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  • 8/12/2019 H2 Measurement Method

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    1981, 41(2):545.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

    J A Robinson, R F Strayer and J M Tiedje application to the rumen.anaerobic ecosystems:

    dissolved hydrogen inMethod for measuring

    http://aem.asm.org/content/41/2/545found at:

    Updated information and services can be

    These include:

    CONTENT ALERTS

    morealerts ( when new articles cite this article),Receive: RSS Feeds, eTOCs, free email

    h ttp://journals.asm.org/site/misc/reprints.xh tmlInformation about commercial reprint orders: http://journals.asm.org/site/subscriptions/To subscribe to to another ASM Journal go to:

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    A P P L I E DA N DE N V I R O N M E N T A LM I C R O B I O L O G Y,F e b . 1 9 8 1 ,p .5 4 5 - 5 4 80 0 9 9 - 2 2 4 0 / 8 1 / 0 20 5 4 5 - 0 4 0 2 . 0 0 / 0

    Vo l .4 1 ,N o . 2

    M e t h o df o rM e a s u r i n gD i s s o l v e dH y d r o g e ni n A n a e r o b i cE c o s y s t e m s :A p p l i c a t i o nt o t h e R u m e n t

    JOSEPH A . R O B I N S O N , 'R I C H A R DF . S T R AY E R , ' tA N DJ A M E S M. T I E D J E '2 *D e p a r t m e n to f M i c r ob i o l o g ya nd P u b l i cH e a l t h 1a n d D e p a r t m e n to f C r o pa n d S o i lS c i e n c e s , 2M i c h i g a n

    S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ,E a s t L a n s i n g ,M i c h i g a n4 8 8 2 4

    A m e t h o do f t r a n s f e r r i n gd i s s o l v e dH 2 t o a C O 2h e a d s p a c ea n d t h e n a b s o r b i n go u t t h e C O 2t o c o n c e n t r a t e t h e H 2 b e f o r e g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i ca n a l y s i sw a sd e v e l o p e dt o m e a s u r el o wc o n c e n t r a t i o n so fd i s s o l v e d H 2 .A d e t e c t i o nl i m i to f 1 0p m o lo f H 2 m l - lo fw a t e r w a s a c h i e v e d .W h e n u s e d t o m o n i t o rH 2 c h a n g e si n ab o v i n e r u m e n ,a 1 0 - f o l di n c r e a s ei n H 2 w a sn o t e d 1 h a f t e rf e e d i n g a n d t h e nd e c l i n e dr a p i d l yt o t h e n o r m a ls t e a d y - s t a t ec o n c e n t r a t i o no f1 , u M .

    I n m e t h a n o g e n i ce c o s y s t e m s ,p r o t o n r e d u c -t i o nl e a d i n gt o t h e f o r m a t i o no f H 2r e q u i r e st h a tt h e d i s s o l v e dH 2 b e m a i n t a i n e da t l o w c o n c e n -t r a t i o n s 5 , 7 ,9 ) .A n i n c r e a s ei n t h e H 2p o o l s i z el e a d st o t h e f o r m a t i o no fr e d u c e df e r m e n t a t i o ne n d p r o d u c t s 5 , 9 ) . I n t h e b o v i n e r u m e n ,t h es h u n t i n g o fe l e c t r o n sa w a yf r o mp r o t o n r e d u c -t i o nt o t h e r e du c ti o n o fp y r u v a t ec a n l e a dt o t h es o m e t i m e sf a t a lc o n d i t i o no f l a c t i ca c i da c i d o s i s 1 ) .

    In m e t h a n o g e n i ch a b i t a t s ,t h e a q u e o u sH 2c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r a m n e t e rt om o n i t o rb e c a u s eo f t he c o n t r o li t e x e r t so v e rt h ed e g r a d a t i o no fo r g a n i cm a t t e r . B u t t y p i c a la n a -l y t i c a lm e t h o d sf o rH 2a r er e l a t i v e l yi n s e n s i t i v ef o rm e a s u r i n gt h e l o w H 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n st h a to c c u r i n m e t h a n o g e n i ce c o s y s t e m s .Two m e t h -o ds d es i gn e dt o q u a n t i f ya q u e o u sH 2c o n c e n t r a -t i o n sh a v e b e e nd e s c r i b e d 2 ,4 ) .W e r e p o r t o nt h e e f f i c a c yo f a m o r ec o n v e n i e n tm e t h o df o rq u a n t i f y i n gH 2d i s s o l v e di n a q u e o u sp h a s e s .Toi l l u s t r a t eu s e o f t h e m e t h o d , we m o n i t o r e dc h a n g e si n t h e H 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o no f t h e b o v i n er u m e ni n r e s p o n s et o f e e d i n g .

    H y d r o g e nd i s s o l v e di n d i s t i l l e dw a t e r ,a r t i f i -c i a ls a l i v a 6 ) ,o r rumen f l u i dw a s e x t r a c t e db yf i r s td r a w i n ga p o r t i o n 1 0t o 3 5 m l )o f o n e o ft h e s e a q u e o u sp h a s e si n t oa g l a s s5 0 - m ls y r i n g e B e c t o n ,D i c k i n s o n C o . ,R u t h e r f o r d ,N . J . )f i t -t e d w i t h a o n e - w a ys t o p c o c k( P o p p e ra n d S o n s ,I n c . ,N e w H y d eP a r k , N . Y . )a n d a n 1 8 - g a u g en e e d l e .C a r b o nd i o x i d ewa s t h e n s l o w l yd r a w ni n t ot h e s y r i n g eu n t i lt h e s u m o f t h e a q u e o u sa n d g a s e o u sp h a s ev o l u m e se q u a l l e d5 0 m l . Thes t o p c o c kwa s c l o s e d ,a n d t h e s y r i n g ewa s v i g o r -o u s l ys h a k e nf o r1 m i n . A d d i t i o n a lC O 2was t h e na d d e d t o r e p l a c et h e C O 2d i s s o l v e d ,a n d t h es y r i n g ew a s s ha k e nf o ra n o t h e r m i n u t e .

    t J o u r n a l a r t i c l en o . 9 5 6 0 o f t h e M i c h i g a nA g r i c u l t u r a lE x p e r i m e n tS t a t i o n .

    t P r e s e n t a d d r e s s :E n v i r o n m e n t a lS c i e n c e sD i v i s i o n ,Oa kR i d g eN a t i o n a lL a b o r a t o r y ,Oa k R i d g e ,TN 3 7 8 3 0 .

    The g a s p h a s ei n t h e s y r i n g ew a si n j e c t e di n t ot h e g a s c o l l e c t i o nc o l u m n F i g .1 ) .The c o l u m nh a d a n o v e r a l ll e n g t h o f 3 5 cm a n d a n a p p r o x i -m a t e v o l u m eo f 2 5 m l .The i n s i d ed i a m e t e ro ft h e g a s c o l l e c t i o nt u b e w a s 6 m m . The c o l u m nw a sf i l l e dw i t h a s o l u t i o nt h a t c o n t a i n e d2 0 0g o fN a C l a n d 4 0 g o f N a O Hp e r l i t e r .The b a s ea b s o r b e dt h e C 0 2 ,l e a v i n gt h e e x t r a c t e dH 2 p l u so t h e r g a s e s ) ,a n d t h e h i g h s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o nr e d u c e dt h e s o l u b i l i t yo ft h e g a s e s i n t h e f i l l i n gs o l u t i o n .

    A f t e rt h e g a s w a s i n j e c t e di n t ot h e c o l u m n ,t h e r e m a i n i n gg a s b u b b l e , t y p i c a l l y0 . 5m l i nv o l u m e ,w a s b r o u g h tu p t o e i t h e r1 . 0o r 2 . 0m lw i t h a i rf o re a s e o fa n a l y s i s .A 1 - m ls y r i n g e ,w i t ha t t a c h e d M i n i n e r t v a l v e P r e c i s i o nS c i e n t i f i c ,B a t o n R o u g e , L a . )a n d 2 5 - g a u g en e e d l e ,w a su s e d t o p i e r c et h e t o p s e p t u ma n d w i t hd r a was a m p l eo f t h e g a s b u b b l e . W i t h t h e s y r i n g ei np l a c e ,t h e t o t a lp r e s s u r e o f t h e s a m p l ew a s a d -j u s t e dto a t m o s p h e r i cp r e s s u r eb y a d d i n gf i l l i n gs o l u t i o nt o t h e s i d et u b e u n t i lt h e l e v e l si n t h et w o t u b e s w e r e e q u a l .The M i n i n e r tv a l v ew a sc l o s e d ,a n d t h e g a s s a m p l ew a s i n j e c t e di n t oaC a r l e B a s i c 8 5 1 5g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h C a r l eI n -s t r u m e n t s ,I n c . ,F u l l e r t o n ,C a l i f . )e q u i p p e dw i t ha m i c r o t h e r m i s t o rd e t e c t o r ,a n d a P o r a p a kQc o l u m n 1 . 8 - mb y3 . 2 - m mi n s i d ed i a m e t e r )m a i n -t a i n e da t 3 0 C .A r g o n ,a t a f l o w r a t e o f 1 5 m lm i n - 1 ,s e r v e da s t h e c a r r i e rg a s .The H 2r e t e n t i o nt i m e w a sc a .6 0 s . W h e n H 2c o n c e n t r a t i o n sw e r el o w ,t h e m i c r o t h e r m i s t o rd e t e c t o r s i g n a lwa sa m p l i f i e du s i n ga 5 - X o p e r a t i o n a l a m p l i f i e rw h i c hwe h a d c o n s t r u c t e d . P e a k a r e a s w e r e i n -t e g r a t e du s i n ga M i n i g r a t o r S p e c t r a - P h y s i c s ,S a n t a C l a r a ,C a l i f . ) .

    The f o l l o w i n ge q u a t i o nwa s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t et h e m o l e s o f H 2 d i s s o l v e di n t h e s a m p l e da q u e o u sp h a s eo n a p e r - m i l l i l i t e rb a s i s :N = X [ 1+ a ( A / B ) ] / A ,w h e r eN = m o l e so f H 2 m l i o fe x t r a c t e da q u e o u sp h a s e ,A = v o l u m ei n m i l l i l i -t e r so ft h e a q u e o u sp h a s e i n t h e 5 0 - m ls y r i n g e ,

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    A P P L .E N V I R O N .M I C R O B I O L .

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    4)- S a m p l e TABLE 1 . R e c o v e r yo f H 2f r o md i s t i l l e dw a t e r a n d

    a r t i f i c i a ls a l i v ac o n t a i n i n gknownc o n c e n t r a t i o n so f H 2

    - A d j u s t

    I - tI n j e c t

    F I G .1 . Method o f H 2e x t r a c t i o n . 1 )o n e - w a y s t o p -c o c k ; 2 )C O 2ga s p h a s e ; 3 )a q u e o u s p h a s e ; 4 )a n d 6 )5 - b y 9-mm r u b b e r s e p t a ; 5 )ga s c o l l e c t i o nt u b ef i l l e dw i t h NaOH a n d N a C l s o l u t i o n 7 ) ;a n d 8 )s i d et u b e t o a d j u s t t o a t m o s p h e r i cp r e s s u r e ; 9 )l a t e x t u b -i n g .

    a n d B v o l u m ei nm i l l i l i t e r so f t h e ga s p h a s e i nt h e s y r i n g e .The B u n s e na b s o r p t i o nc o e f f i c i e n t ,a , f o rt h e t e m p e r a t u r ea t w h i c h t h e e x t r a c t i o nwas c a r r i e do u t ,was o b t a i n e df r o man e m p i r i c a le x p r e s s i o nt h a t d e s c r i b e st h e s o l u b i l i t yo f a ga sa s a f u n c t i o no f t h e a b s o l u t e t e m p e r a t u r e 8 ) .I nt h e a b o v ee q u a t i o n ,X e q u a l s t h e m o l e so f H 2 i nt h e ga s p h a s eo f t h e s y r i n g ea t e q u i l i b r i u m .T h i sv a l u e was o b t a i n e db y m u l t i p l y in g t hem o l e so fH 2 m I - ' o f ga s i n t h e ga s b u b b l e ,a s d e t e r m i n e db y ga s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ,b y t h e v o l u m eo f t h ega s b u b b l e .

    To a s s e s s t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e H 2 e x t r a c t i o nm e t h o d , we d r e w d i s t i l l e dw a t e r o r a r t i f i c i a ls a l i v ai n t o5 0 - m ls y r i n g e s ,a n d a d d e d knownq u a n t i t i e so f H 2 .The s y r i n g e s were s h a k e n t oe f f e c te q u i l i b r a t i o n ,a n d t h e H 2was s u b s e q u e n t l ye x t r a c t e d b y t h e m e t h o dd e s c r i b e da b o v e .Themean

    p e r c e n t a g e so f H 2 r e c o v e r e df o ra r t i f i c i a ls a l i v ar a n g e d f r o m 8 5 . 7 t o 9 3 . 7 ,w h e r e a st h o s ef o rd i s t i l l e dw a t e rr a n g e df r o m9 8 . 0 t o 1 0 2( T a b l e1 ) .The l o w e rr e c o v e r y o f H 2f r o ma r t i f i c i a ls a l i v a

    C a l c u - Meanl a t e d aH , p e r c e n t -

    A q u e o u s m o l a r i t yM e a s u r e dH 2m o l a r - pe ro fp h a s e m o l a r i t -i t Y( M m o ll i t e r - ) a g e o ft e r - ) c o v e r y

    A r t i f i c i a l 1 2 . 9 1 1 . 7 0 . 1 5 3 3 ) b 9 0 . 4s a l i v a 1 3 . 3 1 1 . 4 0 . 1 7 3 3 ) 8 5 . 7

    1 3 . 5 1 1 . 9 0 . 0 5 8 3 ) 8 8 . 43 2 9 2 9 9 2 . 3 1 3 ) 9 0 . 83 3 8 3 0 5 3 . 0 6 3 ) 9 0 . 33 4 3 3 0 6 3 . 6 0 3 ) 8 9 . 2

    D i s t i l l e d 6 . 9 5 7 . 0 0 0 . 0 2 3 5 9 ) 1 0 1w a t e r 0 . 7 4 20 . 7 6 1 0 . 0 7 0 9 ) 1 0 2

    7 . 1 7 7 . 0 2 0 . 2 3 3 1 8 ) 9 8 . 0a C o m p u t e da s s u m i n gt h e a q u e o u sp h a s ew a s p u r e

    w a t e r .b Mean a n d s t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n ;v a l u e si np a r e n t h e -s e sa r et h e n u m b e ro fr e p l i c a t i o n s .

    i s p r o b a b l yd u e t o t h e l o w e rs o l u b i l i t yo f H 2 i nt h i s a q u e o u s p h a s e . H o w e v e r ,a t t h i s i o n i cs t r e n g t h 0 . 2 2m o l - l i t e r - 1 ) ,t h eB u n s e na b s o r p -t i o nc o e f f i c i e n td e v i a t e sf r o mt h a t f o rp u r e w a t e rb y c a . 6 o v e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r er a n g e 2 0t o3 0 0 0 )a t w h i c ht h e e x t r a c t i o n s w e r e p e r f o r m e d 3 ) .W e d o n o t k n o wwhy t h e d e v i a t i o nw a sg r e a t e rt h a n e x p e c t e d ,b u t i t i s n o t a s i g n i f i c a n tc o n c e r ng i v e nt h e s a m p l i n gv a r i a b i l i t yt h a twen o r m a l l ye n c o u n t e r e d .

    The a b o v ep r o c e d u r er e q u i r e sk n o w l e d g eo ft h e B u n s e na b s o r p t i o nc o e f f i c i e n tf o rH 2 i n t hes a m p l eb e i n ga n a l y z e d ,w h i c hw i l lo f t e nn o t b ek n o w nb e c a u s eo ft h e c o m p l e x i t yo ft h e s a m p l e e . g . ,b r a c k i s hs e d i m e n t s ,t h i c ks e w a g es l u d g e ) .B y r e a r r a n g e m e n to ft h e e q u a t i o nf o rc a l c u l a t i o no fd i s s o l v e dH 2 ,we h a v e f o u n dt h a ta g r a p h i c a lp r o c e d u r ec a n b e u s e d w h i c hd o e s n o t r e q u i r ek n o w l e d g eo f t h e B u n s e nc o e f f i c i e n t ;t h e r e a r -r a n g e df o r m i s :B IX = B / N A + a / N . A p l o to fB /X v e r s u s B /A y i e l d sa s t r a i g h tl i n ew i t h as l o p eo f 1 / N , w h i c hi s t h e r e c i p r o c a lo ft h e H 2c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,a n d a y - i n t e r c e p te q u a l t o a / N .To d e m o n s t r a t et h e v a l i d i t yo f t h i sg r a p h i c a lp r o c e d u r e ,we e x t r a c t e d d i s t i l l e dw a t e r a n d a r -t i f i c i a ls a l i v ac o n t a i n i n gknown q u a n t i t i e s o fH 2a t s i xr a t i o so f B / A .T h e d a t a a r e p l o t t e di nF i g .2 , a n d t h e H 2 c o n ce n tr a ti o ns o b t a i n e df o rd i s -t i l l e dw a t e r a n d a r t i f i c i a ls a l i v aw e r e 1 0 3 a n d1 0 0 , r e s p e c t i v e l y ,o f t h e t h e o r e t i c a l l ye x p e c t e da m o u n t s , c a l c u l a t e du s i n gB u n s e na b s o r p t i o nc o e f f i c i e n t sf o rp u r e w a t e r .

    The H 2 p o o l s i z ei n t h e r u m e no f a f i s t u l a t e d

    cow f e d 1 2 p o u n d s c a .5 . 4 4k g )o f g r a i np l u s 4p o u n d s c a . 1 . 8 1k g )o f h a y o n c e p e r d a y w a sm o n i t o r e de i t h e ru s i n g d i a l y s i ss a m p l e r so r b yo b t a i n i n g s a m p l e sd i r e c t l y .E a c h d i a l y s i ss a m -

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    p l e rc o n s i s t e do fd i a l y s i st u b i n g 4 5 -b y 1 . 7 - c mf l a tw i d t h ) f i l l e dw i t h 1 0 0m l o fa r t i f i c i a ls a l i v aa n d s u r r o u n d e db y t w o l a y e r so f c h e e s e c l o t h .Two d i a l y s i ss a m p l e r sw e r ep l a c e di n t h e r u m e na t v a r i o u st i m e s o ft h e d a y .Th e s a m p l e r sw e r ep u s h e dd e e p i n t ot h e rumen c o n t e n t s a n d r e -c o v e r e da f t e r6 0 t o 9 0 m i n . W e p r e v i o u s l yh a dd e t e r m i n e dt h a t a t l e a s t6 0 m i nw a sr e q u i r e df o rt h e H 2 o u t s i d et h e b a g t o e q u i l i b r a t ew i t h t h ea r t i f i c i a ls a l i v ai n s i d et h e b a g .O n c et h e d i a l y s i ss a m p l e r sw e r e r e m o v e d ,2 5 - m l s a m p l e s w e r et a k e n u s i n ga 5 0 - m i ls y r i n g e ,a n d t h e H 2 w a se x t r a c t e da s d e sc r i b e d a b o v e .N o d i f f e r e n c ew a so b s e r v e di n t h e H 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o nb e f o r ev e r s u sa f t e rf e e d i n g F i g .3 ) .

    To a v o i d t h e m o r e l e n g t h y e q u i l i b r a t i o np e -r i o dr e q u i r e db y d i a l y s i ss a m p l i n g ,we o b t a i n e dd i r e c ts a m p l e so f rumen f l u i dw i t h a 5 0 - m ls y -r i n g et ow h i c hw a sa f f i x e da 1 - ml e n g t ho fTe f l o nt u b i n g( 4 . 8 - m mi n s i d ed i a m e t e r ) .Th e d i s t a le n dh a d h o l e s( 3 - m md i a m e t e r )m e l t e di n t oi t a n dw a s c o v e r e d w i t h t w o l a y e r so f c h e e s e c l o t hw h i c h s e r v e d t o f i l t e ro u t l a r g ep a r t i c l e s .Ther u m e nf l u i df l o w e d f r e e l yo n c e t h e f l o wwa si n i t i a t e db y a s l i g h tn e g a t i v ep r e s s u r e .The f i r s tp o r t i o nw a s d i s c a r d e db e f o r et h e s y r i n g ewa sa t t a c h e d t o c o l l e c tt h e s a m p l e .The s y r i n g e sw e r ei m m e d i a t e l yp l a c e di na b o i l i n gw a t e r b a t hf o r 1 0 m i n t o h a l tf u r t h e rH 2 p r o d u c t i o na n dc o n s u m p t i o n .A f t e rt h e s y r i n g e sc o o l e dt o roomt e m p e r a t u r e ,t h e H 2 d i s s o l v e di n t h e b o i l e d r u -m e n f l u i dwa s e x t r a c t e d a s d e s c r i b e da b o v e .Tob e c e r t a i nt h a t H 2wa s n o t l o s td u r i n gt h e b o i l i n gs t e p ,we e x t r a c t e d a l i q u o t so f a r t i f i c i a ls a l i v a

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    F I G .3 . H 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n r u m e nf l u i dd e t e r -m i n e db y d i r e c ta n d d i a l y s i ss a m p l i n g .F i r s ts a m p l ewa s a t 9 : 0 0 a . m . j u s tb e f o r ef e e d i n g .Each p o i n t i s t h ea v e ra g e o ff o u r r e p l i c a t e sf r o m o n ee x p e r i m e n t .

    c o n t a i n i n gk n o w na m o u n t so f H 2 a f t e rt h e s y -r i n g e sw e r e h e l d i n a b o i l i n gb a t h f o r m i n .T h i s h e a t t r e a t m e n th a d n o e f f e c to n H 2 r e c o v -e r y .Th e H 2p o o l s i z ed e t e r m i n e db y d i r e c ts a m -p l i n gi n c r e a s e d w i th i na n h o u r a f t e rf e e d i n ga n ds u b s e q u e n t l yd r o p p e dt o t h e p r e f e e di n g c o n c e n -t r a t i o nl a t e ri n t h e d a y F i g .3 ) . T h e s e r e s u l t sw e r ei n s t r i k i n gc o n t r a s t t o t h o s e o b t a i n e df r o mt he d i a l y s i se x p e r i m e n t .T h i s i n i t i a ls p i k eo f H 2w a s s e e nr e p e a t e d l y ,b u t t h e r e w a sc o n s i d e r a b l ev a r i a b i l i t yamong s a m p l e s c o e f f i c i e n t so f v a r i -a t i o nr a n g e d f r o m 2 0 t o 8 0 ) . W e b e l i e v et h ev a r i a b i l i t yi sd u e t op a t c h i n e s si nt h e r u m i n a lH 2c o n c e n t r a t i o ns i n c et h e c o e f f i c i e n to fv a r i a t i o no ft h e m e t h o dw a s g e n e r a l l yl e s st h a n 3 . Th er a p i di n c r e a s ei n t h e r u m i n a lH 2 c o n c e n t r a t i o nw a s p r e v i o u s l ys h o w nt o o c c u r i n s h e e p f e dac o n c e n t r a t ed i e t 2 ) .T h i s d r a m a t i c r i s ei n H 2a f t e rf e e d i n ga n d t h e s u b s e q u e n twane w e r em i s s e db y t h e d i a l y s i ss a m p l i n g ,a p p a r e n t l yb e -c a u s e e q u i l i b r i u mw a s n o t a c h i e v e d. E v e nt h o u g h d i a l y s i ss a m p l i n gw a s n o t a p p r o p r i a t ef o rt h i st r i a l ,i t s h o u l dg e n e r a l l yb e t h e p r e f e r r e dm e t h o db e c a u s ei t r e m o v e sb a c t e r i af r o m t h es a m p l ei n s i t u ,t h u s a v o i d i n gth e p o s s i b l ee r r o r sa n d d i f f i c u l t i e sa s s o c i a t e dw i t h t r y i n gt o i n h i b i tb a c t e r i a la c t i v i t yi n t h e c o l l e c t e ds a m p l e .I nc a s e sw h e r et h e H 2c o n c e n t r a t i o nf l u c t u a t e sr a p -i d l y ,d i a l y s i st u b i n gw i t h a h i g h e rd i f f u s i o nc o e f -f i c i e n tf o rH 2c o u l db e u s e d .

    T h e m e t h o dd e s c r i b e di n t h i sn o t e h a s s e v e r a la d v a n t a g e so v e r t h e t w o p r e v i o u s l yd e s c r i b e dm e t h o d s 2 ,4 ) .I t i s q u i c k e r s i xs a m p l e sc a n b ee x t r a c t e d a n d a n a l y z e di n 1 h ) , s a f e r ,a n d r e -q u i r e sl e s s s p e c i a l i z e dg l a s s w a r et h a n t h em e t h o dd e s c r i b e db y H u n g a t e 4 ) .I t sa d v a n t a g eo v e r t h e m e t h o do f C z e r k a w s k ia n d B r e c k e n -r i d g e 2 )i s t h a t t h e H 2i s c o n c e n t r a t e db y r e d u c -i n gt h e v o l u m et h i s g a s o c c u p i e s .U n d e r t h ed e s c r i b e dc o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e r u m e n s t u d y ,t h ed i s s o l v e dH 2 d e t e c t i o n l i m i twa s 0 . 1n m o lm l -

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    o fl i q u i d .By i n c r e a s i n gt h e a q u e o u ss a m p l es i z e ,w i t h d r a w i n gm o r eo f t h e b u b b l ei nt h e c o l l e c t i o nc o l u m n ,a n d u s i n g th e m o s ts e n s i t i v eg a s c h r o -m a t o g r a p h yc o n d i t i o n s ,we a c h i e v e da d e t e c t i o nl i m i to f1 0p m o lo fH 2m I - o fl i q u i d .T h i s m e t h o ds h o u l d b e a p p l i c a b l et o a n a l y s i so fg a s e s o t h e rt h a n H 2s i n c et h e y a r e a l s oc o n c e n t r a t e db y t h ep r o c e d u r e .

    L I T E R AT U R ECITED

    1 . C o u n o t t e ,G . H . M. , a nd R . A . P r i n s . 1 9 7 8 / 1 9 7 9 .R e g u -l a t i o no f r u m e nl a c t a t em e t a b o l i s ma n d t he r o l eo f l a c t i ca c i di n n u t r i t i o n a ld i s o r d e r so f r u m i n a n t s . Ve t .S c i .Commun. 2 : 2 7 7 - 3 0 3 .

    2 . C z e r k a w s k i ,J . W . , a nd G . B r e c k e n r i d g e .1 9 7 1 .D e t e r -m i n a t i o no fc o n c e n t r a t i o no f h y d r o g e na n d s o m eo t h e rg a s e sd i s s o l v e di n b i o l o g i c a lf l u i d s .L a b .P r a c t .2 0 : 4 0 3 -4 0 5 ,4 1 3 .

    A P P L .E N VI R ON . M IC R O B IO L.

    3 . G o r d o n ,L I . ,Y . C o h e n ,a nd D . R . S t a n d l e y .1 9 7 7 .Th es o l u b i l i t yo fm o l e c u l a rh y d r o g e ni n s e a w a t e r . D e e pS e aR e s . 2 4 : 9 3 7 - 9 4 1 .

    4 . H u n g a t e ,R . E . 1 9 6 7 .H y d r o g e na s a n i n t e r m e d i a t ei n t h er u m e nf e r m e n t a t i o n .A r c h . M i k r o b i o l .5 9 : 1 5 8 - 1 6 4 .

    5 . K a s p a r , H . F . ,a n d K . Wuhrmann . 1 9 7 8 .P r o d u c ti n h i -b i t i o ni ns l u d g ed i g e s t i o n .M i c r o b .E c o l .4 : 2 4 1 - 2 4 8 .

    6 . M c D o u g a l l ,E . I . 1 9 4 8 .S t u d i e so n r u m i n a n ts a l i v a .1 .T h ec o m p o s i t i o na n d o u t p u t o f s h e e p ss a l i v a .B i o c h e m .J .4 3 : 9 9 - 1 0 9 .

    7 . M c I n e r n e y ,M . J . , M . P . B r y a n t , a nd N . P f e n n i g .1 9 7 9 .A n a e r o b i cb a c t e r i u mt h a td e g r a d e sf a t t ya c i d si n s y n -t r o p h i ca s s o c i a t i o nw i t h m e t h a n o g e n s .A r c h .M i c r o b i o l .1 2 2 : 1 2 9 - 1 3 5 .

    8 . W i l h e l m ,E . ,R. B a t t i n o ,a n d R . J . W i l c o c k .1 9 7 7 .L o w -p r e s s u r es o l u b i l i t yo fg a s e si n l i q u i dw a t e r . C h e m .R e v.7 7 : 2 1 9 - 2 6 2 .

    9 . Wo l i n , M . J . 1 9 7 4 .M e t a b o l i ci n t e r a c t i o n sa m o n gi n t e s -t i n a lm i c r o o r g a n i s m s .A m. J . C l i n .N u t r. 2 7 : 1 3 2 0 - 1 3 2 8 .

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