wkds`hl fs sek akfl c`tsfldk hn sek kfwse nwha

sek t{l, Gkdf{tk hn sek t{l‐t c`tsfldk flc fds`~`sp ~fwp sewh{oe h{s sek pkfw"

sek wfsk hn fww`~fb hn thbfw dhltsfls `t se{t fl f~kwfok nwha e`de sek fds{fb

~fb{kt ~fwp {y sh 4 ykwdkls `l k`sekw c`wkds`hl, Sek Lfs`hlfb Fkwhlf{s`dt

flc Tyfdk Fca`l`tswfs`hl‐t %LFTF) tsflcfwc ~fb{k sek thbfw dhltsfls"

kuywkttkc `l sewkk dhaahl {l`st" `t ft nhbbht:

6, 6,4;4 m bhfsst ykw tv{fwk akskw

7, 66>,; Bflobkpt ykw eh{w %6 bflokbp gk`lo kv{fb sh 6dfb(da 7 hn thbfw

4, wfc`fs hl wkdk`~kc l hlk cfp)

3, 370,7 Gs{ ykw Tvw,ns, ykw eh{w,

Sek c`tsfldk gkskkl sek kfwse flc sek t{l ~fw`kt f b`ssbk sewh{oe sek pkfw,

Gkdf{tk hn se`t ~fw`fs`hl" sek kuswf ! skwwktsw`fb nb{u fbth ~fw`kt, Sek kfwse `t

dbhtkts sh sek t{l `l sek t{aakw flc nfwsekts ffp `l sek `lskw, Se`t ~fw`fs`hl `l





sek @lsklt`sp hn thbfw wfc`fs`hl %@) sefs wkfdekt sek kfwse, Se`t dfl gk

fyywhu`afskc gp sek kv{fs`hl,

@ 4>9%l!7)!!!!!!!! 1 6- 9,944 Dht !!!!!!!!!!!!!@TD 4>;

@ 4>9 u l!!!!!!!! 1 6- 9,944 Dht !!!!!!!!!!!!!@TD 4>;

ekwk l `t sek cfp hn sek pkfw,





7,4,6 Thbfw Wfc`fs`hl fs sek Kfwse‐t T{wnfdk

Sek thbfw wfc`fs`hl sefs yklkswfskt sek kfwse‐t fsahtyekwk flc wkfdektsek t{wnfdk c`nnkwt `l ghse fah{ls flc defwfdskw nwha sek wfc`fs`hl fs sek shy

hn sek fsahtyekwk, @l sek n`wts ybfdk, Yfws hn sek wfc`fs`hl `t wknbkdskc gfdm `l

sh sek tyfdk" ktykd`fbbp gp dbh{ct, N{wsekw ahwk" sek wfc`fs`hl klskw`lo sek

fsahtyekwk `t yfwsbp fgthwgkc gp ahbkd{bkt `l sek f`w, Hupokl flc Hzhlk

%h4)" nhwakc nwha hupokl" fgthwg lkfwbp fbb sek [bswf~`hbks wfc`fs`hl" flc fskw

~fyh{w flc dfwghl c`hu`ck fgthwg thak hn sek klkwop `l sek lnwfwkc wflok,

@l fcc`s`hl" yfws hn sek thbfw wfc`fs`hl `t tdfsskwkc %`,k, `st c`wkds`hl eft gkkl

deflokc) gp cwhybkst `l dbh{ct gp fsahtyekwk ahbkd{bkt" flc gp c{ts

yfws`dbkt,

N`o 7,6 Thbfw Wfc`fs`hl fs sek Kfwse‐t t{wnfdk

THBFW KLKWOP ; ^f`gef~ `sehgf Lf`m




Thbfw Wfc`fs`hl sefs eft lhs gkkl fgthwgkc hw tdfsskwkc flc wkfdekt

sek owh{lc c`wkdsbp nwha sek t{l `t dfbbkc ‒C`wkds Wfc`fs`hl‑ hw Gkfa

Wfc`fs`hl, C`nn{tk wfc`fs`hl `t sefs Thbfw Wfc`fs`hl wkdk`~kc nwha sek t{l fnskw

`st c`wkds`hl eft gkkl deflokc gp wknbkds`hl flc tdfsskw`lo gp sek

fsahtyekwk, Gkdf{tk hn sek Thbfw Wfc`fs`hl t tdfsskwkc `l fbb c`wkds`hlt `l sek

fsahtyekwk" c`nn{tkt wfc`fs`hl dhakt sh sek kfwse nwha fbb yfwst hn sek tmp,

Sek t{a hn sek gkfa flc c`nn{tk wfc`fs`hl nb{u `t wknkwwkc sh ft shsfb hw obhgfb

wfc`fs`hl,

THBFW KLKWOP > ^f`gef~ `sehgf Lf`m




7,4,7 Thbfw Wfc`fs`hl Okhakswp

6, Sek eh{w flobk %π)

Sek eh{w flobk `t sek flo{bfw c`tsfldk gkskkl sek akw`c`fl hn sekhgtkw~kw flc sek akw`c`fl ehtk ybf`l dhlsf`lt sek t{l,

Sek eh{w flobk `t zkwh fs sek thbfw lhhl,

Sek eh{w flobk `ldwkftkt gp 6;9 k~kwp eh{w,

7, Sek ckdb`lfs`hl flobk %γ)

Sek ybflk sefl `ldb{ckt sek kfwse‐t v{fwskw `t dfbbkc kv{fshw`fb ybflk,

@n f b`lk cwfl gkskkl sek dklskw hn kfwse flc sek t{l" sek flobk gkskkl

se`t b`lk flc sek kfwse kv{fshw`fb ybflk `t dfbbkc ckdb`lfs`hl flobk,

4, Bfs`s{ck Flobk %ή)

Sek bfs`s{ck flobk `t sek flobk gkskkl f b`lk cwfl nwha f yh`ls hl sek

kfwse‐t t{wnfdk sh sek dklskw hn sek kfwse flc sek kfwse‐t kv{fshw`fb ybfdk,

Sek `lskwtkds`lo hn sek kv{fshw`fb ybflk `se sek t{wnfdk hn sek kfwse nhwat

sek kv{fshw flc `t ckt`olfskc ft 9 ckowkkt bfs`s{ck,

THBFW KLKWOP ? ^f`gef~ `sehgf Lf`m




Sek kfwse‐t fu`t hn whsfs`hlt `lskwtkdst sek kfwse‐t t{wnfdk fs 09 ckowkkt

bfs`s{ck %Lhwse Yhbk) ! 09 ckowkkt bfs`s{ck %Th{se Yhbk),

Flp bhdfs`hl hl sek t{wnfdk hn sek kfwse sekl dfl gk ckn`lkc gp sek

`lskwtkds`hl hn bhlo`s{ck flobk flc bfs`s{ck flobk,





3, Sek thbfw fss s{ck flobk %ζ)

Sek thbfw fss`s{ck flobk `t ckn`lkt ft sek flobk gkskkl sek dklswfb wfp

nwha sek t{l" flc f ehw`zhlsfb ybfdk dhlsf`l`lo sek hgtkw~kw,

;, Thbfw Zkl`se Flobk%εz)

Thbfw Zkl`se flobk e`de `t tàybk sek dhaybkakls hn sek thbfw fbs`s{ck

flobk hw

εZ1099!ζ

>, Thbfw Fzà{se flobk %F)

@s `t sek flobk" akft{wkc dbhdm`tk hl sek ehw`zhlsfb ybflk" nwha sek lhwse

yh`ls`lo dh!hwc`lfsk fu`t sh sek ywhjkds`hl hn sek t{lt dklswfb wfp,

?, Thbfw ld`ckldk flobk %ε)

Sek thbfw `ld`ckldk flobk `t sek flobk gkskkl sek t{l wfp flc fl

àfo`lfwp b`lk ykwyklc`d{bfw sh f dhbbkdshw t{wnfdk,

Fl `ld`ckldk flobk hn 99 akflt sek t{l wfpt fwk ykwyklc`d{bfw sh sek

dhbbkdshw t{wnfdk flc fl `ld`ckldk flobk hn 09 9 akflt sek t{lwfpt fwk

yfwfbbkb sh sek dhbbkdshw t{wnfdk,





7,3 @ltsw{aklst nhw akft{w`lo thbfw wfc`fs`hl flc t{l te`lk

Thbfw Wfc`fs`hl nb{u `t {t{fbbp akft{wkc `se sek ekby hn f ypwflhakskw hw f

Ypwekb`hakskw" t{lte`lk wkdhwckw t {tkc nhw akft{w`lo t{lte`lk,

7,3,6, Ypwflhakskw

6) F ypwflhakskw t fl `ltsw{akls e`de akft{wkt k`sekw obhgfb hw c`nn{tk

Wfc`fs`hl h~kw f eka`tyekw`dfb n`kbc hn ~`k,

7) F tmksde hn sek @ltsw{akls ft ltsfbbkc nhw sek akft{wkakls hn obhgfb wfc`fs`hl

`t tehl `l nò,7,6,

Nò 7,7, Ypwflhakskw

4) Gft`dfbbp sek ypwflhakskw dhlt`tst hn f ―gbfdm‐ t{wnfdk e`de ekfst {y ekl

kuyhtkc sh thbfw wfc`fs`hl, @st skaykwfs{wk `ldwkftkt {ls`b `st wfsk hn ekfs

of`l gp thbfw wfc`fs`hl kv{fbt `st wfsk hn ekfs bhtt gp dhl~kds`hl" dhlc{ds`hl

flc wfc`fs`hl,3) Sek ehs J{lds`hlt hn f sekwahy`bk fwk fssfdekc sh sek gbfdm t{wnfdk,

;) _e`bk sek dhbc J{lds`hlt fwk bhdfskc `l t{de f fp sefs sekp ch lhs

wkdk`~k sek wfc`fs`hl, Ft f wkt{bs" fl k,a,n, `t oklkwfskc,

>) Se`t kan e`de `t {t{fbbp `l sek wflok hn 9 sh 69A^ dfl gk wkfc" wkdhwckc hw

@lskowfskc h~kw f ykw`hc hn sàk flc `t f akft{wk hn sek obhgfb wfc`fs`hl,





?) Sek ypwflhakskw tehl `l n`o 7,7 `t {tkc dhaahlbp `l @lc`f `s eft `st

ehs J{lds`hlt fwwflokc `l sek nhwa hn f d`wd{bfw c`td hn c`fakskw 7;AA flc `t

dhfskc `se f tykd`fb gbfdm bfdv{kw ef~`lo f ~kwp e`oe fgthwys`~`sp `l sek thbfw

f~k bklose wko`hl,

5) Sh dhldklsw`d eka`tyekwkt" 49 flc ;9AA `l c`fakskw wktykds`~kbp afck

hn hys`dfb obftt ef~`lo kudkbbkls swflta`tt`hl defwfdskw`ts`dt fwk

{tkc sh ywhskds sek c`td t{wnfdk nwha sek kfsekw, Fl fdd{wfdp hn fgh{s ¶7

ykwdkls dfl gk hgsf`lkc `se sek @ltsw{akls,





7,3,7 T{l Te`lk Wkdhwckw

6) Sek c{wfs`hl hn gwòes t{l te`lk `l f cfp `t akft{wkc gp akflt hn f

t{lte`lk wkdhwckw tehl l nò7,4

7) Sek t{l‐t Wfpt fwk nhd{ttkc gp f obftt tyekwk sh f yh`ls hl f dfwc tsw`y

ekbc `l f owhh~k `l f tyekw`dfb ghb ah{lskc dhldklsw`dfbbp `se sek tyekwk,

4) _eklk~kw sekwk `t gwòes t{lte`lk" sek àfok nhwakc `t `lskltk klh{oe sh

g{wl f tyhs hl sek dhwc tsw`y,

Nò 7,4 T{l Te`lk Wkdhwckw

3) Seh{oe sek cfp ft sek t{l ah~kt fdwhtt sek tmp" sek àfok ah~kt fbhlk

sek tsw`y,

;) Se{t" f g{wls swfdk ehtk bklose `t ywhyhws`hlfb sh sek c{wfs`hl hn

t{lte`lk `t hgsf`lkc hl sek tsw`y,

>) F yehshowfye hn sek ltsw{akls t tehl `l ybfsk 4 %ghssha),





7,3,7 Ypwekb`hakskw

N`o{wk teht sek ypwekb`hakskw

Sek afjhw dhayhlklst hn sek ypwkekb`hakskw fwk

6, Wkdk`~kw: `s `t `l sek tefyk hn ehbbh s{gk `se wknbkds lo t{wnfdk `lt ck,

7, Fgthwgkw ybfsk: `s dhlt`tst hn f gbfdm klc t{wnfdk flc t ybfdkt fs sek ghssha hn

sek s{gk,

4, Sekwahy`bk: se`t `t sek tklt`lo skaykwfs{wk dhlt`ts lo hn owh{y hn

sekwahdh{ybkt,





_hwm`lo

6, Sek ehbbh wkdk`~kw s{gk dfl gk s`sbkc fgh{s fl fu`t ykwyklc`d{bfw sh `st

bklose ,se{t sek s{gk dfl gk afck sh nfdk sek t{l" ekwgp wkdk`~`lo hlbp sek

gkfa wfc`fs`hl,

7, Lh c nn{tk wfc`fs`hl dfl klskw sek s{gk,

4, _ekl sek wfc`fs`hl nfbbt hl sek fgthwgkw ybfsk" `s fgthwgt wfc`fs hl flc `s

okst ekfskc sekwkgp wf`t`lo sek skaykwfs{wk,

3, Sek w`tk `l skaykwfs{wk t akft{wkc gp akft{w`lo sek sekwah kan hn sek

sekwahy`bk,

Spykt hn Ypwekb`hakskw

6, Flotswha dhaykltfs`hl Ypwekb`hakskw,

7, Fgghs t b~kw c`tm Ypwkeb`hakskw

4, Kyybkp Ypwkekb`hakskw,





Flotswha Dhaykltfs`hl Ypwkekb`haskw

6, @l se`t ypwekb`hakskw" f se`dm gbfdmklkc tefckc afofl`l tsw`y `t ekfskc

kbkdsw`dfbbp {ls`b `s `t fs tfak skaykwfs{wk ft f t`a`bfw tsw`y `t kuywkttkc sh

thbfw wfc`fs`hl,

7, [lckw tskfcp tsfsk dhlc`s`hl" sek klkwop {tkc nhw ekfs`lo `t kv{fb sh

fgthwgkc thbfw klkwop,

4, Hl sek gfdm hn kfde tsw`y" dhllkdskc l hyyht`s`hl sewh{oe f tklt`s`~k

ofb~flhakskw fwk {tkc sh skts nhw sek kv{fb`sp hn skaykwfs{wk,

3, Sek klkwop E hn c`wkds wfc`fs hl `t dfbd{bfskc gp akflt hn nhwa{bfk

ECL 1M`7

ECL 1 C`wkds wfc`fs`hl `ld`ckls hl f fwkf lhwafb sh t{lwfpt

@1 ekfs`lo d{wwkls `l faykwkt

M1c`aklt`hl flc `lt{bfs`hl dhts 1 W(ζ

W1wkt`tsfldk ykw {l`s bklose hn `wk

ζ 1fgthwys`hl dhknn`d`kls,

THBFW KLKWOP 6; ^f`gef~ `sehgf Lf`m




7,; Thbfw Klkwop [s`b`zfs`hl ! Gft`d `ckft fgh{s sek ywk!e`tshw`d fp hn

{t`lo thbfw klkwop

Klkwop `t f dhaahl Afl‐t cf`bp dhaahc`sp: Sek hwbc klkwop

dhlt{ays`hl `l 60?; ft 5997 a`bb`hl shlt hn dhfb kv{`~fbkls flc `t kuykdskc

sh tehhs {y sh 7?"399 a`bb`hl shlt hn dhfb kv{`~fbkls `l sek pkfw 7999, @s `t

gkdha`lo tdfwdk cfp gp cfp k~kl sekl `st ckaflc `t hl sek `ldwkftk, Sek

`ldwkftkc yhy{bfs`hl eft bkc sh ckybks`hl hn klkwop, Sek ywhdktt hn aflm`lc

eft lnb{kldkc sek t{gtkv{kls kuybh`sfs`hl hn lk th{wdkt hn klkwop nwha

sàk sh sàk, Sek {s`b`zfs`hl hn dhfb" sek ck~kbhyakls hn epcwh kbkdsw`d`sp" sek

c`tdh~kwp hn h`b flc oft flc sek fc~klst hn l{dbkfw klkwop fwk tòl`n`dflsbp

a`bk tshlkt `l e{afl e`tshwp, Kfde lk th{wdk gwh{oes fgh{s f ywknhwakc

deflok `l sek b`nk tspbk hn sek ykhybk, Kfde lk th{wdk t{yybkaklskc sek

hsekw,

Sek t`zk hn sek gfbfldk hn nhtt`b n{kbt `bb gk h~kw `se`l f e{lcwkc

pkfwt, Ekldk `s `t kttkls`fb sh sfy sek hsekw th{wdkt hn klkwop sh t{yybkakls

sek ku`ts`lo klkwop ckaflct hn fbb lhl!dhl~kls`hlfb klkwop th{wdk" thbfw

klkwop ehbct sek owkfskts ywha`tk ft `s `t fg{lcfls" wklkfgbk flc yhbb{s`hlnwkk, @st dhbbkds`hl" tshwfok hl dhl~kwt`hl t fbth kftp, Ekldk hwbc`ck

fsskls`hl t lh nhd{tkc hl ~fw`h{t aksehct hn {s`b`zfs`hl hn thbfw klkwop,

Fbb b`nk hl sek kfwse ckyklct hl thbfw klkwop, Owkkl ybflst afmk nhhc

gp akflt hn yehshtplsekt`t, Bòes `t kttkls`fb nwha l se`t ywhdktt sh sfmk

ybfdk, Se`t bòes {t{fbbp dhakt nwha t{l, Flàfbt oks sek`w nhhc nwha ybflst fwk

tshwk eh{tkt hn thbfw klkwop,

Sek thbfw klkwop sefs nfbbt hl @lc`f `l hlk a`l{sk" `t klh{oe sh t{yybp sek klkwop

lkkct hn h{w dh{lswp nhw hlk cfp, Afl eft afck ~kwp b`ssbk {tk hn se`t klhwah{t

fah{ls hn thbfw klkwop, Sefs wkfdekt sek kfwse ek eft {tkc thbfw klkwop

`lc`wkdsbp" nhw aflp seh{tflct hn pkfwt, _`lc a`bbt e`de fwk cw`~kl gp `lc

sehtk wkt{bst nwha `lnwfwkc thbfw klkwop,

THBFW KLKWOP 6> ^f`gef~ `sehgf Lf`m




N`o{wk: Yw`ld`ybk hn Thbfw Klkwop Dhl~kwt`hl

THBFW KLKWOP 6? ^f`gef~ `sehgf Lf`m




7,> Yw`ld`ybk hn Thbfw Klkwop Dhl~kwt`hl

6, Sek gft`d yw`ld`ybk nhw sek ekfs dhl~kwt`hl `t owkkleh{tk knnkds,

7, Se`t knnkds `t {tkc sh af`lsf`l sek skaykwfs{wk nhw sek owhse hn thak ybfls

`l dhbc dbàfskt,

4, Ahts hn sek klkwop dha`lo nwha sek t{l `t l sek nhwa hn bòes,

3, @s dhlsflt sek tehws f~k wfc`fs`hl e`de `t lhs ~`t`gbk sh sek kpk,

;, _ekl sek t{l wfpt nfbbt hl sek kfwse t{wnfdk" `s `t ekfskc c{k sh fgthwgkc

wfc`fs`hl,

>, Sek ekfskc t{wnfdk ka`st ekfs gfdm,

?, Ehk~kw sekwk fwk thak oftkt `l sek bhkw fsahtyekwkt fds`lo b`mk obftt `l

owkkleh{tk fbbh sek thbfw wfc`fs`hl sh nfbb hl sek kfwse g{s chkt lhs fbbh

sek kfwse sek wkwfc`fskc sek ekfs `lsh tyfdk,

5, Sek lks wkt{bs t sek ekfs`lo hn kfwse t{wnfdk gp se`t yeklhaklhl `t dfbbkc

Owkkl eh{tk knnkds,

0, Sek tfak yw`ld`ybk `t {tkc oklkwfsk ekfs nwha sek thbfw wfc`fs`hl,

69, @s `t dfww`kc h{s gp {t`lo dhbbkdshwt, [t{fbbp nbfs ybfs dhbbkdshwt fwk {tkc nhw `s,

66, @s `t gbfdm yf`lskc aksfb t{wnfdk dh~kwkc `se sek hwc`lfwp obftt,

67,_ekl sek skaykwfs{wk hn ybfsk `ldwkftkt `s wfc`fskt gfdm, G{s `s `t swfyykc

c{k sh obftt t{wnfdk flc wkwfc`fskc hl sek ybfsk,

64,Se`t yeklhaklhl ohkt hl {ls`b sek kv{`b`gw`{a skaykwfsk {t wkfdekc,

63,Fs sek kv{`b`gw`{a skaykwfs{wk klkwop of`l gp fgthwys`hl hn ~`t`gbk bòes `t

kufdsbp gfbfldkc gp sek bhtt hn klkwop sewh{oe sek `lnwf wkc ka`tt`hl hn sek

obftt ybfsk,





7,? Thbfw Klkwop fyyb`dfs`hlt

6) Ekfs`lo flc dhhb`lo hn wkt`ckls`fb g{`bc`lo,

7) Thbfw fskw ekfs`lo,

4) Thbfw cwp`lo hn fow`d{bs{wfb flc fl`afb ywhc{dst,

3) Tfbs ywhc{ds`hl gp k~fyhwfs hl hn tkffskw,

;) Thbfw dhhmkwt,

>) Thbfw klo`lkt nhw fskw y{ay`lo,

?) Thbfw Wknw okwfs`hl,

5) Thbfw kbkdsw`d yhkw oklkwfs`hl,

0) Thbfw yehsh ~hbsf`d dkbbt" e`de dfl gk {tkc nhw kbkdsw`d`sp,

69)Thbfw n{wlfdkt,

THBFW KLKWOP 60 ^ `ge ^`se g L `m

funda of solar enrgy

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