•how and to what extent the airstream is english phonetics ... · manner of articulation ......

English Phonetics and Phonology

Lecture 3: Consonants (introduction)(continued)

KAMIYAMA, [email protected]

4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 2

3. MANNER of articulation

• How and to what extent the airstream isblocked (completely, incompletely).


Manners of articulation

Kelly (2000)

Completeclosure

Incompleteclosure 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 4


Kelly (2000)

Completeclosure

Incompleteclosure Wells & House (1995)

pp bb tt dd kk gg


Plosives (or stops):the case of the bilabial plosives

• 4 phases

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip



• 1. Closure phase: one articulator movestoward another, or two articulators movetoward each other, so as to form a stricture thatallows no air to escape from the vocal tract.

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip



• 2. Hold phase: a total stricture is formed. Noair escapes from the vocal tract. Air iscompressed behind the stricture and the airpressure rises.

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip



• 3. Release phase: as the articulators (theupper and lower lips) move apart, the airstreamis released in a small burst (called plosion).

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip



• 4. Post-release phase : the articulators (theupper and lower lips) move further away.

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip



• Phases 1-3

Clark & Yallop (1995)

or ‘hold’



Kelly (2000)

Completeclosure


ff vv θθ ðð ss zz ʃʃ ʒʒ hh


Fricatives:the case of the alveolar fricatives

• Phase 1: one articulator moves towardanother, or two articulators move toward eachother, so as to form a stricture with a verynarrow passage.

articulators

t

Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge

Tongue tip Tongue tip ororbladeblade



• Phase 2: the airstream passes through thenarrow passage between the articulators,creating a continuous hissing sound (heard asfriction) caused by turbulent airflow.

articulators

t





• Phase 3: the articulators (the tongue bladeand the alveolar ridge) move away.

articulators

t





Clark & Yallop (1995)4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 16


Kelly (2000)

Completeclosure

Incompleteclosure

ttʃʃ ddʒʒ


Affricates:the case of the palato-alveolar

affricates

articulators

t

Alveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge- hard- hard palate palate

• Affricate: plosive (stop) + fricative.

Tongue bladeTongue blade



affricates

articulators

t


• 1. Closure phase: one articulator movestoward another, or two articulators movetoward each other, so as to form a stricture thatallows no air to escape from the vocal tract.




affricates

articulators

t


• 2. Hold phase: a total stricture is formed. Noair escapes from the vocal tract. Air iscompressed behind the stricture and the airpressure rises.

Tongue bladeTongue blade tt



affricates

articulators

t


• 3. Friction phase: the articulators move apart,but not as rapidly as in plosives. They stayclose enough to create a turbulent airflow,causing a hissing sound as in a fricative.

ʃʃTongue bladeTongue blade



affricates

articulators

t



• Phase 4: the articulators (the tongue blade andthe alveolar ridge) move away.



Kelly (2000)

Completeclosure


mm nn ŋŋ


Nasals

• The soft palate(velum) is loweredso that the airsteamwill pass throughthe nasal cavity.

Nasal vowels

P. Ashby (1995) 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 24

Nasals

• The soft palate (velum) islowered so that the airsteamwill pass through the nasalcavity, but not throughthe oral cavity becauseof a complete strictureat some point in theoral cavity.

Nasal consonants

P. Ashby (1995)


Nasals:the case of the bilabial nasal

• phases

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip

Pharyngeal wallPharyngeal wall

VelumVelum



• Phase 1: the velum is lowered as thearticulators (lips) approach each other.

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip


VelumVelum



• Phase 2: air flows out through the nose, butnot from the mouth.

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip


VelumVelumAirflow throughthe nasal cavity

No airflow throughthe oral cavity



• Phase 3: the velum is raised again (if the followingsound is oral) as the articulators (lips) come apart.

articulators

t

Upper lipUpper lip

Lower lipLower lip


VelumVelum



Kelly (2000)

Completeclosure


rr wwjj


Approximants:the case of the palato-alveolar (post-

alveolar) approximant

• The articulators come close, but not enough tocreate turbulence: there is no hissing sound.

articulators

t

Back of Back of thethealveolar ridgealveolar ridge

Tongue tipTongue tip


Fricatives• Compare:

tt

Approximants

narrow enough togenerate turbulence



Kelly (2000)

Completeclosure


approximant ll


Lateral approximants:the case of the alveolar lateral

approximant

• The articulators come close and make acomplete closure in the centre of the vocal tract,but air escapes through one or both sides: thereis no hissing sound.

articulators

t




• Compare:

rr llCatford (1988)


Manners of articulation: summary

Kelly (2000)folds

(or stop)

(lateralapproximant)

Consonants on the IPA chart

4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 37 4/3/2013 T. Kamiyama English Phonetics and Phonology 2012-2013 Lecture 3 38

•how and to what extent the airstream is english phonetics ... · manner of articulation ......

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