Human anatomyHuman anatomy

SHANDONG UNIVERSITY

Liu ZhiyuLiu Zhiyu

Special techniques

X-rays radiograph

MR scan showing an enhancing mass which is a meningioma growing from the meninges at the edge of the foramen magnum. The tumour is benign but is causing compression of the brain stem and secondary hydrocephalus.

MRI scan of head in sagittal plane.

Examination

Identify 20 structures (30 marks) Written examination

35 single-choice questions (35 marks) 15 multi-choice questions (15 marks) 4 short answer questions (20marks)

Descriptive anatomical terms

The anatomical position:

The body is upright, legs together, and directed forwards. The palms are turned forward, with the thumbs laterally.

The terms of the directionThe terms of the direction superior (cranial ) inferior (caudal ) Anterior (ventral ) Posterior (dorsal ) medial lateral internal external superficial profound proximal distal

The terms of the directionThe terms of the direction ulnar radial tibial fibular left right vertical horizontal central unilateral bilateral contralateral homolateral

Anatomical axes and planes

Axis ： Vertical axis Sagittal axis Coronal axis

Anatomical axes and planes Plane:

Sagittal plane Coronal plane Horizontal plane

or transverse plane

Planes of the Body

Fig 2.8

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

Abbreviations of terms a., aa. artery, arteries ant. anterior f. fibre or fiber inf. inferior lig. ligament ln. lymph node m., mm. muscle, muscles n., nn. nerve, nerves post. posterior sup. superior v. vein

The Locomotor System

Composed Bones Joints Muscles

Major function Support Protection Locomotion

Introduction of the osteology

Classification of bone Bones in adult are 206 in number. Bones

are classified according to their position and shape.

The position can be: skull bones of trunk appendicular skeleton

Types of shape include: 1. long bone 2. short bone 3. flat bone 4. irregular bone

Introduction of the osteology

1. Long bones (found in limbs): Diaphysis or shaft , which is ho

llow (medullary cavity ,filled with bone marrow

Two ends － epiphysis Articular surface Metaphysis Epiphysial cartilage Epiphysial line

2. Short bones: cuboidal in shape, e.g. carpal bones

Introduction of the osteology

3. Flat bones: thin, 4. Irregular bones:

have any irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones

* Sesamoid bones develop within tendon

General structures of bone

Bony substance Periosteum Bone marrow

General structures of bone

1. Bony substance compact bone spongy bone

Trabeculae

General structures of bone※In the flat bones of the skull, the layers of compact

bone are called the outer plate ,and inner plate , while the layer of spongy bone is called the diploë

General structures of bone

2. Periosteum : Outer or fibrous layer Inner layer is vascular and provides the

underlying bone with nutrition. It also contains osteoblasts

Endosteum is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.

3. Bone marrow Red marrow ： haematopoietic 造血 Yellow marrow: fatty

Chemical composition and physical properties

Organic material ： the main one is collagen gives the bones resilience and toughness Inorganic salts ： the main one is calcium

phosphate give the bones hardness and rigidity

Organic material Inorganic salts

Children 1 1

Adult 3 7

Old 1 4

Ⅰ. Bones of trunk

Composition: Vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Sternum Ribs

1. Vertebrae

There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:

Cervical vertebrae C. 7 Thoracic vertebrae T. 12 Lumbar vertebrae L. 5 Sacral vertebrae S. 5 →sacrum Coccygeal vertebrae Co.3-4 →coccyx

1 ） General features of vertebra

Vertebral body Vertebral arch

pedicle of vertebral arch : sup. and inf. vertebral notch lamina of vertebral arch

process (7): spinous process transverse process sup. and inf. articular processes

Vertebral foramen Vertebral canal Intervertebral foramen

2 ） Regional variations of vertebrae

（ 1 ） Thoracic vertebrae Vertebrae Body ： heart-shape, superior and

inferior costal fovea Vertebral foramen ： smaller, rounder Spinous processes ： long, point obliquely downward Transverse processes ： transverse costal fovea Articular processes:

coronal

（ 2 ） Cervical vertebrae

Vertebrae Body: small uncus of vertebral body

Vertebral foramen: large and triangular in shape

Spinous processes: short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in

C6, and longer in C7 Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen Articular processes: horizontal

Atypical vertebeae

Atlas (C1) Body and spinous

process absent consists of anterior and

posterior arches, and two lateral masses

Groove for vertebral artery

Atypical vertebeae Axis (C2): Distinguished by dens Which articulates with dental

fovea of anterior arch of atlas

Atypical vertebeae

Carotid tubercle: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6

Vertebra prominens (C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes

（ 3 ） Lumbar vertebrae Vertebrae Body ： larger, kidney-shape Vertebral foramen:

larger and triangular Spinous processes:

projects horizontally Transverse processes:

long Articular processes:

sagittal

Regional variations of vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumber vertebrae

Body Small Heart-shape, have superior and inferior costal fovea for rib heads

Larger, kidney-shape

Vertebral foramen

Larger and triangular Smaller, rounder Larger and triangular

Spinous processes

Short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7

Long, point obliquely downward

Projects horizontally

Transverse processes

Short and bifid, transverse foramen

Have transverse costal fovea for rib tubercles

Long

Articular processes

Horizontal Coronal Sagittal

（ 4 ） Sacrum Anterior surface:

Promontory anterior sacral foramina (four pairs)

Posterior surface: median sacral crest posterior sacral foramina (four pairs) sacral canal sacral hiatus sacral cornu

Lateral part: auricular surface sacral tuberosity

Cornua

palpation

Sacral hiatus

caudal anaesthesia

2. Sternum

Manubrium sterni jugular notch clavicular notch

Body of sternum Costal notches

Xiphoid process

2. Sternum

★ Sternal angle : the junction of

manubrium and body which connects 2nd

costal cartilage laterally

lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly

3. Ribs

General features 12 pair Ribs 1~7 called true ribs Ribs 8~10 called false ribs Ribs 11~12 called floating

ribs

1 ） Characteristics of “typical” rib

Posterior end costal head costal neck costal tubercle

Shaft costal angle costal groove

Anterior end

Atypical rib

First rib: tubercle for scalenus

anterior sulcus for subclavian

vein and artery 11th and 12th ribs lack

costal necks, tubercles and angles

You must identify follow structures ！

Vertebral body Vertebral arch pedicle of vertebral arch sup. and inf. vertebral notch

lamina of vertebral arch spinous process transverse process sup. and inf. articular

processes

Vertebral foramen

Intervertebral foramen superior and inferior

costal fovea transverse costal fovea transverse foramen Atlas Groove for vertebral

artery Promontory anterior sacral foramina

median sacral crest posterior sacral foramina

You must identify follow structures ！

sacral canal sacral hiatus sacral cornu auricular surface sacral tuberosity Manubrium sterni jugular notch

clavicular notch

Body of sternum Xiphoid process Sternal angle costal head costal neck costal tubercle costal angle costal groove