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Science needs women.

L’ORÉAL-UNESCO AWARDSFOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE

19982008

CTR • BAT

SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL_MOSAÏQUE UK • Second Cover • 136,525 x 212,725 mm • Remise 04/01/08 • PP • Q

Since 1998, 52 women from 26 countrieshave been honored by the L’Oréal-Unesco Award.

Because L’Oréal and Unesco are convincedthat science needs women, we have joinedtogether to encourage women in their pursuit

of scientific careers around the world. Eachyear, 5 exceptional women scientists areselected by an international jury presided bya Nobel Prize laureate, rewarding the qualityof their work in life sciences or material sciences. And promising young women receiveresearch grants awarded by juries of scientistsat the national and international level.

www.forwomeninscience.com

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Contents

3 Encouraging Students— Advice to the Next Generation

7 Embracing Diversity

11 Staying Power! Have You Got What It Takes?

15 Asia— Shaking Up Tradition

19 Turning Others on to Science

23 Juggling Work and Family

27 Opting for Industry

31 L’OrÉal and UNESCO: Ten Years of Commitment to Women in Science

34 Image Credits

36 Additional Online Resources

2 Wanting, Believing, Doing Sean Sanders, Ph.D.

Writers: Laura Bonetta Julie P. Clayton [with additional contribution from TV Padma]Editor: Sean SandersCopy Editor: Robert BuckDesign: Amy Hardcastle

On the cover: Left to Right: Gloria Montenegro, Ana Belén Elgoyhen, Ligia Gargallo, Dominique Langevin, V. Narry KimOn this page: Clockwise from top: Fumiko Yonezawa,Jennifer Thomson in her garden and as a young girl

“Nothing in life is to be feared.

It is only to be understood.”

—Marie Curie

© 2008 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All Rights Reserved.

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Wanting, Believing,

Doing

Manywomenoverthepastcenturyhaveworkedhardtogainequalrepresentation,equitableadvancement,andfairrecognitionfor their work in the male-dominated scientific world.Theyhavehadthecouragetoquietly—andsometimesnotsoquietly!—challengethosewhotoldthemthattheycouldnotdosciencebecausetheywerenotcleverenough…orbecausetheywerenotmen.Itisontheshoul-dersofthesewomenthatthenextgenerationofwomenscientistsnowstands.

Inthisbooklet,webringyouthestoriesandadviceofsomeoftheseexceptionalwomen.Theyarenotnecessarilyfamous,butratherarewomenwhohavebeentruetothemselvesandfollowedtheirpassions.Theyhaveachievedinspiteofadversity…andsometimesbecauseofit.Manyhavebeenbalancingasuccessfulcareerwithraisingafamily;somehavehadtoovercomephysicaldisabilities.Theymayhavefaceddiscriminationorcomeupagainstculturalrestrictionsthatpreventedthemfromtakingcertainjobs.Whateverthehurdles,thesewomendemonstratetousallhowtobestrong,anddeterminedyetcollegial,whenchallenged,howtoworkwiththesystemtomakechangesfromtheinside,andhowtobebothactiveandunintentionalrolemodelstothosearoundthem.Theyarefromallovertheworld,fromalllevelsofsociety,andfromverydifferentbackgrounds.Butwhattheyallhaveincommon,besidestheir

gender,isapassionfortheirworkandtheinnerstrengthtonevertake“no”forananswerandtoshowtheworld,theirpeers,themselvesthattheycandowhatevertheysettheirmindsto.

Theyear2008marksthe10thanniversaryoftheL’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninScienceawards.Thedevelopmentofthisprogramhashelpedwomenallovertheworldtopursueexcellenceinresearchandconquergenderdiscriminationatagrassrootslevel.Althoughthisdecadeofgenerosityistobecelebrated,weshouldatthesametimestriveforthedaywhen,asoneofourinterviewees,VijayalakshmiRavindranath,soperfectlyputsit,womenwhodevotetheirlivestoresearchareknownandacceptedsimplyasscientists,ratherthanaswomenscientists.

Mypersonalhopeisthatthestoriesandwordsofwisdomcontainedinthesepageswillinspireyou,thefuturethinkersandachievers,totakeontheexcitingchallengesthatscienceandengineeringhavetooffer.Andthatthedaywillcometherewillbenothingunusualaboutwomen entering and succeeding in these fields, leadingsubsequentgenerationstowonderwhyweeverfounditnecessarytofocusoneffortsspecifically for women in science.

SeanSanders,Ph.D.CommercialEditor,Science

Inmanycountries,youngwomenconsideringscienceorengineeringasaprofessiontodaycanlookforwardtoincreasedawarenessofdiscriminationintheworkplaceandrealeffortstoensuretheirrightstopursuethecareerpathoftheirchoosing.Butthishasnotalwaysbeensoandiscertainlynottrueinallcountriesaroundtheglobe.

“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”

—Eleanor Roosevelt, reformer, journalist, diplomat (1884 - 1962)

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Encouraging StudentsADVICE TO THE NEXT GENERATION

Thefutureisfullofchallengesandscienceneedsthespecialtalentsofwomentohelpusmeetthesechallengeshead-on,”writesphysicistDominique Langevininanonlineforumofwomenscientists(www.agora.forwomeninscience.com/agora).

Girlscansometimesbeintimidatedbysci-enceandengineeringclasses,thinkingtheyare either too difficult or the domain of boys. Butmanywomenhavefoundrewardingandexciting careers in these fields—their advice: givethematry!

Dominique,whowasa2005L’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninSciencelaureate,wassteeredtowardsciencebyherfather.“Myfatherhadwantedtobeanengineerbutwasnotabletocompletehisstudiesbecauseof[WorldWarII],”sherecalls.Soatage18,Dominique,theolderoftwodaugh-ters,wasencouragedbyherfathertoenrollintheÉcoleNormaleSupérieureinParis—

Dominique Langevin

“Girls, don’t let anyone tell you science is only for boys!

themostprestigiousinstitutionofhighereducationinFrance—tostudyphysics.

Today,Dominiqueisoneofthemostwidelyrecognizedleadersinthestudyofsoftmat-ter.“Itisanexcitingtypeofwork.Iamalwaysdoingandlearningsomethingdifferent,”shesays.“AndImeetalotofinterestingpeople.”

Oneoftheaccomplishmentssheismostproudofisunderstandingthebehaviorofmicroemulsions—clearmixturesofliquidsthatdon’tnormallyliketomix,suchasoilandwater,andareusedinmanyproductslikecleanersandpesticides.Dominique’spioneeringstudieshavehadimportantappli-cationstothepetroleumindustry.

Nowthatherfourchildrenareoutofthehouse,Dominiqueistypicallyinherlabora-toryattheUniversitédeParis-SudinOrsayfrom8amuntil8pm,althoughitdoesnotevenfeellikeworktoher.“Themoreyoudoresearchandunderstandthings,themoreyou want to find out,” she says laughing.

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“ Ilovedusingmathto figure things out.

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Notmanygirlschoosephysicsastheirmajorincollege.AsanundergraduatestudentatPrincetonUniversity,Susan McKaywasinitiallypursuingamajorinpsychologywithaninterestinacareerinelementaryeducation,traditionallya“woman’s field.” Her adviser, who was a mathematician, sug-gestedthatSusantakeacourseinmathematicalphysics.Susantrieditandlovedit.“ItwasreallyfunandIwasdoingwellinit,”sherecalls.

Bythetimeshewasasophomoreshewashooked.“Ifoundthat when I was studying physics the time really flew by,” she says. “I loved using math to figure things out.” Susan tooksometimeoffbetweeneachofherdegrees—includingabriefbreakfollowinghermasterofsciencewhenherelderdaughterwasborn—butalwayscamebacktoresearch.“Sometimesstudentsthinkthatiftheytakeabreaktheywillnotbeascompetitive.ButIhaveseenmanystudentstakesometimeoffandcomebackasstrongerstudents,”shesays.“Wehavetogetridofthismyth.”

Today,sheisaprofessorofphysicsattheUniversityofMaine.Shereturnedtoheroriginalinterestineducationbycreatingaresearchcenterattheuniversityfocusedonimprovingthewayinwhichscienceistaught,sothatmorestudentswillwanttostickwithit.“Teachingisfunandtheresearchisreallyexciting,”sheexplains.“Ialwaysadvisestudentstopursuescience.Sometimestheydon’tevenrealizethatscienceissomethingtheyaregoodat.”

How do you know if science is right for you? “By doing it,” saysbiologistCarol Greider.“Ifyouhavetheopportunitytogetintoalabasanundergraduateanddoexperimentsandyou find that you are having fun, it is probably a good choice foryou,”shesays.

GrowningupinCalifornia,Carolwasinitiallydrawntomarinebiology,butseveralexperiencesindifferentlabssteeredhertowardcellsandmolecules.In1984sheacceptedapositionasagraduatestudentattheUniversityofCalifornia,BerkeleylaboratoryofElizabethBlackburn,whowasrecentlynamedasa2008L’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninSciencelaureate.

BlackburnhadbeeninvestigatinghowthepondorganismTetrahymenamaintainedthespecialcaps,calledtelomeres,

Entering male territory

Giving science a try

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How do you know if science is right for you?

Bydoingit!ontheendsofitschromosomes.Carolsetoutonanambi-tious quest to find a hypothetical enzyme thought to be responsibleformaintainingthesetelomeres.OnChristmasDay,ninemonthsafterjoiningthelab,Carolspottedsignsof its existence. The finding helped kick off a huge field of researchthatishelpingscientistsunderstandaginganddis-easeslikecancer.

Fortheirworkonthisenzyme,calledtelomerase,Carol,hergraduatesupervisorBlackburn,andJackSzostak,aresearcher at Harvard Medical School, received the 2006 LaskerAward.Oftendubbedthe“AmericanNobels,”theLaskersareconsideredamongthenation’smostprestigioushonorforbiomedicalresearch.

Carol,nowdirectorofmolecularbiologyandgeneticsattheJohns Hopkins Institute of Basic Biomedical Sciences in Baltimore,Maryland,encouragesherstudentstoseekoutasmanyresearchexperiencesaspossible.“Whatyouthinkyoulikemaynotnecessarilybewheretheintellectualexcitementisforyou,”shesays.“Sciencetakesalotofhardwork.Ifyouareexcited,itwillnotfeellikework.”

Susan McKay with daughters Tracy and Betsy

AnaBelén Elgoyhen,aneuroscientistinArgentinaanda Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) international researchscholar,alsoencouragesherstudentstopursuecareersinresearch.Aftercompletingasuccessfulpostdoc-toralfellowshipattheSalkInstituteforBiologicalStudiesinCalifornia,Beléndecidedtoreturntoherhomecountry.“Ihaveaneight-year-oldsonandIwanthimtoberaisedinthisculture,”sheexplains.Shewasrecentlynamedasa2008L’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninSciencelaureate.

Today,Belén’sresearchisconsideredamongthebestintheworld in the field of neuroscience. She would like the scien-tistsshetrainstofollowinhertracksbyreturningtoArgentinaandestablishingequallysuccessfullabs.“Youhavetobal-ancewhatyouwantinlife,”shesays.“ComingbacktoAr-gentinaisnottheendofacareer.Ifsomeoneisgoodabroad,shewillalsobegoodinArgentina.”Explainingherloveforscience,Belénsays,“WhatIenjoymostisthefreedomofasking questions, finding the way of answering them. I am in glory when I find something totally unknown.”

Giving science a try

For the love of it

Ana Belén Elgoyhen

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Joan Steitz

Joan Steitz, an investigator with the HHMI andprofessoratYaleUniversity,sharesthesameexcitementandlovefordiscovery.ButJoandidnotknowwhatresearchwaswhenshebeganherstudies.“WhenIwasincol-legethereweren’tanywomenfaculty,”sherecalls.“Iknewafewwomenphysicians,soat first I wanted to do medicine.”

ButafterobtainingherB.Sc.inchemistryatAntiochCollegeinYellowSprings,Ohio,JoanspentasummerinthelaboratoryofJoeGall,thenattheUniversityofMinnesota.“Ihadworkedinlabspreviouslybutonlyasatechnicianforsomeoneelse,”sheexplains.“Having my own project and my own goals wassoentrancing.ItmademerealizethatIreallywantedtodoaPh.D.”

Joan went to Harvard University in 1963 to jointhelaboratoryofJamesWatson—theNobellaureatewhohaddiscoveredthedou-ble helix along with Francis Crick—as his first femalegraduatestudent.“AtthetimeIneverenvisionedIwouldbeaprofessor,becausetherewerenotanyrolemodels,”saysJoan.“Ijustfocusedondoinggoodscienceratherthanonacareer.”

Butafterspendingthreeyearsasapostdoc-toralfellowattheMRCLaboratoryofMo-lecularBiologyinCambridge,UK,shejoinedthe faculty at Yale University in 1970. (Her husband,TomSteitz,isafacultymemberinthesamedepartment.)AtYale,JoanquicklyestablishedherselfasapioneerandleaderinthestudyoftinybutimportantmoleculescalledsmallnuclearRNAsandsmallnuclearribonucleoproteins.In2001,shewashon-oredasaL’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninSciencelaureate.

“IgetasexcitedaboutanewdiscoveryaswhenIstarted,”shesays.“Ifitbringsyoujoyto figure things out, then research is some-thingyoushouldconsider.”

“WhatIenjoymostisthefreedomofaskingquestions,finding the way of answeringthem.”

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Jill Bargonetti startedoffasadance majorattheStateUniversityofNewYorkatPurchasetakingonlyafewsci-encecourses.Sheeventuallyexchangedherdanceshoesforalabcoat,enrollingingraduateschoolatNewYorkUniversity.“Some scientists in the field made me feel badbecauseIwasalwaysinterestedinartandinfashion,”sherecalls.Jillstoodoutforanotherreason.ShewasoneofthefewAfri-canAmericanstudentsinherdepartment.

Untilrecently,simplybeingawomanstudy-ingsciencemeantbeingdifferent.Butinthepast20yearsthenumberoffemalestudentsin scientific fields has grown, as has the numberofwomenholdingseniorpositionsinacademicdepartmentsandinindustry.Despitethesechanges,womenfromcertainethnicandracialminoritiesandwomenwithdisabilitiesremaingreatlyunderrepresented.Formanyofthem,beingaminorityhasmadethemmoredeterminedtosucceedandtohelpothersfollowintheirtracks.

AfterobtainingherPh.D.(inmolecularbiology)andcompletingherpostdoctoraltraining,Jilldecidedtoseekapositionatacollegewithalargenumberofminoritystudents. In 1994, at age 31, she became oneoftheyoungestfacultymemberstojointhe department of biology at Hunter College, CityUniversityofNewYork.

“OneofthethingsthatIreallytryhardtodoistoexpectthebestfromallmystudents,”shesays.“Itellthem,‘Youneedtoworkhard,youhavetobeorganized,youhavetobearticulate.’”Buthavinglearnedfromherexperiencesshealsoencouragesherstudentstopursueawiderangeofinter-ests,evenifthesehavenothingtodowithresearch.“Thereisnotaparticularlifestyleorlookthatyoucanassociatewithbeingagoodscientist,”saysJill,whomarriedin1991andhastwosons.“Youneedtobepassion-ateaboutsciencetodowell,butyoucanbepassionateaboutmorethanonething.”

Jill Bargonetti

Embracing DiversityThepathsleadingtosciencecareersareasdiverseasthepeopletravelingthem.

Not fitting the mold

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Taipei-bornJackie Yingalsoknowswhatitmeanstostandout.InherundergraduateclassatTheCooperUnioninNewYorkCity,thetypicalstudentratiowasabouteightmentoev-ery woman. “Some of the floors did not even have bathrooms forwomen,”sherecallslaughing.

Shelandedapositionin1992astheonlyAsianAmericanfemalefacultyinthechemicalengineeringdepartmentoftheprestigiousMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)inCambridge. At age 32, she became the youngest scientist to obtaintenureinherdepartment’shistory.

Sheisappreciativeforthesupportandencouragementshereceived from senior colleagues at MIT and in her field. “Be-ingaminorityyoualwayshavetoproveyourselfandworkharderthaneveryoneelse,buttherearealsoalotofpeoplewhoreallywanttoseeyousucceed,”shesays.

In 2003 Jackie left MIT to lead Singapore’s Institute of Bio-engineeringandNanotechnology,agovernment-supportedresearchinstitutethatopenedinMarch2002.“Thiswasauniqueopportunity,”explainsthe41-year-old,whohasalreadyseenherstaffgrow10-fold.“Ithasbeenalotoffuntorecruitexcellentyoungscientists,engineers,andmedicaldoctorsandtocreateanenvironmentwherewecandoreallyexcitingresearch.”

AsheadoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience’s(AAAS)educationandhumanresourcespro-gram,Shirley Malcomhasdedicatedhercareertohelpingyoung people achieve. Her commitment comes, in part, from herownlifeexperience.ShirleywasbornandraisedinBir-mingham,Alabama,understrictracialsegregation.“Inhighschoolallmyteacherswereblackandallthestudentswereblack,”sheexplains.

InspiredbytheexcitementsurroundingtheUSspaceprogramin the 1960s, Shirley went to the University of Washington tostudysciencebutshealmostfailedherchemistrylabs.“Ihadcomefromapoorschoolandhadnotseenanyofthatequipmentbefore,”sherecalls.AnAfricanAmericanteachingassistanthelpedhergetthroughtheclass.“IconvincedhimthatIwasnotdumb,justunderprepared,”shesays.“IfIhad

IhopethatthefactthatIhavedoneitwillmakeiteasierforotherwomentodoit.“ “

Trying harder

Shirley Malcom

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Ameenah Gurib-Fakim wasanoutsiderbothwhenshelefthernativeMauritiustoattenduniversityintheUnitedKing-dom,andwhenshereturnedhome10yearslater.“IwastheonlywomanwhohadcomebackwithapostgraduatedegreeatthePh.D.level,”recallsAmeenah,whoobtainedaPh.D.inorganicchemistryfromtheUniversityofExeter,UK,beforemovingbackhometoapositionattheUniver-sityofMauritius.

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InawayIfeellikeIhavebrokentheglassceiling.

notdonewellIwouldhavegivenup.”Later,afacultyadviserinvitedShirleytojoinhisresearchlabandencouragedhertogotograduateschoolatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.

Shirleysaysthatasshewasadvancingthroughhercareeritsometimesfelttiringtoalwayshavetoprovethatshehadarighttobethere.“IhopethatthefactthatIhavedoneitwillmakeiteasierforotherwomentodoit,”shesays.“Iamnotexceptional.Iammarriedwithchildren.Ihavestruggledwithallthesameissuesofjugglingfamilyandcareerasanyotherwoman.”

Forstudentswhoareinterestedinscienceandresearch,Shirleysaysto“goforit!”evenifitseemsanoddchoicetoyourfriendsandfamily.“Ithasalwaysbeenfunandinterest-ingandchallenging.Tobeabletobuildalifearoundsome-thingthatcarriestheseattributesisprettycool!”

Focusing on accomplishments

“ “

Ameenah Gurib-Fakim

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BeingaminoritydidnotkeepGerman-bornImke DurrefromasuccessfulcareerasascientistintheUnitedStates.AphysicalscientistwiththeNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdminis-tration, Imke is among a fairly small number of female researchers in the field of atmospheric science.Sheisalsoblind.“Somepeoplethinkthatbeingawomanandhavingadisabilityislikeadoublewhammy,butIdon’tseeitthatwayinmycase,”shesays.“Ineedcertainon-the-jobaccommodationsonaccountofmyblindness,butnoneforbeingawoman.Asaresult,thefactthatIamawomantendstofalltothebackground.”

Imke got her first taste of research when she was a high school student in Fort Collins, Colo-rado.WhenareporterfromalocalpaperaskedaclimatologistatColoradoStateUniversitywhentheearliest100-degreedayintheyearhadoccurred,hedidnothavetheinformationathand.ButImke,whowasvolunteeringforalocalmeteorologist,quicklyfoundandsubmittedtheanswertothepaper,whereitwaspublishedthenextday.“Ihadneverdonesomethingsoforward,”sherecalls.TheboldmoveresultedinasummerjobattheColoradoClimateCenter.

Imkeadvisesstudentswithdisabilitiestomakesuretheygetallthesameopportunitiesandexperiencesasotherstudents,evenifthatrequiresdoingthingsalittledifferently.“ThefactthatIhavefacedchallengesisn’tallthatmuchdifferentfromanyoneelse’sexperience,”sheexplains.“Regardlessofwhetherwehaveadisability,weallencounterchallengesthatweneed to figure out how to handle.”

Seeking mentors

Amotheroftwoyoungchildrenandthe2007L’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninScienceAwardlaureateforAfrica,Ameenahwas the first woman to be promoted to the rankoffullprofessoratheruniversity.Sheiscurrentlypro-vicechancelloroftheuniversity.“InawayIfeellikeIhavebrokentheglass

ceiling,”shesays.Beingaminoritywasnotalwayseasy,butAmeenahsaysshealwaysfocusedonwhatshewantedtoaccomplish.“Youhavetoreallybelieveinwhatyouaredoinganddevelopamindsetthatyouwillnotpayattentiontopeoplewhosayyoucannotdoit.”

Imke Durre, second from left

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Jennifer McElwain hasbeenfascinatedbyscience since her childhood in Ireland. Her fatherwasachemicalengineer,hermotherakeengardener.“IknewtheLatinnamesofalltheplantsattheageofthree.Itwasseededearly.”AfterherPh.D.JenniferwenttotheUnitedStateswheresheworkedattheFieldMuseuminChicago,studyingthefossilsofplantsthathadlivedonEarthmillionsofyearsago.Shealsohadfunwithorganizingspecialeventssuchasvisitsforschoolchildren.

After14years,however,shewasreadytogoforahigherposition,andalsolongedtoreturnhome,togetherwithherscientisthusbandandyoungdaughter.Shehadtoface two challenges: find not only a position backinIreland,butalsothefundstopayforher research. The first she tackled by getting

alectureshipatUniversityCollegeDublin(UCD),bringingwithhertheskillsandtechniquesshehaddevelopedwhileintheUnitedStates.ThesecondhurdlesheovercamebywinningaMarieCurieExcellence award for €1.75 million. “It’s beenamazingtocomebacktoIrelandtoafast-trackatUCD.I’msettingupareallyexcitinglaboncampus—allcustomdesigned.”Jennifer’slabwillmimicchangesthathappenedintheEarth’satmosphere200millionyearsago,totesthowsimilarchangeslinkedtoglobalwarmingcouldaffecttoday’splantsandanimals. Her award supports a team of twopostdocsandtwoPh.D.students,aswellassecuringapromisefromtheuniversitytotakeoverthecostofhersalary.

Ifyouarefascinatedbyscience,thenacareerinresearchisagreatchoiceforyou.Womenscientistsfromaroundtheworldsharesixkeystepstheyhavetakeninordertoachievetheirgoalsanddreams.

Jennifer McElwain

Staying Power! Have You Got What It Takes?

Step1.Getthemoney

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Aderoju Osowole

“Womenare diligent, hard working, and go-getters!”

TrainingabroadwasacriticalearlystepforAderoju Osowole, currenltyattheUniversityofIbadaninNigeria.In1998,whileaPh.D.student,shewonanawardfromtheThirdWorldAcademyofSciencestotraveltotheIndianInstituteofScience’sDepartmentofInorganicandPhysicalChemistryinBangalore.

“TheIndianlaboratorieswerewellequippedandmaintained,withconstantelectricityandwatersupplies,evenatweek-endsandpublicholidays.Incontrast,inNigeriathedearthofresearchfacilitiesandconstantpowerfailureshaveimpairedouractivitiesasresearchers.Consequentlywehavespentmoretimeonteachingthanonresearch.”

AfterreturningtoNigeria,AderojuwasabletosetupaninorganicchemistryresearchunitattheUniversityofIbadan.Morerecently,shetraveledtoGermanyforfurthertraininginphysicsonaGeorgeForsterFellowshipfromtheAlex-ander von Humboldt Foundation. She believes that women scientistshavetheabilitytosucceed.“Nowadays,womenscientists[inNigeria]areheldinhighesteem,unlikebefore,becauseexperiencehasshownthatwomenarediligent,hardworking,andgo-getters.”

Step2.Getthetraining—evenifitmeanshavingtotravelfar

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Dolores J. Cahill

Step 3. Getnetworking“Womenneedtolearntheimportanceofbuildingnationalandinternationalnetworks,whichtheycanbeginbypartici-patingatinternationalconferencesfromanearlystageandbyseekingoutamentor,”saysDolores J. Cahill,professoratUniversityCollegeDublinConwayInstituteofBiomolecularandBiomedicalResearch,Ireland.

DoloresleftIrelanddirectlyafterherPh.D.andspent10yearsinGermany,mainlyattheMax-PlanckInstituteofMolecularGeneticsinBerlin,andwasawardedaBioFuturegranttodevelopproteinarraytechnologyandtosupporttheco-foundingofaproteomicscompany,ProtagenAG.

Having returned to Ireland, Dolores is on the government’s AdvisoryScienceCouncilwhereshefeelsprivilegedtoassistinadvancingscienceinIreland.Asafemalesheisoftenintheminority,butdoesnotfeeltheneedtomakeanissueofit. “Women should be noted for their scientific contribution ratherthanthefactthattheymaybetheonlywomanatameeting.”

Dame Julia Higgins,professorofpolymerscienceatImperi-alCollegeofScienceandTechnologyinLondon,remembershavingtobattlewithherownmodestyinordertodeclareherselfacandidateforaprofessorship.Thedepartmentalprofessorialpanelhadnominatedothercandidateswhoseemedtothemtohavebetterormoreurgentcases,butthe Head of Departmentdidn’thesitatetosupportJulia’scaseonceshehadputherselfforward.“Womentendtobeless definite about whether they ought to be pushing forward forpromotion—theydon’tpushthemselvesinappropriatewaysandthey’renotaswellnetworkedasmen,andthere-forelesswellinformed.”Ironically,JulianotesthatatImperial,thosewomenwhogoforpromotionaremoresuccessfulthanthemen.

Determinedtohelpotherwomenscientists,JuliahashelpedtoinitiatenewrecruitmentpoliciesatImperialtomaketheprocessofapplyingforseniorpositionslessintimidating,particularlytowomen,andshehasworkedwiththeAthenaProjecttoencourageuniversitiesacrosstheUnitedKingdomtoattractmorewomenscientiststotop university posts. When she first became a professor therewerefewotherwomenfacultyaroundher.“Ifeltratherobviousandpossiblyabitisolated,butitdidn’tmakemewanttostop,becauseitwasallsointeresting.”

“Women should be noted for their scientific contribution ratherthanthefactthattheymaybetheonlywomanatameeting.”

Step4.Startpromotingyourself

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Step5.FindrolemodelsGettingtoknowotherseniorwomenscien-tistsisagoodwaytoovercomeself-doubt,accordingtoAoife Moloney, alecturerattheSchoolofElectronicandCommunicationsEngineering,DublinInstituteofTechnologyinIreland.“AlotofwomenIknowworkinginengineeringthinkthey’renotgreatatengi-neering. The men are more confident.” The answer, she says, is to find role models. “I’ve metalotofwomenengineerswhoaretwoorthreeyearsaheadofmeandtheysaytheythinktheycouldbebetter,too.It’sgoodifyouhearthat.”Keentoencourageotherwomentotakeupengineering,sheorganizespartiesandeducationalevents,aswellasvisitingdaysforsecondaryschools.

Kate Nobes with her children

Gettingto know other senior women scientistsisagoodwaytoovercomeself-doubt.

Step 6. PlanyourcareerMany women scientists find that the very time at which they are ready to go for promotion is alsowhentheywishtostartafamily.Carefulcareerplanning—aboutbothwheretowork,andwhentohaveababy—isessential.ForLucia Reining,takingupapermanentpositionasaresearcher,andlaterdirectorofresearch,attheFrenchNationalResearchCentreinalabora-toryoftheEcolePolytechniqueinPariswasakeymoveinenablinghertocombinehavingafamily with a career in physics. Lucia was only two weeks away from giving birth to her first childwhensheinterviewedfortheposition.Shelaterhadtwingirls,andisnowtheheadofateamof20researchers,aswellasthepresidentofaninternationalgroup,theEuropeanTheoreticalSpectroscopyFacility.Theworkrequiresalotoftimespentonadministrationandfinance as well as science, which can be stressful. “If I had not had the permanent position, theprobabilitythatIwouldhavegivenupatsomepointwouldhavebeenextremelyhigh.”

ForKate Nobes,areaderattheUniversityofBristol,UK,thequestionofwhetherornotshecouldallowherselftohaveasecondchildhadtobecarefullybalancedwiththedemandsofpublishingacademicpapers.“Itisacompetitivejobandifyouwanttocompeteyouhavetoworkallhours.”SecuringthelectureshipinBristol,andthejobsecuritythatcamewithit,enabledKatetofollowthroughwithherlong-termfamilyplans.

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Shazia Anjum isaninspiringexampleforyoungwomeninPakistan.Shewasonlythreeyearsold,livinginBahawarpur,whenher father died. Her mother—who had lit-tleeducationandwhoworkedasaclothesmaker—struggledtobringuptwoyounggirlsandwassadthatshehadnosontobringsuccesstothefamily.ButShazia’sgrandmotherwouldnotacceptthesituation,insistingthatShazia’smombreakwithtradi-tion—andriskherfamily’sopposition—bygoingtoschoolandthenworkingasaschoolteachertoallowhertobringuphertwogirlswithdignity.Shaziathenfollowedthe wave of change and became the first girlinherfamilytoliveawayfromhome,inahostel,inordertoattendhighschool.“Myfamilyisveryreligious—theyneverallowedgirlstostudymuch.SoIhadtoprovemyselfbetterthanason.Afterme,itchanged.NowI’manexampletothemallandmymotherisproudofme.”

NowanassistantprofessorattheIn-ternationalCentreforChemicalSciencesinKarachi,Shaziahasahigher qualification, a Ph.D.,thananyoftheboysinherfamily,and

ASIA

ShaziaAnjum

Asia, with its kaleidoscope of different

cultures, is seeing significant changes in the prospects for

women scientists.

Traditionhakings up

morepublicationsthananyotherassistantprofessoratherresearchcenter.

“Therehasbeengreatsocialchangeinthepast10to15years.Girlsarecomingforwardandaredoingverywell,gettingintouniversityonmerit.”CurrentlyShaziaisdoingtwoyearsfurthertraininginCanada,andplanstohelpherhomecountryofPakistan to become self-sufficient in the manufactureofaffordablemedicines.

Shazia’sstoryrevealshowattitudeshavechangedinPakistan,astheyhaveinotherAsiansocieties.“Ihopetherewillbeadaywhenwewillbeknownasscientistswhoalsohappentobewomen,ratherthan

womenscientists,”laughsVijayalakshmi Ravindranath, theonlyfemaledirectorofana-tionalresearchlabora-toryunderthescienceministryinIndia—theNationalBrainRe-searchCentre(NBRC)inGurgaon,nearDelhi.Butitmaytakemanymoreyearsbeforeherhopesbecomeareal-ityacrossAsia.

1�

NancyIp,left,andhermother

“Thiswasamajor

achievementinsciencefor

Chinaanditreceiveda

lotofmediacoverage.”—NancyIpon

becomingaL’Oréal-

UNESCOAward

laureatein2004.

“Generallyspeaking,theobstaclesfacedbywomenscientistsarenotduetounequalopportunitiesorskills.Rather, they stem from insufficient role models, and the lackofsupportforwomenwhostriveforacareerandafamily,”accordingtoNancy Ip, DirectoroftheBiotechnologyCentre of Hong Kong’s University of Science and Technology.

She has been a national celebrity since becoming the first ChinesescientistinthelifesciencestoreceiveaL’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninScienceAwardin2004.“ThiswasamajorachievementinscienceforChinaanditreceivedalotofmediacoverage—Iwasontelevisionandinthenewspa-pers.”SheoftengivestalkstoencouragefemalestudentstopursueacareerinscienceandherlabhasbecomeamagnetforyoungChinesewomenaspiringtobescientists.

“Theyseethatsolongastheyarepersistenttheycanpursuetheirdream,”Nancyenthuses.

Nancy’schildren,asonandadaughter,werebornonlyoneyearapart.“IwasdedicatedtomyworkbutIalsostrivedtospendtimewithmychildrenwheneverpossible.AlthoughIoftenmissedseeingthemperformatschool,theycherishedmyefforttospendtimewiththem.I’msureallwomenscien-tistsgothroughthis.Ibelievethatwecanexcelbothinourscientific careers and in our roles as mothers.”

Nancy’sownrolemodelwasRitaLevi-Montalcini,theItalianneuroscientistwhoisnowtheoldestlivingNobelPrizewin-ner. “She became a giant in her field and showed such dedi-cationassheovercameobstaclesthroughouthercareer.”

Despite being obvious high-achievers in their scientific work, fewwomeninIndiaareintoppostsoronappointmentcommittees,andnowomanhaseverbecomeheadofascienceacademy.

1�

From the top: Vijayalakshmi Ravindranath; RohiniGodbole;andRohiniasagraduatestudentinAmerica.

“In India, it is not difficult to attract girls toward learning and teach-ing science. The real difficulty lies in attracting them to doscience,”observes Rohini Godbole, professor at the Centre for High Energy PhysicsattheIndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore.

Rohinioriginallytaughtherselfmathematicsoutsideschoolhours.She’s well known in her field and has her name attached to two scientific phenomena—thehigh-energyparticleRees-Godboleeffect,andtheRees-Godbolemodel.

ThesocialandculturalcharacterofSouthAsiameansthatparentstendtodiscouragegirlsfrompursuingaPh.D.outoffearthattheymay not find “better academically and professionally qualified” groomsfortheirdaughters,saysRohini.Vijayalakshmi andRohiniareamongthefewwhoswamagainstthattide.“Wehavetomaketoughchoicesbecauseofourmultiplerolesandresponsibilitiesathome and office, and we have to face the consequences of our choices,”saysVijayalakshmi.

Withasupportivehusbandandparents,VijayalakshmileftherinfantsoninIndiatodoherpostdoctoraltrainingattheNationalInstitutes of Health in the United States. Her husband and son encouragedhertoaccepttheofferoftheNBRC’sdirector’spostin2000,evenifitmeantseparationagainfromthem.

“Sciencecareersforwomenofteninvolveacommutingmarriage,”saysRohini,whospent12yearsofhermarriagetravelingbetweenIndiaandGermany.

Indiaischanging,includingthroughthelaunchofanewgovern-mentfellowshipprogramforwomenscientistswhosecareershavebeeninterruptedbytheirhusbands’jobtransfers,orbyhavingbabies.Womenarejumpingatthechancetoresumetheirsciencecareers.

TherealbreakthroughforAsia,accordingtoVijayalakshmi,willcomeonlywhenwomenscientistshaveasayinselectionsforse-niorpositions.“Weneedtodevelopacriticalmassofwomensci-entistsinthedecision-makingprocesstomakeadent,”shesays.

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“ We need to develop a critical mass of women scientists

in the decision-making process to make a dent.”

“Athomeyouthinkofworkandatworkyouthinkofyourbabiesathome.”

—JurgennePrimaverawithhergrandchildren

TheAsiancountrythatisseeingperhapsthebiggestchangeinattitudeisJapan,whichtellinglyhashadfewwomenphysicists.Masako Bando, for example, was the first womanphysicisttojointhefacultyatKyotoUniversity in the 1960s, before moving to AichiUniversity20yearsago.Shewasdeter-minedtoprovewrongtheprofessorwhotoldher,“Youshouldn’tdophysicsifyouwanttobeamother.”

Masakowasstillingraduateschoolwhenshe had her first child. But with no nursery available,shewasforcedtosetoneupathome,withagroupofotherworkingmoms.“Beforethen,womenwouldasktheirmoth-ersorgrandmothersforhelp.Butmostgaveupwork.”

MasakonowseeshugedifferencesinJapan.Manyuniversitiesnowprovidematernitypayandchildcarefacilities,andequaloppor-tunitiesareenshrinedinlaw.TheUniversityofTokyo,forexample,offersfellowshipstowomenscientiststoreturntoworkaftercareerbreaks.Thenumberofwomenphysi-cistsinJapanisnowincreasing—butslowly.

InthePhilippinesandotherpartsofSouth-eastAsia,womenscientistshaveenjoyedmorelibertyandarelesslikelytobeheldbackbymalechauvinism,accordingtoJurgenne Primavera, scientistemeritusat

theSoutheastAsianFisheriesDevelopmentCenterinTigbauan,centralPhilippines.AndthereisstillrelativelyaffordablehouseholdhelpandchildcarecomparedtosayEuropeorNorthAmerica.

Jurgennerecallswhenshewasaschoolgirl,travelingwithherfatherforsixhourstoreachthenearestschoolexaminationcenter.Ontheway,“Wehadtocrossbambooandcoconuttrunkstogetoverswollenrivers.”Jurgennerealizedthatshewantedonedaytotackletheenvironmentalproblemsrespon-sible,suchasthedestructionofforestsandsoilerosion.

Jurgenneisnowknownasmuchforherbattlesagainstthosewhowouldharmforestsas for her scientific work, as she has fought toprotectmangroveswampsandpromotethe farming of milkfish and other edible fishespopularamongFilipinos.Evenwhenherfourchildrenwereyoung,Jurgenneoftenhadtogo on field trips and travel to conferences, butsheworkedhardtobeabletoaffordthe“luxury”ofthreehome-helpers.Still,shehadthe same “split personality” as other moms: “Athomeyouthinkofworkandatworkyouthinkofyourbabiesathome.”

Jurgenne’s marriage advice? “Look for a partnerwhoissecureinhimselfandpre-paredtoaccepthouseholdduties.”

1�

AttheEnergyResearchCentreattheNationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico,inMex-icoCity,Julia Tagüeñais aprofessorofphysicswitha

passionforcommunicationthatequalsherfascinationwithscience.Theseedsweresownwhenshetookasabbaticalin1991to create the Energy Hall of Universum—the university’sMuseumofScience—ofwhichsheisnowdirector.Shehassincebecomearespectedsciencecommunicator,reachingouttobothschoolchildrenandthegeneralpublicviatalks,television,andradio.

“Ihavebeenaskedmanytimesbyteenag-ers,aftergivingatalk,ifdoingsciencewillallowthemtohaveafamilyaswell.Itellthemthattohaveacareerisverycompatiblewithhaving a family: you can be a very interesting motherforyourchildren.”

Forsomewomenscientists,keepingtheirworkatworkisnotenough—theywishtosharetheirloveofsciencewiththeworldoutside.Whatevertheirtalents,itseemsthere’sawaytotakesciencetothebroadercommunity.

Turning Others on to Science

Julia Tagüeña

Toencouragegirls,sheiscurrentlyinvolvedinpreparingaseriesofchildren’sbookswhichincludestoriesofMexicanwomenscientists.

“Youngwomeninmycountryaremoreawareofwhattheycandoandarenotasconcernedasmygenerationaboutwhatsocietyexpects.”

Althoughshehaswitnesseddiscriminationagainstwomenscientists,Juliabelievesthatthingsarelookingupforthem.

“Mycountry’sbiggestproblemsarepovertyandthelackofopportunitiesformanyMexi-cans.Inthiscontext,educatedwomenhavemoreopportunitiesinLatinAmericathantheyhaveinverydevelopedcountries.ItissimilartowhathappenedduringtheSecondWorldWar in Europe and USA: as the men went to war,womentooktheirplaces.”

JuliaTagüeña

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InTunisia,too,womenareperhapsenjoyingmoresup-portthanelsewhere,accordingtoFarida Faouzia Charfi.“Ihaven’thadaproblemasawoman.Inthedevelopedcountries scientific research is an old tradition, and scienceisseenasamaleactivity.ButinTunisiathatis

not the case because the development of the scientific sector isrelativelyrecentandwedon’thavethesamemasculineimageofscience.”

Asiftoillustratethepoint,Farida’sthreedaughtersallpursuedscience-related careers: one is a physicist, a second a medi-caldoctor,andthethirdanengineerintelecommunications.Nonetheless,Tunisiadoeshavethesame“leakypipeline”asothercountries,whichseesmostyoungwomenabandontheir scientific careers in favor of home and children, so that onlyafewwomenreachtoppositions.

Farida helped to create the country’s first physics laboratory at the University of Tunis in 1975, followed by the first laboratory forsemiconductorphysics.ShehasalsomadeastronomyandphysicspopularwiththeplanetariumattheCityofScience museum in Tunis. Her activities now extend beyond borders—sheactsasaprominentspokespersontoencour-ageIsraeliandPalestinianscientiststoworktogetheonbehalfof the Israeli-Palestinian Scientific Organization.

“Thiscooperationisveryimportantforpeace.Thesituationnow is very difficult in these countries, but there are Palestin-iansandIsraeliswhoareconvincedthattheycanachieveit.”

Farida Faouzia Charfi withhergrandchildren

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Meanwhile,Hester Bijl atDelftUniversityforScienceandTechnologyintheNetherlands,dispelsstereotypicalimagesofscientistsfortheDutchpublicbyweeklyappearancesona Dutch television quiz show, “How Things

Work”(www.hoezo.tv).Theshow,watchedbyalmostonemillionviewers,featureswackyscienceprojectsandposesquestions to scientific experts. “I like to change the perspec-tive on science: it’s not boring, just old guys, or far-fetched –it’sfunandexciting!”

Hester goes against the assumptions of millions of viewers thatonlymencanbephysicistsorengineersbybeingtheexpertonthesesubjectsratherthanonbiologyorhumani-ties.“Idon’tputthefocusonmybeingafemalebutjustonthecontent.”

Iwantedpeopletotakemoreprideinthecountryandtakesomeownershipofscience.“ “

ChallengingperceptionsaboutscienceandcultureisalsoamajorpreoccupationforJanice Limson,aseniorlecturerinbiotechnologyatRhodesUniversity,SouthAfrica,whereherresearchfocusesonthedevelopmentofbiosensorsforearlydiseasedetectionandthemonitoringofenvironmentalpolu-tion. Janice had a “real wake-up call” when she first leftSouthAfricatodoresearchintheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedKingdom.“Fromotherpeople’spointofview,therewasnogoodscience[inSouthAfrica].Itwasadarkcontinent.AndeveninsideSouthAfricapeopledidnotrealizetherewassciencegoingon.”

SoJanicedecided,sevenyearsago,tocreateAfrica’s “first online science magazine,” Science in Africa (www.scienceinafrica.com),nowshowcasingAfricanscienceto1.5millionreadersin95countries,includingstudentsandschoolchildren.Manyscien-tistswriteforher—often having their first stab at writ-ingforthepublic.“IwantedpeopletobeabletotakemoreprideinthecountryandtakesomeownershipofscienceinAfrica.NowIhavehighschoolkidswritingtomesaying,‘Iwanttostudythis,’and‘IhadnoideathisworkwasgoingoninSouthAfrica.’”

JaniceLimsonwithherwildcaracal,Gaphoof.

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InEgypt,too,televisionhasbroughtsciencetothemasses,thankstoFarkhonda Hassan,whoissecretarygeneralfortheNationalCouncilForWomeninEgyptandteachesattheAmericanUniversityinCairo.Untilrecently,Farkhondadevoted41yearstopresentingaweeklysciencemagazineshowonnationaltelevision.Ahighlightwasbeingrecognizedonthestreetbyanelderlywomaninaslumdistrict,whoaskedFarkhondaaboutthe

fuelofashipthatwasontheshow.“Iwassohappythatanold,illiterate,poorwomanwasaskingmethisquestion.”

Sheremembersbeing12,onafamilypicnic,whenshewasfascinatedbysomerockformations.Afamilyfriendexplainedthatthehilltheyweresittingonwasbelowtheseamillionsofyearsago.“ItoldhimIwantedtobeageologistwhenIgrewup,andallthemenlaughed.Ididn’tknowwhattheywerelaughingabout.SoIdiditbecauseitwasachallenge.”

Nowaleadinglightinpolitics,shegivesspeechesaboutwaterresourcesandoilexploration,basingherargumentsonscience.Sheisalsopioneeringtheuseofinformationtechnologyforwomenlivinginruralcommunities,toimprovethequalityoftraditionalhandicrafts.Byenlargingtheirstitchesoncomputerscreens,theycanseemistakesmoreeasily.Thewomencreatetheirownmar-ketingmaterialsandselltheirgoodsviatheInternet,generatingmoreincomethanbefore.“Wehelpthemontheconditionthattheysendtheirchildrentoschool.”

Onceatschool,girlsinEgypthavenoproblem,itseems,inpassingexams.Theculturaltraditionsdictatethatgirlsstayinatnighttostudy,whileboys“canstayoutlater.”Astheirgradesreveal—inschoolandinuniversity—girlsareoutperformingboys.

Onatotallydifferenttrack,Ahna SkopattheUniversityofWisconsinatMadisonisbothanartistandageneticistwhowononeoftheUSgovern-ment’sPresidentialEarlyCareerAwardsforScientistsandEngineersin2007.Shehasdeliberately chosen a field that depends onavisualmedium—cellbiology.Wheningraduateschoolshebeganwhat“alotof people thought was crazy”: an art show at theInternationalC.elegansMeeting.Itprovedpopular,withentriesfromscientistsallovertheworldofartinspiredbytheirresearch—suchaselectronmicroscopeimages,charcoaldrawings,andevenlaboratoryglasswaresculptedintodifferentshapesandfilled with colored liquids. The show is now a regulareventattheannualconference,andisanat-tractionforhighschoolstudents,too.“Theygettosee what the scientific community is working on and how beautiful it is. I think scientific art is a great way ofintroducingpeopleofallagestoscience.”Sheadds: “My dream is to curate a scientific art show thatwouldtraveltheworld.”

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Gone are the days when women thoughttheyhadtochoosebetweenacareerandhavingafamily.Inscience,asinotherprofessions,womennowadayscandoboth. But how do they juggle the two?

The key is flexibility, according to Tomasina Marisa Oh Suan Sim, whodoesresearchinlinguisticsattheNationalUniversityofSingapore.“Aslongasyoudoyourworkyoucanchooseyourhoursandboundariesandmovethemaround.WheneverpossibleIleaveworkatfouro’clockeachdaytospendtwohourswithmychildrenbeforetheygotobed,andthenmyhusbandandIworkagainintheevenings.”

Asupportiveenvironmentalsohelps.“Ibelongtoanextremelyfamily-friendlydepart-ment.WhentheyknewIhadababy,they

triedtoshiftcoursestothefollowingtermsothatIcamebackjusttodoresearch.”

Womenscientistsoftenworryabouthowtheycantaketimeouttohavebabiesandnurtureyoungchildrenwhileatthesametimeprovethemselvesasscientists—especiallywhentheywishtocompeteforpermanentposts.

“Aslongasyoudoyour

workyoucanchooseyour

hoursandboundariesand

movethemaround.”

��

Tomasina Oh with Oliver and Hugo Oh Graham

Juggling work and Family

��

one solution is tohavechildrenasearlyaspossible.“It’sbettertoestablishyourfamily first, and then establishyourcareer.Afterall,you’rebornwithyourovaries,soputthembeforepa-pers,”advocatesIjeoma Uchegbu, professorofpharma-ceuticalnanoscienceatLondonUniversity’sSchoolofPharmacy.

IjeomaalreadyhadthreechildrenwhenshebeganherPh.D.

at the age of 30, drawn by the intellectual freedom. “You couldstumbleonsomethingunusual,getapublicationinagoodjournal.Ithoughtthiswasagreatprofessiontobein—Ihadfoundmyniche!”

Shewasalso,atthetime,asingleparent.Determinedtodevelopbettercareerprospects,shekeptherfamilyasecretfor the first six months into her appointment. “I didn’t even tellmylabmatesbecauseIfearedthattheywouldnottakemeseriously.”

When she finally plucked up the courage to tell her boss “hewasfantastic.”Ijeomalooksbackontheepisodenowasasignofhowmuchattitudeshavechanged,evenoverthepast17orsoyears.“Now,womenwouldnothidefromsupervisorsthattheyhavechildren.Theywouldn’tfeelthatpressure.”

an alternative option for women tryinG to establishacareerandafamilyatthesametimeistotakemoretimetoestablisharesearchportfoliobeforecompetingwithothersforpermanentjobs.PrincetonUniversityintheUnitedStateshasblazedatrailwithits“tenureclock”whichgivesstaffwithanewbaby—bothmenandwomen—anextrayearof“catch-up”timeinwhichtoboosttheirnumberofpublishedpapersbeforetheyapplyfortenure.Whenitfirst took effect, however, a problem soon arose, according toShirley Tilghman, named the first woman president of Princetonin2001,anda2002L’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninSciencelaureate.

��

“We’renow

recruitingmenand

womenequally.”

—ShirleyTilghman

IjeomaUchegbu

��

“Whenweanalyzeditwediscoveredtoourhorrorthatmoremenwereaskingforthatextrayearthanwomen.”Thetroublewasthatstaffhadtorequesttheextrayear,andwomenwhofearedbeingdiscriminatedagainstbyappearing“weak”didnotaskforit.Thesolutionwastoensurethatthetenureclockstoppedautomaticallyfornewparents.Thestrategyhasprovedsosuccessfulthatotheruniversitiesarefollowingsuit.AtPrinceton,it’sprovedamajordraw.“We’reseeingabigdifferenceinourrecruitment—we’renowrecruitingmenandwomenequally,”saysShirley.

ItwasShirley’sownlifeexperiencethatledhertochampionamorefamily-friendlypolicy.“Iwasaparentwhoforyearswasjugglingraisingchildrenandhavingaseriousacademiccareer.Ifyou’velivedthroughthatexperience,it’salmostimpossiblenottofeelanurgencytowanttohelpthenextgenerationthrough.”

liz gavis, a princeton professor with two childrenaged10and14,haswitnessedthechangetoamorefamily-friendlyenvironmentatPrinceton.Shewaspregnantwithhersecondchildbeforethetenureclockbecameautomatic,andhadtorequestherone-yearextension.Itwasinvaluable,aswitheachnewchildeverytaskseemedtotakelonger.“Itslowsyoudown,nomatterwhat. I did need it because I couldn’t be as efficient as I had been.” At the time, there was no official break from teaching duties,either,followingthebirthofachild.Now,newmothersandfatherscanrequesttohavetheirteachingandadministrativecommitteeworkwaivedforasemesterandthereisnoobligationtomakeituplater.

not all scientist-moms feel the need for the extrayearbeforetenure.Keiko Torii attheUniversityofWashington,Seattle,hadastrongenoughportfoliothatwhen her first child was just two years old she won promotiontoassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofBiologyoneyearearlierthanplanned.ShethengavebirthtoasecondchildinFebruary2007onthesamedayasoneofherpaperswaspublishedinthejournalNature. Tokeepupthepace,evenwhileshewasonmaternityleave,shetookadvantageoftheuniversity’sADVANCEprogram—partofanationwideinitiativeattheNationalScienceFoundation—whichsupportedapostdoctoralresearchertosupervisethelabinherabsence.LuckilyforKeiko,thepostdocwas“anexcellentscientist”whohasstayedwiththelab and has now had her own first child.

KeikoTorii

LizGaviswithherchildren

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the idea of carryinG on workingsoonafterhavingababydoesnotappealtoeverywomanscientist.Manystopaltogethertostayathomewiththeirfamilies.Afterseveralyears,eveniftheywishtoresumetheircareers,theyarelikelytofeeloutoftouchwiththelatestideasandtechniques,andtheywouldfind it hard to compete for researchgrants.

ThiswasthecasewithchemistElizabeth Grayson.Shewantedtoraiseherchildrenfull-timeratherthanhireanannyorplaceherchildrenindaycare.Nevertheless,shefeltunful-

filled, even though she had kept up her interest in chemistry by doing editing and translations of scientific texts (she is fluent in German and French). Afteragapof19years,attheageof47,ElizabethappliedforandwasawardedaDaphneJacksonfellowshipin2001.Withthefellowshipshetookahalf-timeteachingpositionatDurhamUniversity,UK.Nowshecombinesteachingwithresearch—thoughnotasanindependentinvestigator,andherresearchisunpaid.“I’mreallyjusthappytobeabletousemyskills.IreallyloveteachingandI’mabletodothatandcarryonwiththeresearchthatI’minterestedin.”

As a more mature—and maternal—person, Elizabeth finds herself a popular figure. “Being one ofnotmanywomeninchemistryIgetapproachedbyalotofstudentsbecausetheyknowI’llgivethemmytime.”

challengethatespeciallyaffectsscientist-moms,accordingtoYoky MatsuokaintheDepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineeringattheUniversityofWashington,Seattle.Withtwo-year-oldtwinsplusathirdchild,shesaysit’sonlyrecentlythattherehasbeenmuchacceptance about how difficult it is for womenwithchildrentogotoconferenceswithoutextraassistance.Yokyhasobtainedspecialpermissionfromherdepartmenttospendunrestrictedgrantfundstoenabletraveltomeetings.

Yoky’soriginalambitionwastobeaworld-classprofessionaltennisplayer,butinjuriesmeantthatshehadtochooseanalternativecareer,whichwasscience.Sheisnowcreatingarobotichandforpeoplewhohavelostahandthroughaccidentoramputation.Itisintendedtohavethesamekind of fine-muscle control of a normal hand.In2007shebecameoneofasmallgroupofinvestigatorstowinaMacArthurawardfor“exceptionalcreativityintheirworkandtheprospectforstillmoreinthefuture.”

ElizabethGrayson,thenandnow

travelinG to meetinGs is another

��

Improvingpeople’slives

saysUna Ryan.“Iwantedtosavelives.”Sheremembersatagesixbeinginspiredbyhergrandfather,acolonelintheBritisharmy,whohadcarriedsmallpoxvaccinetothefarreachesof the Himalayas and by watching a movie about children ravaged by polio.

Many years later—after having fled Singapore with her mother to escape the chaos of WorldWarII,earnedherundergraduatedegreefromBristolUniversityandherPh.D.fromCambridgeUniversityintheUK,andestablishedasuccessfulcareerinacademicresearchinthe United States—her childhood vision is taking shape. Today, Una is chief executive officer ofAVANTImmunotherapeutics,acompanyfocusedondevelopinganddeliveringvaccines.

LikeUna,manywomenscientistsaredrawntoindustrybythedesiretomoredirectlydevelopproductsthatcanhelppeople.“IoncesawinastoreaT-shirtthatsaid‘ifyouare so smart why aren’t you rich?’” recalls Una.“Istartedthinking,‘IfIamsosmartwhyhaven’t I saved any lives?’” That is when Una decided to leave academia for industry, first atthechemicalcompanyMonsantoandthenAVANT.

Her company develops vaccines for sale to travelersandthemilitary.Similarvaccinesare

madeavailabletofamiliesindevelopingcoun-triesatamuchlowercost.“Thereareallsortsofwoesinindustrybuttheopportunitiestodogoodareenormous,”shesays.

Jugglingademandingcareerandtheraisingoftwodaughtersasasinglemotherwasnoteasy,butUnasaysshealwaysfocusedontheendgoal.“Thepersonwhomentorsmeis that six-year-old child,” she says. Her ad-vicetoyoungstudentsistostaytruetotheirpassions.“Ifyouwanttobeascientist,beascientist,”shesays.

Opting IndustryFor

UnaRyan

“WhenIwasasmallchildIhadnobleideas,”

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Angela Flannery foundherwaytoindustrywithoutfollowingaconventionaleducationpath.Afterleavingschoolatage18intheUKshedidnotenteruniversity,butratherworkedseveralyearsasanurseandthenasecretaryinahealthservicelaboratoryinLiverpool.“WhenIsawtheworkdoctorsandscientistsdidIthought‘ThisissomethingIwouldlovetodo,’”sherecalls.Asasinglemotheroftwo,sheenrolledinuniversityasamaturestudent.

Eagertogetasfarasshecouldinherstudies,Angelacom-pletedaPh.D.andthentwopostdocsindifferentareasofgenetics.Asshestartedlookingforhernextjobshesawanadvertisementfromapharmaceuticalcompanythatwasjustsettingupaprogramtousegeneticstoidentifytargetsfordrugs.“Ijumpedatthechance,”saysAngela.Shehasnowbeenwiththecompany,AstraZeneca,UK,for12years.

Forstudentswhoarecontemplatingacareerinscience,heradviceis“goforit!”“Researchistaxingsoyouhavetohavea real passion for it. But science training is less difficult than thecommonperception.Itisalldoable,youjusthavetoapplyyourselfandifyouenjoythesubjectthenthatwillcarryyoualongway.”

Takingadifferentpath

Tona Gilmerwasalsomotivatedfromanearlyagetounderstandandtreatdisease.“Mymotherhadadebilitatingdisease,”shesays.“AsachildIcouldnotunderstandwhynoonewouldhelpher.”Followingpostdoctoraltraining,Tonawashiredin1989—whenhersonwasthreeyearsold—byGlaxoSmithKlineatitsUSheadquartersinNorthCarolinatostartworkingondevelopingbreastcancerdrugs.OnMarch 13 of last year she achieved success when thebreastcancerdrugTykerbwasapprovedby

theUSFoodandDrugAdministration—thesameday her son turned 21. “He came home from college for springbreakandwehadadoublecelebration,”sherecalls.

The key to finding the right path is for young students to “look insidethemselvesandunderstandwhatisimportanttothem,whatinspiresthem,wheretheexcitementcomesfrom,”ad-visesTona.“Sciencetakesalotofcommitment.Tostickwithityouhavetohaveveryclearideasandgoals.”

TonaGilmer

��

Aworldofopportunities

“Forme[industry]

placedscience

moresquarelyin

therealworld.”

Andtherewardscanbegreat.“Researchtraininggivesyouahugerangeofchoicesinthemarketplace.Employersrecog-nize the value of scientific thinking,” she says. “You will never beshortofajob.”Angelafeelsthatindustryoffersabroadscientific perspective and excellent career prospects. “Basi-callyyoucangoasfarasyourdeterminationtakesyou.”

Vicki Sato wasalwaysinterestedinmedicineanddisease.Shechosegraduateschoolovermedicalschoolthelastyearincollege.“Itwasalate-breakingdecision,”shesayslaughing.Butoncehermindwasmadeup,shefollowedthetypicalacademicroutefromgraduatestudenttopostdoctoralfellow to associate professor at Harvard Medical School. After runningalabforsevenyears,nothavingyetobtainedtenure,shestartedtolookaroundfornewopportunities.

AftersomesearchingshelandedapositionwiththebiotechcompanyBiogen.ShethenmovedtoVertexPharmaceuti-cals,eventuallybecomingpresidentofthecompany,whereshe helped develop drugs for HIV and hepatitis C. “My inter-estinscienceisverybroad.Academicresearchrequiresaveryclearfocus,especiallyifyoudon’thavetenure,”saysVicki.“InindustryIwasabletolearnaboutlotsofdifferentkindsofscience,tothinkabouttheprocessofscienceandhow it translates to medicines, to figure out where the money comes,andtolearnaboutpatents,”sheexplains.“Formeitplacedsciencemoresquarelyintherealworld.”

Amotheroftwodaughters,nowintheir20s,Vickisaysmanagingcareerandfamilyisnevereasybutthebiotechindustry has some pluses. “They have flex time and can be accommodatingwithfamilyresponsibilities,”shesays.“Becausesalariesareusuallyhigherinindustrythantheyareinacademia,youcanhavemoreoptionsforchildcare.”

VickiretiredfromVertexPharmaceuticalsin2000andwent back to Harvard, but in a different role. She is a professor of management practice at Harvard Business School,wheresheteachescoursesontheprocessofdrugdiscovery.Throughherlectures,Vickiisnowmen-toringthenextgenerationofindustryscientists.

“Youcanhaveaverydiverseandexcitinglifeinscience,”shesays.“Ifyouhavecuriosityandpassion,doeverythingyou can to experience scientific research. Science is remark-able.Itisaleverwithwhichyoucanmovetheworld.” VickiSato

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Barbara Weber had two interests in college: medicine and research. So, after completing her medicaltrainingandgettingresearchexperience,shejoinedthefacultyattheUniversityofPennsylvania,shuttlingbetweenlabbenchandherclinicpatients.Inherlabshewouldidentifygeneticmutationsthatpredisposewomentobreastcancer.Butaftermanysuccessesandrewards,shedecideditwastimetotrysomethingnew.

“Ihadbeenstudyinggeneticsusceptibilitytobreastcancerformanyyears.Withthecompletionofthehumangenomeproject,manytoolsandtechnologiesbecameavailablethatprovided a path for finding medicines,” she says. That would have been a difficult path to follow withinacademia.So,in2005BarbarajoinedGlaxoSmithKlineasvicepresidentofdiscoveryandtranslationalmedicinefortheoncologydivision.

Althoughmanyofthesametraitsareneededtosucceedinindustryandacademia—suchascuriosity,creativity,andpassion—industryhassomeuniquerequirements.“Todowellhereyouhavetowantresearchtobeapplied,enjoybeingpartofalargeteam,bewillingtoworkaroundconsensus,andtrustotherpeople’sjudgmentsandviews,”explainsBarbara.

Butultimately,whatdrivesherandhercolleaguesisthat“whatwedoeverydayhasthepossibilityofturningintoadrugthatcouldultimatelybeimportanttocancerpatients.”

Joiningtheteam

Joiningtheteam

Whatwedo

everydayhas

thepossiblityof

turningintoa

drugthatcould

ultimatelybe

importantto

cancerpatients.

“

“BarbaraWeber

�1

WhethertheyaregiftedPh.D.studentsatuniver-

sitiesinAfrica,promisingpostdocsinAsia,oremi-

nentresearchersinthemostprestigiouslaboratories

inEurope,womenallovertheworldarerevolution-

izingscience.Sometimesignoredandevendiscrimi-

natedagainst,womenwhomayhaveonlytheimage

ofMarieCurieasarolemodelaretodayparticipating

attheforefrontofadvancesingenetics,physics,biol-

ogy,andnewtechnologies.Nowinits10thyear,the

“L’Oréal-UNESCOForWomeninScience”program

awardsandsupportsthesewomenwhoarecontrib-

uting more and more to the scientific advancements

thataretransformingourworld.In1998,L’Oréaland

UNESCO presented the first international awards. Ten

yearsand52laureateslater,theawardoffersunprec-

edentedrecognitionfortheseexceptionalresearchers

from the five continents.

It has above all become a significant program of

actionthatencouragesandsupportswomeninthe

pursuitoftheircareers,andwhichmakesL’Oréaland

UNESCOindisputablepartnersoftoday’sgener-

ationofscientists,determinedtochangetheface

ofscience.

L’ORÉALANDUNESCO

TENYEARSOFCOMMITMENTTOWOMENINSCIENCE

Launchedin1998byL’Oréaland

UNESCO,the“ForWomeninScience”

Award was the first international award

devotedtowomeninscience.Todayit

isoneelementofabroadprogramwith

an international focus on scientific voca-

tionsanddedicatedtorecognizingthe

accomplishmentsoffemaleresearchers

fromeverycontinent.

BETC DESIGN / 2007Logo FWIS + L'Oréal Fondation d'entreprise

L’Oréal-UNESCOForWomen in Science 2008: over500womeninsciencewillhavebeenhonoredwithawardsorfellowshipstosupporttheircareerssincethecreationoftheL’Oréal-UNESCO partnership:

L’Oréal-UNESCOAwards• 52 Laureates from 26 countries

UNESCO-L’OréalInternationalFellowships• 120 Fellows from 67 countries

L’OréalNationalFellowships • 335 Fellows in 35 countries

��

Thiswillingnesstosupportfuturetalentshasalwaysbeen

thepassionandtheaimoftheprogram.Fromthebeginning,

L’OréalandUNESCOweredeterminedtogobeyondthecreation

ofaprizeandensurethatwomenscientistsgettherecognition

theydeserve.Forexample,lessthan2.5percentofNobelPrizes

insciencehavegonetowomen.“Despitegreatcareersand

wonderfuldiscoveries,thereisafeelingofsolitudeandimmense

modestyamongthesewomenresearchersinourmidst,”says

BéatriceDautresme,managingdirectoroftheL’OréalCorporate

Foundationandoneofthefoundersoftheprogram.“Theaward

aimstostopthisfeelingofisolationandalsocreaterealrole

models for future generations.” The laureates identified by the

distinguishedscientistswhomakeuptheinternationaljurieshave

madethisawardoneofthemostprestigiousinscience.

Morethan2,000scientistsfromallovertheworldareinvited

to nominate award candidates, whose files are submitted to two

juries—oneforlifesciencesandtheotherforphysicalsciences—

inalternatingyears.ThejurieshavebeenpresidedoverbyNobel

Prizelaureates,biologistGunterBlobelandphysicistPierre-Gilles

deGennes,whowaspassionatelyinvolvedintheprogramuntil

hisdeathinMay2007.“Theprogramwasnoteasytosetupat

the beginning, as there had been nothing like it before,” confirms

RenéeClair,responsiblefortheprogram“Women,Scienceand

Technology”atUNESCO.“Wewereluckytobesurroundedby

peoplewithstrongopinions,suchasNobelPrizelaureate

Christian de Duve, who served as the first president of the

juryandisstillourFoundingPresidenttoday.”

From its very first year, the “For Women in Science” program

chose to reward not one laureate, but five, one from each

continent. “By honoring five laureates from five continents, we

are reflecting the diversity of the researchers and focusing on

thedynamicnatureoftheinternationalizationofknowledge,”

Dautresmeexplains.“Itisessential,becausewewanttosupport

theideathatthevocationsoftomorrowmayjustaslikelybefound

inAfricaasonthecampusesofAmericanuniversitiesorinAsia.

Theseremarkablelaureateshavehadanextraordinaryimpact

becausetheirsuccesshasbeenachievedatuniversitiesand

in laboratories in 26 countries, including many where research

conditions are often difficult, and where the value of highlighting

theseoutstandingresearchersisthereforegreater.Eachlaureate

receives$100,000.

Thiscommitmentonaglobalscalehasbeenreinforcedby

thecreationin2000offellowshipprogramsthatmakethe

“ForWomeninScience”initiativeanimportantsourceofsupport

��

foryoungerresearchers.Thestakesarehigh,becausebehindthe

successfullaureatesisanincreasinglylargegenerationofyoung

womenpursuingresearch.Theirproblemisnotsomuchlackof

recognition,butratheralackofnecessarymeanstocompletetheir

studiesandtraining.

The“ForWomeninScience”programhastakenstepstomeet

thischallenge.Since2000,120UNESCO-L’OréalInternational

Fellowships,worthupto$40,000overtwoyears,havebeen

awardedtodoctorateorpostdoctoratewomenfromalloverthe

worldtosupportthemintheirresearchabroadinsomeofthemost

prestigiouslaboratoriesintheworld.

Inaddition,NationalFellowshipsprogramshavebeen

introduced to help students pursue their scientific careers. By the

endof2008,theselocalfellowshipprogramsforwomendoing

researchintheirhomecountrieswillexistinover50countries.

“Eachyear,Ireceivemoreandmorecandidatures,andthequality

is increasingly higher,” confirms biologist Mayana Zatz, a 2001

laureateoftheawardandcurrentlythepresidentoftheL’Oréal

NationalFellowshipsjuryforBrazil.“Thesuccessofthisprogram

hasbeenhugeinBrazil.”

ItisalsoproofthattheL’Oréal-UNESCO“ForWomeninSci-

ence”programisnotonlyabenchmark,buthasbecomeacatalyst

forthepromotionofwomenandsciencearoundtheworld.

The L’Oréal Corporate Foundation: committed to education, science, solidarity

WiththecreationofitsCorporateFoundationin2007,L’Oréalisensuringthelong-termdurabilityandsuccessofitsprograms,including“ForWomeninScience.”

Througheducation,science,andsocialsolidarity,L’Oréalisemphasizingitscommitmenttowomenandtofuturegenerations.Beyondthe“ForWomeninScience”program,theFoundationencompassesabroadrangeofactions,suchasparticipationin“LookGood,FeelBetter,”whichhelpswomenwithcancercopewiththe effects of their illness, and “Hairdressers of the World against AIDS,” a worldwide projectsupportedbyL’Oréal’snetworkof2.5millionpartnerhairdressersengagedinaprogramofeducationandprevention.

“ThisnewFoundationallowsustocontributetothecommunityinthebroadestsenseofthetermbysharingourexperience,ourprofessions,andourexpertise,”SirLindsayOwen-Jones,presidentofL’OréalandpresidentoftheFoundation,emphasizes.

BETC DESIGN / 2007Logo L'Oréal Fondation d'entreprise

Cover: L ’Oréal-UNESCO Award laureates— ©Micheline Pelletier; Molecule—iStockphoto.com/sironpe

Contents: L ’Oréal-UNESCO Award laureates— ©Micheline Pelletier; Girl riding bicycle—Thomson

Page 3: ©Micheline Pelletier

Page 5: Upper—©Micheline Pelletier

Page 6: ©Micheline Pelletier

Credits

Page 9: ©Micheline Pelletier

Page 11: Upper—Mihai Popa; Lower—©2008 JupiterImages Corporation

Page 15: Ornament—iStockphoto.com/ duncan1890

Page 16: ©Micheline Pelletier

Page 18: Left—Karlo Primavera; Right—Jorge Primavera

Page 21: Garth Cambray

Page 22: Upper—University of Wisconsin Press; Lower—Charles Brabin, Woollard Lab, Universiity of Oxford

Page 23: Ball—iStockphoto.com/chuwy

Page 24: Upper—Randy Quan, randy@randyquan.com; Lower—Denise Applewhite, OfficeofCommunications, Princeton University

Page 25: Upper—F. Hughson; Lower—Brad Kevelin

Page 27: Pipettes—iStockphoto.com/uzinusa

Page 29: Stuart Cahill

Pages 31 & 32: ©Micheline Pelletier

��

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��

www.girlsgotech.orgIntroducing young girls to the world of technology

www.engineergirl.orgInformation on engineering for middle school girls

www.engineeryourlife.orgA guide to engineering for girls in high school

www.kineticcity.comGames and experiments that make science fun for all ages

www.girlstart.orgEmpowering girls in math, science, engineering and technology

www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/index.htmlSection of the NASA website especially for young scientists

www.scienceclubforgirls.orgIncreasingtheself-confidenceandscienceliteracy of K–12th grade girls

www.expandingyourhorizons.orgExpand Your Horizons Program – conferences for young women

www.engineeringwomen.orgResources to inspire young women to enter engineering

AdditionalOnlineResources

www.forwomeninscience.comL’Oréal-UNESCO For Women in Science homepage

www.agora.forwomeninscience.com/agoraAGORA forum for women in science – part of the L’Oréal-UNESCO partnership

www.awis.orgAssociation of Women in Science website

www.aaas.org/programs/international/wist/AAAS Women’s International Science homepage

twows.ictp.itThe Third World Organization for Women in Science

www.inwes.orgInternational network focused on supporting women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) www.witec-eu.netThe European Association for Women in Science, Engineering and Technology

www.athenaproject.org.ukThe Athena Project—advancing and promoting the careers of women in science, engineering and technology

www.uic.edu/orgs/gem-set/welcome.htmOnline group mentoring for girls in science, engineering and technology

www.webgrrls.comWebgrrls International—networking organization for career development

www.femmesetsciences.frFrench association for women in science

leo.aichi-u.ac.jp/~kunugi/sjws/e1.htmThe Society of Japanese Women Scientists

aauw.orgAmerican Association of University Women—advancing equity for women and girls

��

The L’Oréal-Unesco partnership honors women

scientists from the five continents.

Each year, they are selected by an international

jury presided by a Nobel Prize laureate.

The exceptional quality of their careers has made

them role models for the next generation.

Every year, L’Oréal and Unesco grant more

than 200 fellowships to young women researchers

in over 50 countries. For nearly a century,

the L’Oréal group has been convinced that science

is the source of progress for society and that women

have an essential role to play in that progress.

www.forwomeninscience.com

L’ORÉAL-UNESCO AWARDSFOR WOMEN IN SCIENCE

19982008

OF ACTION.

For Women.

For Science.

10 YEARS

CTR • BAT

SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL_GENERIQUE UK • Third Cover • 136,525 x 212,725 mm • Remise 09/01/08 • PP • Q

1998 Laureate for Asia-Pacific Myeong-Hee Yu, Republic of Korea

1998 Laureate for Asia-Pacific Myeong-Hee Yu, Republic of Korea

2001 Laureate for Africa & Arab StatesAdeyinka Gladys Falusi, Nigeria

2001 Laureate for Africa & Arab StatesAdeyinka Gladys Falusi, Nigeria

2005 Laureate for North America Myriam Sarachik, USA

2005 Laureate for North America Myriam Sarachik, USA

2006 Laureate for Latin America Esther Orozco, Mexico

2006 Laureate for Latin America Esther Orozco, Mexico

2006 Laureate for EuropeAda Yonath, Israel

2008 Laureate for EuropeAda Yonath, Israel

LOGP~0712292_GENE_136x212.qxd 9/01/08 17:24 Page 1

www.forwomeninscience.com

19982008

CTR • BAT

SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL_10 ANS UK • Back Cover • 136,525 x 212,725 mm • Remise 04/01/08 • PP • Q

L’ORÉAL-UNESCO AWARDS

OF ACTION.

For Women.

For Science.

10 YEARS

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