Human anatomy

SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

Introduction

Definition human anatomy is the science which deals with structures and functions of the human body, and it is the basic course of medicine aims

systematic anatomy regional anatomy

Surgical anatomy Sectional anatomy Surface anatomy X - ray anatomy X Locomotor anatomy

Levels of Structural OrganizationAtoms, moleculesCellularTissueOrganOrgan systemOrganism

(1) locomotor system (2) alimentary system (3) respiratory system (4) urinary system (5) genital system (6) endocrine system (7) circulatory system(angiology) (8) nervous system (9) sense organs

There are nine systems in the human body:

Anatomical position

superior , inferior anterior , posterior

Terms of the direction proximal distal internal , external superficial , profound (deep) medial lateral ulnar radial tibial fibular

Axis Verticsl axis Sagital axis Coronal axis

Plane: Sagital plane Coronal plane Horizontal plane (tansverse plane)

locomotor system Composition:The locomotor system consists of bone joints muscles

(1) long bone (2) short bone (3) flat bone (4) irregular bone Pneumatic bone Sesamoid bone

1. Classification of the bone

(1) long bone medullary cavity nutrient foramen articular surface metaphysis epiphysial cartilage epiphysial line Classification of the bone

(2) short bone Classification of the bone

(3) flat bone

Classification of the bone

some cranial bones ;

Vertebrae

hip bone (4) irregular bone Classification of the bone

(1) bony substance

Compact bone Cancellous bonetrabeculae2. The structure of the bones

(2) PeriosteumEndosteum The structure of the bones outer layer inner layer

(3) bone marrow red bone marrow yellow bone marrowThe structure of the bones

organic components inorganic components 3 7 1 1 1 3-43.The chemical composition and physical properties organic componentsinorganic components

3.The chemical composition and physical properties 373111

process spine eminence tuberosity tubercle crest

fossa fovea foveola sulcus impression notch

4. The surface features of the bones

cavity sinus antrumcellules canal or meatus aperture or foramen fissure

headcapitulum condyle epicondyle

surfaceborder

4. The surface features of the bones

Axial bone skull bones of trunkAppendiculoarbones bones of upper limbbones of lower limb 206 in number in adult

Bones of trunk Composition: vertebrae24 sacrum 1 coccyx1 sternum1 ribs24 () Vertebrae There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae C.V. 7 Thoracic vertebrae T.V. 12 Lumbar vertebrae L.V. 5 Sacral vertebrae S.V. 5 sacrum Coccygeal vertebrae Co.V. 3~4 coccyx

1. General features of vertebraeVertebral body Vertebral arch pedicle of vertebral arch sup. and inf. Vertebral notch lamina of vertebral arch

process (7): spinous process transverse process sup. and inf. articular processes Vertebral foramen Vertebral canal Intervertebral foramen

(1) Cervical vertebra a. the body: small

2. The characteristics of vertebrae in each regionb. transverse foramen Carotid tubercle anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6c. spinous processes short and bifid (except 17 cervical vertebrae)d. vertebral foramen triangular and relatively large

Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral massesGroove for vertebral artery

Vertebra prominens

(2) Thoracic vertebrae A. Vertebrae Body heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea B. Spinous processes long, point obliquely posterior and downward C.transverse costal fovea D.Articular processes: coronal

(3) Lumbar vertebra a.Vertebral body: Larger, kidney-shape b.vertebral foramen:. Larger and triangular c.Spinous processes: square and horizontal d.Articular processes: sagittal

(4) Sacrum Anterior surface: promontory, anterior sacral foramina (four pairs) Posterior surface: median sacral crest , posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus sacral cornu Lateral part: auricular surface , sacral tuberosity

(4 Sacrum Coccyx promontory Anterior surface of sacrum

(4 Sacrum Coccyx sacral cornuposterior sacral foramina

Sternum 1partsjugular notch

Sternum 1parts2 Sternal Angle

Ribs : 12Composition

Ribs : 12 Costal bone

First rib short and flattered superior surface inferior surface

scalene tubercle

The development of bones