Grammar BookCaitlyn Pallas

6th Period

Mrs. Linares

Table of Contents Preterit- slide 3

Constructions of se- slide 4

Adverbs- slide 5

Preterite VS. Imperfect- slide 6

Por vs. Para- slide 7

Stressed Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns- slide 8

Formal Commands- slide 9

Informal Commands- slide 10

Nosotros Commands- slide 11

Object Pronoun Placement- slide 12

Present Subjunctive- slide 13

Subjuntive with Verbs of Will and Influence- slide 14

Bibliography- slide 15

Preterite

REGULAR

-AR -ER/IR

Yo é í

Tú aste iste

El/Ella ó ió

Nosotros amos imos

Vosotros asteis

isteis

Ellos/Ellas

aron ieronDar-to give

Ver-to see

Ser/Ir-to be, go

Hacer-to do

di vi fui hice

diste viste fuiste hiciste

dio vio fue hizo

dimos vimos fuimos hicimos

disteis visteis fuisteis hicisteis

dieron vieron fueron hicieron

*No a

ccent

marks!!!

Trigger Words:Anoche:last night-Ayer:yesterday-Antaeyer:day before yesterday -La Semana pasada:last week-El Mes Pasado:last month -El Año Pasado:last year

-car

Yo

-qué

-gar

Yo -gué

-zar

Yo -cé Andar Anduv

Estar Estuv

Tener Tuv

Caber Cup

Haber Hub

Poder Pud

Poner Pus

Saber Sup

Querer Quis

Hacer Hic (el/ ella: Hizo)

Venir Vin

Decir Dij*

Traer Traj*

Conducir Conduj*

No a

ccent

marks!

No a

ccent

marks!

No a

ccent

marks!

eisteoimosisteisieron*eron

oí oímos

oíste oísteis

oyó oyeron

leí leímos

leíste leísteis

leyó leyeron

creí creímos

creíste

creísteis

creyó creyeron

Constructions with SeCan be used when the person performing the action is not expressed or deemphasizedImpersonal constructions with se• Verbs that aren’t reflexive can be used

with se to create impersonal constructions. • The are the statements in which the

person performing the action is not expressed or defined.

• In English this is the passive voice or indefinite subjects (you, they, one)

• Example:• Se habla español en Costa Rica.

• Spanish is spoken in Costa Rica.• Se hacen operaciones aquí• They perform operations here.

*Verbs are in third person and they match the nouns (plural or singular)*

They are often used in signs, advertisements and directions

Se for unplanned events• Se is also used to describe

accidental or unplanned events• Person who performs the

construction is deemphasized to imply that the accident/unplanned event is not his or her direct responsibility.

• Commonly used verbs with se- Caer (dejar caer) perder, dañarr, olvidar, quedar, and romper

• Construction pattern:Se + IO pronoun + verb + subject

Examples:Se te perdieron las llaves. Se nos dañó el radio.The subject is the object (las llaves) and the verb corresponds to it (perdieron). The person is just an IO. In a way, the keys lost themselves.To clarify or emphasis the person use a + [noun] or a + [prepositional pronoun]Ex- Al paciente se le perdió la receta. The patient lost his prescription

Adverbs• Words that describe how, when, and where an action takes place.• They can modify verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs.• Most common adverbs are those that end in –mente. This is the

equivalent to –ly in English. • Ex:

• Fácilmente: easily• Generalmente: generally• Verdaderamente: truly, really• Simplemente: simply

• To form adverbs ending in –mente 1-start with an adjective 2- Then take its feminine form 3- Add –mente

• Ex- fabuloso=fabulosa=fabulosamente****If the adjective doesn’t have a special feminine form, then just add mente to create the standard form of the adverb. Ex- feliz=felizmente enorme=enormemente• Adverbs that end in –mente generally follow the verb; while

adverbs that modify adjectives or another adverb preceed the word they modify.

• When a sentence contains 2 or more adverbs in a sentence, -mente is dropped from all but the last adverb.

• Ex- El medico nos habló siempre y abiertamente. (simply and openly)

• Adjectives DON’T loose their accents when adding –mente (débilmente).

Examples: -bien-mal-muy-nunca-hoy-siempre-temprano-ayer-aquí

Common Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions--a menudo: often-a tiempo: on time-basante: enough-casi: almost-despacio: slowly-muchas veces: a lot, many times-pronto: soon-rápido: quickly

-MEN

TE

Preterite VS Imperfect

Preterite Imperfect

• Used for single events, actions repeated a specific number of times, actions that occurred during a specific time period, actions that were a part of a chain of events, to state the beginning or end of an action.

• Definite end and beginning, actions are seen as completed.

• Does not have a definite beginning or end or actions not seen as being completed.

• Used for describing actions that were habitually repeated, “setting the stage” for another action, telling time, stating one’s age

BothDescribe events that happened in the past

Por VS Para1. Motion or a general locationEx- La excursion nos llevó por el centro The tour took us through downtown2. Duration of an ActionEx- Estuve en la Patagonia por un mes I was in Patagonia for a month.3. Reason or Motive for an ActionEx- Lo hizo por su familia. She did it on behalf her family4. Object of the SearchEx- Vengo por ti a las ocho Im coming for you at eight.5. Means by which Something is DoneEx- Ellas viajan por a autopisa. They traveled by (the way of) the highway6. Exchange or SubstitutionEx- Pagué diez dólores por esta camisa. I paid ten dollars for this shirt. 7. Unit of Measure Ex- Yo manejaba a 120 kilómetros por hora. I was traveling 120 km per hour.

1. Destination Ex- Salimos para Córdoba el sábado. We are leaving for Córdoba on Saturday.2. Deadline or a Specific Time in the

Future Ex- Él va arregular el carro para el Viernes He will fix the car by Friday. 3. Purpose or Goal + [Infinitive]Ex- Juan estudia para (ser) mecánico.Juan is studying to be a mechanic. 4. Purpose + [Noun]Ex- Es una llana para el carro. It’s a tire for the car.5. Recipient of SomethingEx- Compré una impresora para mi hijo. I bought a printer for my son6. Comparison with others or an

OpinionEx- Para mí, esta lección no es difícil. For me, this lesson isn’t difficult.7. In the employ of Ex- Sara trabaja para Telecom Argentina Sara works for Telecom Argentina.

****Both

mean

for

Stressed (long) Possessive Adjectives and PronounsAdjectives -Used for emphasis or to express the English phrases of mine, of yours, of his, ect. Masculine

Feminine

Mío(s) Mía(s) My; (of) mine

Tuyo(s) Tuya(s) Your; (of) yours

Suyo(s) Suya(s) Your; (of) yoursHis; (of) his; her; (of) her; its

Nuestro(s) Nuestra(s)

Our; (of) ours

Vuestro(s) Vuestra(s) Your; (of) yours fam.

Suyo(s) Suya(s) Your; (of) yours; their; (of) theirs

Form

.-Possessive adjectives with un or una are similar in meaning to of mine, of yours, ect.-Must agree in gender and in number with nouns Ex- La impresora suya= her printerEx- Los televisores nuestros= our television sets-PLACE STRESSED POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES AFTER THE NOUN THEY MODIFYDefinite article/indefinite article/demonstrative adj. + [noun]+ stressed possessive adj.-Can also use de to show ownership.Ex- el telclado de usted

Pronouns-Used to replace a noun modified by a possessive adjective-They have the same form as the stressed possessive adjectives-They are preceded by a definite article -Possessive pronoun= definite article + stressed adjectiveEx:=La calculadora nuestra= la nuestraLos archivos suyos= los suyosPossessive pronouns agree in number and in gender with the nouns they replaceEx:¿Tienes las revistas de Carlos?-Do you have Carlos’ magazines?No, pero tengo las nuestras.-No but I have ours.*****Definite articles such as el, la, los, las are usually omitted when a stressed possessive pronoun follows the verb serEx- ¿Pero es suya esta cámara?No, no es mía.

Formal CommandsCommand forms are used for orders and advice. Used with people you address as usted or ustedes

Infinitive

Present tense yo Form

Ud Command

Uds. Command

-ar Limpiar limpio limpie limpien

-er Barrer Barro barra barran

-ir Sacudir sacudo sacuda sacudan

Formation

Examples:Hable Con ellos Talk with themComa frutas y verduras.Eat fruits and vegetables

IRREGULARS-Verbs that have irregular yo

forms maintain the same irregularity in their formal commands!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-Common irregular verbs:venirdecir ofrecer poner

tener

traer conocer

hacer

oír salir

traducir

conducirver

-Examples: Ponga la mesa Set the table

Salga

inmediatamente Leave immediately

Stem-changing verbs maintain their stem changes in usted and ustedes commands

Stem-Changing Verbs Car, Gar, Zar Verbs

Jugar g > gu juegue, juegenAlmorzar z > c almuerce, almuercenSacar c > qu saque, saquen

DarEstar IrSaberSerDé

EstéVayaSepaSeaDenEstén

VayanSepanSean

Verbs with Irregular Commands

****TO MAKE NEGATIVE JUST PUT NO BEFORE IT

[verb]+

Reflexive pronounIO pronoun DO pronoun

Ex- Siéntense

For positive commands

Negative Commands-To form a negative command just add no before the command

**A

CC

EN

TS

**

Reflexive pronounIO pronounDO pronoun

+ [verb]Ex- No se preocupe

Informal Commands(Tú commands) Used to address familiar people- friends, family, ect.

Verb Ud. Form

-AR hablar Habla

-ER comer Come

-IR Escribir Escribe

Tú commands are formed the same way as usted present indicitive form.

Negative Tú Commands Negative informal commands use the tú

form of the present subjunctive and putting no in front of it.

Verb Present Subjunctive

Command

-AR Hablar Hables No Hables

-ER Comer Comas No comas

-IR Escribir Escribas No escribas

Irregulars

Decir- DiHacer- HazIr- VePoner- PonSalir-Sal

Ser- SéTener- TenVenir- Ven

Examples: Di la mentiras. No digas verdad. Haz tu tarea. No hagas eso.

Pronoun Placement

For affirmative commands the pronoun is attached at the end. Example: HazloFor negative commands the pronoun goes before verb. Example: No te duermas.Don’t forget to add accents!!!!!!

Nosotros CommandsCommand form used when the speaker suggests an action to be performed by a group of people he or she belongs to.

Formation

Nosotros commands are formed by taking the nosotros form of the present subjunctive.

Nosotros commands can also be formed by Vamos a + inifinitive Examples: Trabajemos. Vamos a trabajar.

Negative Commands

To form negative nosotros commands you simple put no before it.Example: No comamos en la casa.No contemos el efectivo.

Nosotros commands with pronounsDon’t forget to add accents when

adding a pronoun!!! With affirmative commands, the final –s of the command is dropped when adding the pronouns se or nos.Example: Sentemos+nos= SentémonosEscribamos+se+la= EscribámoselaFor negative nosotros commands you just put the pronoun before the command.Example: No nos sentemosIrregularsThe only irregular is the verb ir which uses the present indicative for the affirmative command only.Example: Vamos.It is regular for negative formExample: No vayamos.

Verb Present Nosotros Subjunctive Form

Nosotros Command

Comer

Comamos Comamos en la casa

Contar

Contemos Contemos el efectivo

Object Pronoun PlacementDirect Object

PlacementDirect objects receive the action of the verb. They answer the questions what? or whom? with regard to what the sentence’s subject is doing. Pronouns that replace the name of the subject: Me Nos

Te Os

Lo/La Los/LasYou can use a DO pronoun to replace the

name of direct object.

In sentences with 2 verbs, you can put the DO1. Place it immediately before the

conjugated verb.2. Attach it directly to the infinitiveEx: Lo quiero comer. Quiero comerlo.The same rules apply to questions.Ex: ¿Lo debemos comprar?

Indirect Object PlacementIndirect objects answer the questions

for whom? and to whom? the action of the verb is performed. IO pronouns: Me No

s

Te Os

Le LesIn an affirmative statement with one verb, the indirect object pronoun comes immediately before the conjugated verb.Ex- Loki me compra un regalo.For sentences with 2 verbs, it is the same rules for direct objects.1.Place it immediately before the conjugated verb.2. Attach it directly to the infinitive.Ex- Necesitas darme un regalo. Me necesitas dar un regalo.

****To make negative just put no in front! The pronoun goes after the no and before the conjugated verb

Present Subjunctive Expresses the speakers subjective attitudes towards events, actions or states the viewer views as uncertain or hypothetical

Forms -AR -ER -IR

Yo E A A

Tú Es As As

Ud./Él/Ella E A A

Nosotros/as Emos

Amos Amos

Vosotros/as Éis Áis Áis

Uds./Ellos/Ellas

En An An

**O

PPO

SIT

E E

ND

ING

S!!

!

Yo and usted form are the same!!!

Irregulars

Verbs that have irregular yo forms keep their irregularities in subjunctive form.Ex: Conducir= conduzca Decir= diga Oír=oigaHay= haya5 irregular verbs in present subjunctive: Dar, estar, ir, saber, serDar= De

Car Gar Zar Verbs

Car Gar Zar verbs have special stem changes

Sacar= saqueJugar= juegueAlmorzar= almorcéis

Stem-Changing VerbsStem-changing verbs

ending in ar and er maintain their stem changes in the subjunctive form.Ex- Yo pienseIr verbs have the same stem-changes but nosotros and vosotros forms also changes. E-> I and o->uEx- Durmamos

Subjunctive is used to express will and influence, emotion, doubt, disbelief, and denial, indefiniteness and nonexistence.Que connects the main clause to the subordinating clause. Impersonal expressions are alsways followed by subordinating clauses.Ex: Es Bueno que Es malo queEs importante que Es major que

Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and influence

Will and influence= affect actions and behaviors of othersExamples of these verbs: Desear, necesitar, pedir, preferir, querer, and

Impersonal expressions like es necessario que, es importante que, es major que, and es urgente que are also considered expressions of will and influence.When the main clause contains a verb of will or influence the subordinating clause is required to be in subjunctive form provided that the two clauses have different subjects.Infintives are only used in verbs of will and influence if there is no change in subject.Indirect object pronouns are often used with the verbs aconsejar, importar, mandar, pedir, prohibir, recomendar, rogar, and sugerir.All forms of prohibir (except nosotros) have an accented I in the present tense.

Aconsejar

To advise Prohibir To prohibit

Importar To be important

Comendar

To reccommend

Insistir To insist Rogar To beg

Mandar To order Sugerir To suggest

Biblography

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/informcomm1.htm

http://www.vhlcentral.com/home

http://www.spanishdict.com/topics/show/91

http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/noscomm.htm