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Luciana B Sutanto, dr. MS. SpGKSamuel Oetoro, dr. MS. SpGK

Guthrie HA, Picciano MF. Human Nutrition. Westermarck T, Antila E. Diet in relation to the nervous system. In: Human Nutrition and Dietetics (Garrow JS, James WPT, Ralph A, editors)Fernstrom JD, Uauy R, Arroyo P. Nutrition and Brain.

Brain DevelopmentUndernutrition Nutrition & Brain DevelopmentNutrition & Brain Function

Intrauterine0-2 years2-5 years5 years -.1212 years60%80%100%Brain volume5Intra uterineBrain development

PREGNANCYPOST-NATAL (0-36 months)> 36 month

Causes:Inadequate dietary intakeLack of sufficient and/or suitable quality of foodFrequent infection

Undernourished children generally had poorer fine & gross motor function, also had more behavior problem.

Amino acid are required for the synthesis of proteins, peptides and certain neurotransmitters.Biosynthesis of brain protein depends on the continuity of amino acid supply. The amino acid of human milk are presents in approximately the proportion necessary for tissue synthesis, cystein-taurine-triptophane are higher.

Fatty AcidFolateZincIronVitamin AIodine

The n-3 & n-6 fatty acid content of myelin & the other membranes are high.

Booth fatty acid are important in fetal life, and in the 1st year or 2 of post-natal development.

n-3 FAs are concentrated in a few tissues including brain. (Stevens et al, 1995)

DHA (dihomogammalinoleic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid), derived from linoleic acid, is important in the structure and function of cerebral membranes.

Human breast milk supplies AA in amount considered to meet accretion in membrane-rich tissues.

Folate deficiency causes Neural Tube Deffect (NTD)spina bifida: neural tube fails to close at 4 weeks of pregnancyanencephaly: forebrain fails to develop

Food sources of folate:Grain productsGreen leafy vegetablesOrgan meatsPotatoesFruits

Zn deficiency causes Neural Tube Deffect (NTD)unencephalocele: hernia protrusion of the braininiencephaly: brain metter protruding through a fissure of the vertebral column

Food sources of Zn:dairy products, beans and lentils, yeast, nuts, seeds, wholegrain cereals, pumpkin seeds.

Iron deficiency causesimpaired cognitiveimpaired psychomotor development & functionimpaired temperature regulation pica

The brain sensitives to iron deficiency during the first 2 years of life

Food sources of iron: meat, fish and poultry, fruits, vegetables, dried beans, nuts and grain products

Iron absorption increases in:Acid environment (ferric ferrous iron)A good source of vitamin C (oranges, grapefruits, tomatoes, broccoli and strawberries)A NON-HEME food cooked in an iron pot

Iron absorption decreases in:A NON-HEME foodA HEME and NON-HEME food eaten togetherLarge amounts of tea or coffee consumed with a meal (the polyphenols bind the iron).Excess consumption of high fiber foods or bran supplements (the phytates in such foods inhibit absorption).High intake of calcium (supplement)

Vitamin A excess causes major abnormalities in fetal development. In UK: pregnant women are adviced to avoid food rich in vitamin A.

Food sources of vitamin A: organ meats (liver, giblets), carrot juice, sweetpotato, pumpkin, spinach, various ready-to-eat cereals, with added vit A, pickled herring.

Iodine deficiency causes:brain damage mental impairment

Food sources of iodine: asparagus, garlic, lima beans, mushrooms, seafood, sea salt and fortified salt, seaweed, sesame seeds,soybeans, spinach, turnip greens

EnergyThiaminPyridoxineVitamin B12Folic AcidNiacinPantothenic AcidVitamin AVitamin E

The brain uses 20-30% of the bodys resting metabolic rate

The mature neurons of brain need high continues supply of energy to maintain their function

Glucose is the main energy substrate for synthetic and functional activitiesThe energy form amino acid only contributes less than 10%.

Thiamine deficiency in babies causes:meningitis, irritable, vomit, convulse, bulging fontanelle, nystagmus Thiamine deficiency in children & adults causes:Peripheral neuritis (loss of the sense of vibration, with paresthesia & burning sensation in the feet)

Food sources of thiamin: grain products (breads, cereals, pasta and rice), meat, poultry, fish, fruits and vegetables

Pyridoxine is essential for synthesis or metabolism of almost all neurotransmiter.

Pyridoxine deficiency causes: fatigue, nervousness, irritability, depression, insomnia & walking difficulties

Food sources of pyridoxine: germs of various grains and seeds, leafy vegetables, etc

Vitamin E therapy may prove useful for some brain disorders and may postpone in the degenerative disease of aging

Food sources of vitamine E: asparagus, avocado, egg, milk, nuts (almonds or hazelnuts), seeds, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, unheated vegetable oils, wheat germ, wholegrain foods.

In elderly & in psychiatric patients, diet deficient in B vitamins contribute to memory loss, depression, dementia, and other common disorder

Nutrition is crucial during fetal & post-natal in determining brain development

Brain development disorder of any stage causes intellectual & behavioral impairment

Adequate intake of vitamins & minerals are essential for normal brain function

NEUROSCIENCE MODUL

The major period of intense neuronal development and interaction occurs-from mid gestation, when cell division stops, to about the age of 2 years. General brain maturation continues, however, until the age of 20 years in women and 25 years in men.*To fullfiled nutrition requirement in these periods are importan for brain development and maturation.*Nutritional Requirement for Indonesian according to age*Motor function: Fine motor skills are skills involving the small muscles, such as in the hands, and gross motor skills are skills involving the larger muscles, such as in the arms and legs.Behavior problem: can be conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary and involuntary.*

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