index [ ] · pdf fileabbreviations used in this index include: ... chemists see aoac...

589

Note: page numbers in italics refer to Figures, those in bold refer to Tables.

Abbreviations used in this index include:

AFNOR, Association Française de Normalisation CHA, chlorhexidine diacetate DHA , EDTA, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid GEMS, genetically engineered

microorganisms MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration MOTT, mycobacteria other than tuberculosis MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus QACs,

quaternary ammonium compounds PHMB, polyhexamethylene biguanide TDEs, transmissible degenerative encephalopathies UV, ultraviolet

AbTox Plazlyte™ sterilization system 338

Acanthamoeba castellanii 79, 159, 161, 162, 163,

165, 166, 167, 170

fl ow cytometry 242

PHMB 20

Acanthamoeba culbertsoni 162, 166

Acanthamoeba hatchetti 162, 166

Acanthamoeba keratitis 39, 157, 162, 532

contact lens solution 535

propamidine 18

Acanthamoeba palestinensis 168

Acanthamoeba polyphaga 162, 164, 165, 166,

167

heat sterilization 279

Acanthamoeba spp. 39, 157, 158, 161, 162, 163,

164, 165, 167, 168, 170

contact lenses 302

cysts 161

eye drops 390

accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) 373

acetic acid (ethanoic acid) 13, 14–15

as antifungal agent 144

acetylethyleneimine 221

β-N-acetylglucosaminidase 489

N-acetylmuramidases, endopeptidases 573

N-acetylmuramoyl- alanine amidases 573

Acholeplasma laidlawii

fi ltration sterilization 348

liquid sterilization 362

Acholesplasma spp.

removal by fi ltration 355

acids


as virucides 196

Index

Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe’s: Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization, Fifth Edition. Edited by Adam P. Fraise, Jean-Yves Maillard,

and Syed A. Sattar.

© 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

acidulants 14

Acinetobacter baumannii 569

effl ux 112

surface contamination 419

triclosan resistance 110

triclosan susceptibility 112

Acinetobacter spp. 158

diarrhea in hospitals 446

on skin 418

acridine dyes 29–30

chemistry 29, 29effects on nucleic acids 100

mode of action 29–30

structure 29

uses 30

acrifl avine 30

Acticoat™ 516

acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) 489

adenoviruses

QACs 22

effect of temperature 196

adipaldehyde (hexanedial) 24

advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) 317

aerial disinfectants 53–54

Aerobacter aerogenes, DHA 16

aerosols 23

dental 542

dental unit water lines (DUWLs) 541

afl atoxin 391

AFNOR 237

AFNOR test NF T 72–150, 238

African swine fever viruses 577

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 489

AgION® 489

Agriphage™ pesticide 572

Agroterrorism 577

AIDS see HIV/AIDS

air

sterilization 452

ajoene 553

alanine

stimulation of spore germination 585–6

Alcaligenes faecalis

Dowicil 200 48–9

alcohol dehydrogenase 554

alcohols 36–38, 194


hand hygiene products 419

handrubs 420–421, 433–434

mode of action 36

protozoa 166

safety issues 434

skin reaction to 433

as virucide 419

aldahol III 28

aldehyde dehydrogenase 88–89

aldehyde lyase 88

aldehydes 24–29, 77, 100


mode of action 24

protozoa 166

as virucide 190–192

capsid proteins 190–191

ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) 192

viral antigens 190

viral markers 191

viral nucleic acid 191

viral structures 190

Index

590

alexidine 20

contact lens solution 531–532

structure 19

alginates 394

alkalis


alkylating agents

mode of action 102

in gaseous sterilization 307, 308–315

allergic contact dermatitis 433–434

allicin (allyl-2-propene thiosulfi nate) 553, 554

alliin 553

allyl alcohol 553

Alternaria spp. 144

Alzheimer’s disease 224

American Association of Offi cial Analytical

Chemists see AOAC International

American Society for Testing and Materials see

ASTM International

aminacrine 30

aminoacridine

4-aminoquinaldine 22

4-aminoquinaldinium derivatives 35

ammonia 166

ammonium sulfi de 2

amphotericin 150

amoebae 157–158, 160–161

amoebic meningoencephalitis 483

AMSCO V-Pro1 process 317, 222

β-amyloid 224

amyloidosis 224

anaesthetic equipment 453

angioscope 461

anilides 44–5, 44

mode of action 45

anthraquinones 31

anthrax see Bacillus anthracis

anthroquinone 492

antibiotics 507–578

discovery, important dates 570resistance to 108–109, 569

antifungal agents 142–151

chemicals 144–150

microbicide resistance in fungi 150

safety, handling and discharge measurements

150–151

standards 143–144, 144suspension tests, and in vitro and in vivo carrier

tests 143

antimicrobial combinations 508

antimicrobial devices 500–512

biomaterials 501

development 506–508, 506

emerging strategies 511–512, 511medical device applications 501

in medical device manufacture 501–503

clinical management infections 505–506

conditioning fi lm, colonization and biofi lm

formation 505, 505

defi nition of medical device 501

healthcare-associated infections 504

indwelling medical devices, complications

503–504

biocompatibility 503

infectious complications 503–504

mechanical complications 503

infections following device implantation

504–505

medical implants, number of, in USA 501antimicrobial metals 488

antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) 491, 550–551, 551

antimicrobial surfaces 485–495

passive surfaces 486–487

bacterial interference 486–487

diamond-like carbon 486

polyethylene oxide brush coatings 486

reactive surfaces 487–494

antimicrobial agent release on command

491–494

antimicrobial delivery systems 488–489

biofi lm formation disruption 489

cationic surfaces 491

responsivity to electricity 492–493

programmable release of active agents from

implants 494

magnetically controlled drug delivery 493

microbicide impregnation 489–490

microorganisms killed on contact 489–491

natural antimicrobial agents 490–491

photocatalytic activity 492

temperature and pH responsivity 493–494

ultrasound activated release of antimicrobial

agents 493

antiseptics 249–253, 507

AOAC International (Association of Offi cial

Analytical Chemists) 71, 133, 237

disinfectants 237

hard surface carrier test (HSCT) 241

use-dilution test 241

Apicomplexans 159–160

argon

in gas plasma sterilization 340

peracetic acid gas plasma sterilizers 338, 339

argon–oxygen mixtures

in TSEs 222

Aspergillus brasiliensis see Aspergillus niger

Aspergillus candidus, hydrogen peroxide 148

Aspergillus fl avus

acetic acid 144

biosurfactant 150

bleach 146

chloramine-T 147

hydrogen peroxide 148

ozone 148

Aspergillus fumigatus 143

alcohols and 145

azole tolerance 150

ergosterol 150

iodophor 147

myristamidopropyldimethylamine 149

resistance 150

spores 146

Aspergillus keratitis 532

Aspergillus niger (brasiliensis) 373

acetic acid 144

ATCC 16404 in European fungicidal test 143

Bronidox 46

fungicides against conidia 144

DHA 16

diphenylurea (carbanilide) 45

Dowicil 200 49

phenols 149

sorbic acid 15

spores 146

triazines 49

Aspergillus parasiticus

spores 147

surfactants 149

Aspergillus spp.

airborne 452

biofi lms 150

copper 147

copper-8-quinolinolate 147

parabens 144

Aspergillus terreus

acetic acid 144

amphotericin B tolerance 150

Association for the Advancement of Medical

Instrumentation (AAMI) 409

Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR)

179, 182, 238

NF-T 72–170 test 239

NF T 72–171 test 238

NF T 72–190 test 241

asthma

dental care professionals (DCPs) and 542–543

trichloramine and 482

ASTM International (American Society for Testing

and Materials) 71, 133–134, 133, 237, 247

disinfectants 237

atomic force microscopy 97

Attest TM 314–315

‘atypical mycobacteria’ 131

autolysins

automated endoscope reprocessor (AER) 132

contamination of 461

avian infl uenza 577

virus H5N1 300

bacillomicin D 150

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 150

Bacillus anthracis 2, 13, 577, 578, 579

bacteriophage targeting 586, 586

decontamination 584

letter attack 582, 585

effect of ozone 100

exosporium 122

spore resistance 127

spores 579–580, 580

Bacillus atrophaeus (Bacillus subtilis var. globigii)

327, 579–580

as biological indicator 414

ethylene oxide 309, 311

hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization 336

liquid peroxide 379

ozone 320, 321

spores, sterilization 375

Bacillus cereus

DHA 16

exosporium 122

peracetic acid 318

sonication 377

spores 374

Bacillus globigii

povidone-iodine 32

Bacillus licheniformis, sonication 377

Bacillus macerans

propionic acid 15

591

Index

Bacillus megaterium

hydrogen peroxide resistance 127

phenoxyethanol 38

Bacillus mesentericus, peracetic acid 318

Bacillus pumilus


radiation dose 298

spores 375

Bacillus spp.

benzoic acid 16

glutaraldehyde resistance 25

nisin 381

supercritical carbon dioxide 127–128

Bacillus subtilis 77

antimicrobial activity of light 3

biosurfactants 149–155

chlorocresol 286

Dowicil 200 49

ethyl alcohol (ethanol) 37

Germall 46

luminescent cells 243

SASPs 301

sorbic acid 15

transcriptional profi ling 98

see also Bacillus subtilis spores

Bacillus subtilis spores 121

inactivation by acid and alkali 127

coat 122

‘coatless’ spores 127

DNA damage 124, 288

germination prevention 125

hydrogen peroxide resistance 127

inactivation 289

inner membrane 123

small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASPs) 123

Bacillus subtilis var. niger 312

bacterial resistance 108–115

cross-resistance to unrelated chemicals 115

defi nitions 109

dissemination 113

growth kinetics 115

measurement 113, 114, 114

mechanisms 110–13, 111bacterial biofi lms 113

changes in bacterial cell permeability 111

changes in bacterial populations 113

biosynthetic pathways 112

effl ux pump 111–112, 112

enzymatic degradation 112

gene expression conferring resistance 113

target site mutations 112

occurrence 109–10

overview 110

principles 109

spores see bacterial spores

see also individual antimicrobial agents; individial

species

bacterial spores (endospores) 77, 121–128

chemicals, mechanisms of killing 124–125, 124by damage to inner membrane 125

by DNA damage 124–125

by inactivation of spore core enzymes 125

by preventing germination 125

Clostridium species 128

hospitals 449

microbicide susceptibility 579–580, 579

structure 121–123, 122

coat 122

core 123

cortex and germ cell wall 122

exosporium 122

inner membrane 122

outer membrane 122

variables affecting 123–124

species/strain 123

spore purity 124

spore storage and recovery conditions 124

sporulation conditions 123

bacteriocins 551–552

bacteriophage technology, applications 565–574

agriculture and animal health 571–573

control of bacteria on foods 572

treatment of infections in animals 572–573

applications 568–569

bacterial identifi cation 568

phage display and therapeutic antibodies,

production 569

phage-typing 568

vaccine production 568–569

characteristics 565–567, 566

lysogenic conversion 567, 567lysogenic cycle 566, 566

lytic infection cycle 566–567, 567

persistence 567

human bacterial infections 569–571

adverse reactions 571

bacteriophage therapy 569–571

mechanism of action 571

phage specifi city 571

pharmacokinetics 571

as platform technology 571

lysins 573

safety 570–571

toxin delivery 573

bacteriophages 380–381, 586


genetic modifi cation of 586

phi X174 immunization 570

Bacteroides fragilis

phage B40-8 183

taurolin and 27

Bactigras™ 517

Balamuthia encephalitis 157

Balamuthia mandrillaris 157, 158, 161, 163, 167,

170

Balantidium coli 156, 159, 164

Bardac (QAC) 113

baths 452

bedpans 452

bee venom 558

Belimed Plasmater™ series 338

benzalkonium chloride (BAK) 22, 396, 398

adverse reactions to 402


resistance to 22–23

structure 21

uses 22–23

benzethonium chloride 23

structure 21

1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) 47, 47, 48

benzoic acid 2, 13, 14, 15–16, 74


1,4-benzoquinon 31

benzoquinones 31

benzyl alcohol (phenylmethanol) 36, 37, 37

adverse reaction 402

Berkefeld fi lters 3

Betadine ™ in dressings 517

betaines 24, 24

beta-lactam antibiotics 88

beta-lactamase 88

beta-propiolactone 100

biguanides 18–20

mode of action 18

polymeric 20–21

protozoa and 162

resistance to 109

substituted biguanides 193–194, 194as virucides 193–194

bioavailability of microbicides 75

bioburden 79

‘biofi lm-associated phenotype’ 113

biofi lms 79–80, 552, 581

formation disruption 489

recalcitrance 87–92, 98

cellular phenotype as moderator of 89

drug-resistance phenotypes 90

highly selective environments 91–92

matrix 88–89

quiescence and persistence 90–91

biological indicators (BIs) 411, 584–585

in gaseous sterilization 308

biological thermocouples 286

bioluminescence 242–243

Bioscreen C Microbial Growth Analyzer 80

Bioscreen optical plate reader 143

biosurfactants 149–150

biosurgery 559–560, 560bioterrorism 576

birthing pools 480

bisoxonol 100

bisphenol triclosan see triclosan

bisphenols 101

bisquaternary compounds 22

bisulfi tes 16

Blastocystis hominis 156, 157, 159, 164

Blastocystis spp. 165

bleach

sporicidal activity 126–127

bloodborne viruses (BBVs)

in dentistry 538

in hospital 449–450

bloodstream infections (BSIs) 504

Bordeaux mixture 42

Botrytis cinerea

nonionic surface-active agents 23

botulinum toxin, microbicide susceptibility to 581

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

209–210, 300, 450, 537, 540, 579

alkylating agents 221

Bowie-Dick test 283, 284, 413

Brettanomyces bruxellensis, ozone 148

Brevundimonas diminuta

fi ltration 355

fi ltration sterilization 348, 349


Brevundimonas spp. 542

brilliant green dye 30, 30

Index

592

British Dental Association (BDA) 537, 543

British Standards Institution (BSI) 237, 239, 241

bromine 31, 35

activity against protozoa 162–164

as virucide 193

N-bromo-N-chlorodimethylhydantoin (BCDMH)

35, 35

bromodichloromethane (BDCM) 481

bromoform 482

bromonitroethanol 38

bronchoscopies 459

bronidox (5-bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane) 45–46,

46

bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-1,3-diol) 36,

37, 38, 38,99, 395

bubble-point test 362–363, 363

Burkholderia cepacia

contamination from ultrasound gel 391

in dentistry 541

povidone-iodine 32

microbicide resistance 78

butylated hydroxyanisole (BHT) 398

butylated hydroxytoluene (BHA) 398

butyric acid 15

cadexomer iodine (Iodosorb TM) 32, 517

calcium dipicolinate, in heat resistance 288, 289

calicivirus 180, 373

Campylobacter jejuni

phage treatment 572

triclosan 112

Canada see Health Canada

Candida albicans

alcohol and 145

resistance to amphotericin 150

ATCC 10231, in European fungicidal test 143

Bronidox 46

copper compounds 42, 150


effects of garlic 554

electric pulse inactivation 375

ethanol and inhibition of biofi lm formation 145

fungicides against 144

iodophor 147


ozone 320

phenols 149

polyquaternium-1 149

QACs 22 149

sodium dodecylsulfate 149

sodium hypochlorite 146

superoxidized water 56

surfactants 149

Candida parapsilosis 145

Candida spp.

chlorine dioxide 379

keratitis 532

parabens 144

capacity tests 238

caprylic acid 15

capsid proteins 190–191

Captan (N-(trichloromethylthio)cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-

dicarboximide) 50, 50

carbanilides 187

carbon dioxide 53

carbonyl cyanide-3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)

100

carpets 451–452

carrier tests

fungicidal 143

in vitro carrier tests 132–133

quantitative 134–135, 134

cartridge fi lters 350–351, 351

carvacrol 51

catalase 124

catechins 555

catelin 559

cathelicidins 559

catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)

507

catheter-related blood stream infections (CRBSIs)

504

catheters for neurosurgery, antimicrobial 510–511

cationic microbicides 162

cationic detergent 21

cationic surfaces 491

cefsulodin 88

ceilings, hospital 451

cell membrane

as a target 99–100

cell wall

as a target 99

cellulosic fi lters 347

CEN/TC 216 see European Committee for

Standardization (CEN)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

271, 489

alcohol-based handrub 420

central venous access devices/catheters 509, 509,

510cervid (deer, elk, moose) chronic wasting disease

209, 579

cetomacrogols 23

cetrimide 20, 144

effect on nucleic acids 100

structure 21

uses 23

cetyldimethylammonium bromide (CDAB) 149

cetylpyridinium chloride 23, 42, 98

structure 21

cetyltrimithyl ammonium bromide see cetrimide

Chaetomium spp., chlorine dioxide in 147

Chamberland candles 343

Chamberland fi lters 3

chelating agents 39–41

properties 40chemical disinfection (see disinfection)

chemical sterilants 3

Chick–Martin test 238, 239

Chick–Watson law 237

chitosan 98

Chlamydomonas spp.,

alcohol ethoxylates 23

chloramine-T 33, 34, 146, 147

chloranil (tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone) 31

chlorbutanol 36

chlorhexidine 3, 18–20, 97, 98, 113, 150, 162, 193,

396

bacteriostatic activity 19dressings 517


mechanism of action 95–96, 95

medical equipment disinfectant 448–449

skin reaction 433

structure 19

as virucide 419

chlorhexidine digluconate


chlorhexidine gluconate (CHL-G) (Hibitane)

144

in dressings 517

chlorinated lime 2

chlorinated phenol 286

chlorinated soda solution (Dakin’s solution) 33

chlorine

as antifungal agent 146–147

historical use 306

protozoa 162–164

recreational water venues 480–481

chlorine compounds 33–35

as virucides 192

chlorine dioxide 3, 34, 146, 147, 151, 164, 379


decontamination technologies 583–584

in gaseous sterilization 322–323

hospital equipment disinfectant 448

in TSEs 222

chlorine gas 33

chlorine-releasing agents (CRAs) 146, 448

chlorine-releasing compounds 33–35

chlorine water 2

N-chloro compounds 33, 146

5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT)

47, 47, 48

chlorobutanol (1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-propan-

2-ol) 37, 38, 395


chlorocresol



chlorofl uorocarbon (CFC) 310

chloroform 31, 34–35, 482

chlorosulfamate 98

chloroxylenol




chlorquinaldol 35, 36

choledochoscope 461

cholera 2

chronic wasting disease (CWD), cervid 209, 579

1,8-cineole 556

ciprofl oxacin 89

CISA SPS™ series 338

citric acid 13, 14, 41, 196


as chelator 72–73

as fungal carbon source 145

Cladosporium spp.

Cladosporium cladosporioides

Cladosporium resinae 20

biofi lms 150

spores 146

Clarus C™ generator 317

clean room classifi cations 358

593

Index

‘cleanyourhands’ campaign 434

clinical waste 474–476

accidents and incidents 475

alternative technologies 476

color coding of containers 475

dental 543–544

fi nal disposal method 475–476

incineration 476

infectious waste 475

offensive waste 475

segregation 474–475

storage 475

transfer documentation 475

types of disposal 476

clioquinol 35, 36

Clostridium botulinum 299

12D process of inactivation of spores 286

combination treatment 285

inactivation by heat 284

inactivation kinetics of spores 278, 279

pressure and 374

storage and 285

Clostridium diffi cile 77

copper 488


germination stimulation 586

hydrogen peroxide vapor 317

on skin 419, 420

surfaces 382

Clostridium perfringens

chemical resistance of spores 128

Clostridium spp.

chemical resistance 128

nisin 381

spores 121, 122

Clostridium tetani, dry heat 288

Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum



clove oil 51

co-resistance 109

coal tar as wound dressing 2

coccidians 159–160

Cochliopodium bilimbosum 166

cold oxygen plasma 302

colicin 552

coliphages 183

colonoscope 461

Comité Européen de Normalisation see European

Committee for Standardization (CEN)

concentration 73–74, 73, 74concentration–dependence of the disinfection

239

confocal fl uorescence microscopy 97

conjunctivitis 482

consumer products 230

contact lens care solutions 531–552

active ingredients 531–522

alexidine 531–532

benzalkonium chloride (BAK) 532

chlorhexidine digluconate 531

complications 532–533

ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 532

formulation constituents 532

hydrogen peroxide 165, 531

infections 532–533

amoebic 532–533

bacterial keratitis 532, 535

fungal keratitis 532, 535

viral 533

iodine 532

polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)

(polyaminopropylbiguanide (PAPB)) 531,

532

polyquaternium-1 (PQ-1) 531

quantifi cation 533–535

ISO preservative effi cacy/discard date test

532

ISO Regimen test 534

ISO Stand-Alone Test procedure 533–534,

533, 535

testing 535

thiomersal 532

contact lenses 530–536

categories of 530, 531continuous-wear lenses 530

daily-wear lenses 530

extended-wear lenses 530

lens care 531

lens care alternatives 532

patient-operated microwave disinfection 302

rigid gas-permeable (RGP) lenses 530

rigid lenses 530

soft contact lenses 530

contact time 77

contagium abnimatum 2

containment of infectious agents 578

continuous tunnel washing machines (CTWMs)

472, 473

copper


surface 381–382

tolerance in fungi 150

as virucides 195–196

copper acetate 147

copper carbonate 147


copper sulphate 2, 42, 147

copper-8-quinolinolate 147

Cordyceps 142

cortex lytic enzymes (CLEs) 122

Corynebacterium acne

Germall 46

cosmetics, preservation of 230, 388–402, 389adverse reactions 401–402

consequences of microbial contamination

390–391

effi cacy 392–395, 400–401, 400microbial growth, effects 391–392

nature 388–390

preservatives 395–398

quality of non-sterile dosage forms 396regulatory aspects 399

test requirements for selected raw materials 395,

395Council of Europe’s European suspension test

(1987) 236

coxsackievirus

QACs 22

creams, medical preservatives 397

Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) 224, 300, 391,

450, 540, 579

gamma and UV irradiation 216

iatrogenic 537

critical micelle concentration (CMC) 77

crockery 452, 453cross-resistance 109

cryotherapy 168

Cryptococcus neoformans 150

Cryptosporidium oocyst wall proteins (COWPs)

160

Cryptosporidium parvum 155, 157, 160,164, 165,

167, 168, 170

UV resistance 300


ethylene oxide 308

Cryptosporidium spp. 79, 155, 156, 157, 160, 162,

163, 164, 165, 167, 170

biofi lms 150

biofi lms, sodium hypochlorite and 146

ozone and 100


crystal violet dye 30, 30

CT-value

decontamination technologies 583

culture

age of 72

composition and physical parameters 72

quantitative real-time PCR (cc-qPCR) 161

for test inocula 72

cutlery 452, 453cyclodextrins 394

cyclopropane 52

Cyclospora cayetanensis 168

Cyclospora spp. 156, 157, 165

cytomegalovirus, in dentistry 541

cytopathic effects (CPEs) 180

cytoplasm interaction 100–101

D-value (decimal reduction time (DRT)) 279,

287

Dakin’s solution 33

Dantoin 46, 46

decontamination

containment requirements 582

effi ciency of decontamination process, 584–585

large-area decontamination technologies 582–4

chlorine dioxide 583–584

CT-value 583

formaldehyde 584


temperature 583

UV light 583

surface decontamination technologies 582–583

dehydroacetic acid (DHA) 16, 74

Deinococcus radiodurans

5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine as

photoproduct 300

dose-response curve to radiation 297

radiation resistance 296

Delisea pulchra 489

delivery systems 488–489

dental impression materials 541

dental instruments 543

dental unit water lines (DUWLs) 542–543

Index

594

dentistry 537–545

cross-infection 538–542, 539

bloodborne viruses (BBVs) 538

hepatitis B and C viruses 538–540

HIV 540

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

540–541

dental hygiene 544–545

ozonated liquids 544–545

photodynamic therapy 545

infection control measures 544

training in infection control 544

working environment contamination

542–544

aerosols and splatter 542

clinical waste 543–544

dental unit water lines (DUWLs) 542–543

impressions, prosthetics and dental

instruments 543

dequalinium 22

dequalinium chloride 35, 36

Desulfotomaculum nigrifi cans


Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

hexamine 48

triazines 49

development of formulation 72–73

culturing for test inocula 72

growth medium and physical parameters 72

pretreatments 72–73

DGHM 238

dialdehydes

sporicidal activity 127

dialkyl quaternaries 22

diallyl disulfi de (DADS) 553

diallyl trisulfi de (DATS) 553–554

diamidines, aromatic 17–18, 167

mode of action 18

structure 17

4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole 242

diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating 486

diatomaceous earth fi lters 343

diazolidinyl urea 47, 47

1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane (Tektamer 38)

50, 50

dibromochloromethane (DBCM) 482

dibromopropamidine 18

microbicidal properties 18structure 17

dibutyl phthalate (DBP), recreational water

482

dichlone 31

dichloramine-T 33, 34

2,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol 38

dichloroisocyanuric acid 33, 34

didecyl dimethylammonium bromide 22

2,3-dihydroimidazoles 46

5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine 300, 301

1,3-di(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-

dioxoimidazole, 1,3-di-hydroxymethyl-5,5-

dimethylhydantoin 46, 46

Diketocyclohexadienes 31

dimethoxane (2,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol acetate)

45, 46

dimethylhydantoin (DMH) 35, 35, 481

2,4-dinitrophenol 100, 187

dioctadecyldimethylammonium 149

dioctyl dimethylammonium bromide 22

dioctylphthalate (DOP) smoke test 364–365

1,3-dioxane derivatives 45–46

dioxanes 46

2,4-dioxotetrahydroimidazole 46

diphenylurea (carbanilide) 44–45, 44

dipicolinic acid (DPA) 72, 123, 301

structure 123

Diplomonads 160

direct epifl uorescent fi ltration technique (DEFT)

242, 361

discriminatory counting techniques 242

disinfectants 236–243


classifi cation 237

disinfection

defi nition 236, 255

history of 1, 2–3

hospital 447, 448–449

laundry 473

non-standard methods 241–243

biochemical methods 242


discriminatory counting techniques 242

fl ow cytometry 242–243

physical methods 242

quantitative optical density (OD) 243

disinfection by-products (DBPs) 481

disinfection tests 237

capacity tests 240–241

classifi cation 237–238

primary and secondary methods: suspension

238–241

reproducibility of suspension testing 239–240

surface (carrier) testing 241

disodium dinaphthylmethane disulfate 42

dispersin B 489

DNA denaturation

DNA vaccination 568–569

dodecyl-β-alanine 24

dodecyl-β-aminobutyric acid 24

dodecyl-di(aminoethyl)glycine 24

dodecyl dimethylammonium chloride 22

dodecyl pyridinium chloride 22

n-dodecyl trimethylammonium bromides 22

dodecyl trimethylammonium chloride 22, 149

domiphen bromide, structure 21

Dowicil 200 48, 49

dressings 514–518

chlorhexidine dressings 517

desired properties of modern wound dressings

515evaluation and safety of 518

honey dressings 518

iodine dressings 517

moist heat 282–283

polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) 515

silver dressings 515–517, 516dry cleaning 474

dry eye syndrome 397, 402

duck hepatitis B virus 324

Dutch quantitative carrier test 241

Dutch standard suspension test 238

DVV (Deutshe Verinigung zur Bekampfung der

Viruskrankheiten), virucide effi cacy testing

179, 182

E-beam (electron beam) 294, 295

EBI Food Safety 572

Ebola virus 192

echovirus

QACs 22

type 25 190

EDTA 72, 373, 396, 398

action on cell wall 99

effl ux pumps 90, 115

classes of 111

Eimeria spp. 160

Eimeria acervulina 168

Eimeria colchici 165

Eimeria maxima 159

Eimeria tenella 159electron microscopy (EM) 96

electrostriction 373

Encephalitozoon spp. 159, 161

Encephalitozoon cuniculi 159, 165, 166, 168

Encephalitozoon hellem 159, 168

Encephalitozoon intestinalis 158, 159, 162, 164, 165,

166, 168endoscopes 454, 459–468

automated endoscope reprocessors 464–466,

465decontamination procedure 461

automated cleaning 462

drying of channels and surfaces 463

fi nal rinse 463

high-level disinfection (HLD) 462–463

leak testing 462

manual cleaning 462

personal protective equipment (PPE) 462

pre-cleaning or bedside cleaning 461–462

selection of chemical disinfectant for HLD

463–464

standard operating procedures (SOPs) 462

fl exible endoscopes , 461

reprocessed, cleaning verifi cation 466–468, 467rigid endoscopes 459, 460–461

staff training 468

training programs 468

written procedures 468

washer disinfectors 464–466

accessories 466

connection systems 464

contamination 464

documentation 466

facilities 466

storage 466

traceability 464–466

treatment of incoming water supply 464

verifi cation of all-channel irrigation 464

endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERCP)

461

endotracheal tubes 509–510

energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) 97,

193

Entamoeba spp. 157, 163

Entamoeba dispar 167

Entamoeba histolytica 157, 158, 159, 160, 167

Entamoeba invadens 159, 160Enterobacter aerogenes

Alcohols 36

595

Index

Enterobacter (Cronobacter) sakazakii

caprylic acid 15

Enterobacter spp. 158


Enterococcus cloacae, ERCP and 461

Enterococcus faecalis


in dentistry 542


tea tree oil 51

Enterococcus faecium 373

dose-response curve to radiation 297

Enterococcus hirae

triclosan 72

Enterococcus spp.

QACs

Enterocytozoon bieneusi 158, 159

enteroviruses, QACs 22

Environ® LpH 222

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (US) 135,

136, 179, 180, 182, 269, 270, 372

antimicrobial testing program (ATP) 274

BEAD Lab 135

classifi cation of disinfectants 237

antimicrobial pesticides overview 270–274

devices 275

labels 274

minimum risk pesticides 275

nanotechnology 275

OECD antimicrobial effi cacy methods 275

pesticide determination 271–272

pesticide registration 272

fi le registration 272

purchase an existing registration 272

supplemental registration process 272

registration process 272–274

changes to registrations 274

citing data 273

conducting data studies 273

EPA review process 273–273

fulfi lling data requirements 273

waiver requests 273

registrant obligations 274

state pesticide registration 274

treated articles 274–275

environmental toxicity/emerging resistance

229–233

antimicrobial resistance in bacteria 232–233

expression and overexpression of effl ux pumps

233

physiological and metabolic changes 233

bacterial susceptibility 231–232

differences/similarities in antimicrobial actions

231

epicatechin (EC) 555

epicatechin gallate (ECG) 555

Epidermophyton fl occosum

salicylanilide 45

epigallocatechin (EGC) 555

epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) 555

epoxyethane see ethylene oxide

ergosterol 150

Escherichia coli 327

AcrAB effl ux pump in 91

adherence to surfaces 486

alcohols 36

alexidine 20

antimicrobial resistance 232

bacteriophages 566

benzalkonium chrloide (BZC) 75, 76

biocidal activity test 242


Bronidox 45

cetrimide 89

chlorhexidine 96, 97

colicin 552

constant pressure 373

Dowicil 200 48

EDTA 39

effl ux 112, 113


enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI)

100

formic acid 15

Germall 46

mar locus 90

parabens 16

phage M13 573

propionic acid 15

QACs 22

silver nitrate 42

silver resistance 382

sorbic acid 15


surfaces 382

taurolin 27

tea tree oil 51

temperature 374

tobramycin 89

triclosan 72, 101, 233

Escherichia coli O157:H7

bacteriophage treatment 572

copper 488


essential oils 50–51, 555–556

esters 13

ethanoic acid see acetic acid

ethanol 37, 37, 145, 166, 194

medical equipment disinfectant 448

ethyl alcohol see ethanol

ethylene imine 52

ethylene oxide (EtO) 3, 51, 52

sporicidal activity 126

effects on nucleic acids 100

gaseous sterilization 306–307,

308–312

apparatus 310

background 308

controls and load release 311

desorption control 311

packaging of medical devices 311

properties 308

safe conditions for staff 311–312

sterilization management 311–312

sterilization parameters 310

sterilization process 310–311

typical cycles 310–311

viruses 196

N,N′-ethylenebis(2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-

glycine (EHPG) 41

ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 39–40,

40, 573


ethylenedioxybis(ethyliminodi(acetic acid)) (EGTA)

39, 40, 40

Eucalyptus oil 51

European and International Standard

EN ISO 10993-7 311

EN ISO 10993-17-2002 315

EN ISO 11135-1 310

EN ISO 11138-2 311

EN ISO 14180-2003 314, 315

EN ISO 14937 308, 317, 326

EN ISO 15883 part 4 464

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 258

European Commission

Biocidal Products Regulation 258, 527

Cosmetic Product Regulation 398

Cosmetics Directive 230

Directive 91/414/EEC 255, 258

Directive 98/8/EC 248

Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) 231

Framework Directive 1999/2/EC 299

Medical Devices Directive 135

Standing Committee on Biocides 257

Sustainable Use Directive (2009/129/EC) 258

TNsG on Data Requirements 248–249

TNsG on Product Evaluation 249, 253

see also European Commission Biocide Products

Directive

European Commission Biocide Products Directive

(BPD; 98/8/EC) 56, 231,236, 253, 255–258,

372

defi nitions and scope 255

evolution of legislation 258

operation of 255–256

active substances 255–258, 257

biocidal products 258

products types and descriptions 256European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

135, 136, 247

CEN TC216 disinfection tests 143, 144, 236,

237, 238, 240

guidance on testing and registration of chemicals

135–136

Technical Committee (TC) 236

European Food Safety Authority BIOHAZ panel

231

European fungicidal test 143

European Norm (EN) 71

EN285 282, 412

EN550 310

EN556-1 409

EN556-2 409

EN868-6 and EN868-7 311

EN1040 (bactericidal) disinfection tests 237

EN1275 (fungicidal) disinfection tests 143, 237

EN1276 241

EN1499 238, 253

EN1500 238, 253

EN1657 144

EN12054 253

EN12791 253

EN13624 (directive 93/42/EEC) 144

EN13697 143–144, 241

Index

596

EN14065 474

EN14562 144

EN15424-2007 315

EN15883 448, 452

European Union (EU) 253, 253regulatory process 248–249

Eusol 33

Evans Medical disaster 390

experimental use permit (EUP) 273

eyedrops

Acanthamoeba 390

autoclaving 282

heating with a bactericide 286


F-value 279, 287

familial Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (fCJD) 208

fatal familial insomnia (FFI) 208, 450

feline calcivirus 192

fennel oil 17

fentichlor 100

fi brous pad fi lters 344

fi eld use 73–80

bioavailablility of microbicides 75

concentration 73–74, 73, 74contact time 77

environmental temperature 75–76

factors inherent to microorganisms 77–79

formulation 75

microbial biofi lm 79–80

number of microorganisms (bioburden) 79

oxygenation 76

pH 74, 74relative humidity 76

soiling 76–77

treatment conditions 75–77

type of microorganism 77, 78type of surface 76

fi lters

membrane 344, 350–354, 352

advantages and disadvantages of 354–355

cartridge fi lters 350–351, 351

characteristics 354hydrophobic fi lters 352

pleated-membrane cartridge 351, 352

polymers used in 353testing 361–365

gas sterilization 364–365

liquid sterilization 361–364

types

cellulosic 347

diatomaceous earth 343

fi brous pad 344

membrane see above

sintered or fritted ware 344

fi ltration sterilization 343–366

applications and limitations 357

air and other gases 358–360

clean room classifi cations based on airborne

particulates 358laminar air fl ow (LAF) conditions 357,

359–360, 360

liquids 357–358

microbiological safety cabinets 360

non-sterilizing uses 360–361

solid products 358

cross-fl ow fi ltration 349–350, 349

fi lter diameter 350historical introduction 343

mechanisms (screen fi lters) (depth fi lters)

345–349

infl uence of structure on fi ltration process

346–348

removal of microorganisms from liquids 348

media manufacture 344–345

anodic oxidation of aluminium 345

expansion process 344

gelling and casting process 344

track-etch (irradiation-etch) process 344, 346

media types 343–344, 347

multiple-plate fi ltration system 351

removal of viruses, prions and endotoxins

355–357

system design 365–366

fi xed-time equilibrium binding studies 98–99

fl avonoids (polyphenols) 553

fl oors

hospital 451

surgical ward 451

fl ow cytometry 97, 242–243

fl uorine 31

fl uorochrome 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium (CTC)

98

fl uorosilicone acrylate 530

food preservation 230–231

history 1

foot-and-mouth disease 13, 577–578

acids 196

formaldehyde 3, 24, 26–28, 51–54, 52, 102, 145,

166

adverse reaction to 402


chemistry 26


effects on nucleic acids 100

gaseous sterilization 312–315

hexamine (methenamine) 27

historical use 306

interactions 26

low-temperature steam formaldehyde (LTSF)

312

mode of action 26

taurolin 27, 27

uses 27–28

formaldehyde-releasing agents 27, 51–52

formazan 242

formic acid (methanoic acid) 15

formulation optimization 373

free available chlorine (FAC) 480, 481

French Association of Normalization see AFNOR

fungi 78–79

ecology 142–143

microbicide resistance 150

see also antifungal agents

fungicidal activity see antifungal agents

furanones 489

Fusarium, ‘Quorn’ production 142

Fusarium keratitis 532


Fusarium moiliforme

acetic acid 144

ozone 148

Fusarium oxysporium


methyl iodide 147

β-galactosidase detection 242

gamma rays 294, 295

protozoa and 168

Ganoderma 142

garlic (Allium sativum) 553–555, 554, 559

gas plasma sterilization 4, 333–341, 377–378

applications for decontamination 334–335

future perspectives 341

gas plasma 338–340, 340

hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization

335–338, 336, 339

mechanisms of action 340–341

peracetic acid gas plasma sterilizers 338, 339

sterilization systems 335–340

gaseous disinfectants 51–53, 52mode of action 53

gaseous sterilization 306–326

agents

ideal gaseous sterilizing 307, 307mechanisms of action 307, 307types 307, 307

alkylating agents 308–315

biological indicators 308

equipment 308

oxidizing agents 315–323

plasma sterilization 323–328, 327gases, fi ltration sterilization 358–360

gastrointestinal infections, recreational water venues

482

gastroscope 461

gene transfer medicinal products (GTMPs) 179

General Dental Council 544

general stress response (GSR) 90

genetically modifi ed microorganisms (GEMs)

79

gentamicin 56

Geobacillus stearothermophilus 28

as biological indicator 284, 317, 414


hydrogen peroxide 316, 324

hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization 336,

339


LTSF-treated 285

microwaves 377

ozone 320, 321

peroxide gas 379

pressure and 374

spores 327, 583

steam sterilization 283

sterilization 375

sterilization monitoring 315

Germall (N,N′-methylene-bis-(5′(1-hydroxymethyl)-

2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl urea)) 46, 46

German Society for Hygiene and Microbiology

(DGHM) 237, 241

German Veterinary Society 237

germination endoprotease (GPR) 301

Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS)

208, 450

Giardia duodenalis, inhibition by propolis 558

Giardia intestinalis 159

597

Index

Giardia lamblia 163, 164, 167, 168, 170

UV resistance 300

Giardia muris 163, 164, 165, 167

Giardia spp. 155, 156, 157, 160, 163, 167

cysts, viability of 242


Gigasept 28

gluconic acid 13, 41

glucoprotamin 50

glucoprotamines 381

glucosaminidases 573

β-δ-glucuronidase detection 242

Glugea anomala 164

γ-d-glutaminyl-l-lysine endopeptidases 573

glutaraldehyde (pentanedial) (GTA) 3, 24–26, 77,

78, 102, 145, 166


chemistry of 24–25



interactions 25

microbicidal activity 25mode of action 25

pH 74

scrapie 221

structure 24, 25

uses 25–26

glutaraldehyde phenate 146

glycidaldehyde 52

Glydant 46, 46

Glyoxal (ethanedial), malonaldehyde (propanedial)

24, 28–29

good manufacturing practice (GMP) 395, 411, 416

granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) 157

green microbicides 585

green tea (Camellia sinensis) 555

greenbottle (Lucilia sericata) maggots 560

green fl uorescent protein (GFP) 98

growth medium 72

guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl)

in TSEs 223

guanidine thiocyanate (GdnSCN)

in TSEs 223

H1N1 virus

hand hygiene 419

infl uenza pandemic 538

Haemophilus infl uenzae, tea tree oil 51

N-halamines 382, 382

halane 33, 34

halazone 33, 34

halogen compounds

protozoa 162–164


halogen-releasing compounds

halogenated fl uorescein (hydroxyxanthene) 31

halogenating agents, actions of 102

halogens 31–35


see also bromine, chlorine, iodine

halquinol 35, 36

hand gels, effi cacy 422

hand hygiene 179

adverse events 433–434

antisepsis products and methods 419–422

compliance 425–427, 426

handrub procedure 421

healthcare workers 424–425

healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)

transmission 418–419, 419

monitoring 422–424

direct observation methods 423–424

indirect monitoring 424

automated monitoring 424

programs 427–432, 428–431WHO guidelines 433, 434–436

Hartmannella 157, 161

Hartmannella vermiformis 163

Hawthorne effect 423

hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)

systems 474

Health Canada (HC) 135, 179, 247–248, 248,

250–251Access to Therapeutic Products: the Regulatory

Process in Canada 267

antiseptics 135, 136Consumer Chemicals and Containers Regulations

(2001) 263

Consumer Product Safety Act (CCPSA) 263

Consumer Product Safety Directorate 263

Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) 263

disinfectants 135

vs sanitizers 262–264, 263Drug Identifi cation Number (DIN) 248, 262,

264

Drug Product Database 267

emerging pathogens 267

Food and Drug Regulations (F&DR) 247, 262,

263, 264

Food and Drugs Act (F&DA) 262, 263, 264

General Standards Board (CGSB) Document

CGSB-2.161–97 265

Guidance Document: Disinfectant Drugs 262

Guidance Document: Human-Use Antiseptic Drugs

249

premarket review process for hard surface

disinfectants 264–266

Hazardous Products Act (HPA) 263–264

Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB) 247

Health Products and Food Branch Inspectorate

(HPFBI) 264, 267

legislative and regulatory authority 264, 264

Marketed Health Products Directorate (MHPD)

267

Natural Health Product Regulations (NHPR)

262

New Drug Submission (NDS) Regulations 248

Pest Control Products Act (PCPA) 263

Pest Control Products Regulations (PCPR) 263

Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA)

262

postmarket regulatory activities 267

Regulatory Authorization of Hard Surface

Disinfectants in Canada 262–263

Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) 262,

263

healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) transmission

418–419, 419

heat–moisture exchangers (HMEs) 453

heat sterilization 3, 277–289

combination treatments 285–286

delivery and control 286–287

dry heat 287–288, 287D-value (decimal reduction time (DRT))

287

F-value 287

lyophilization 288

z-value 287

food processing 284–285

hospital disinfection 447–448

kinetics 277, 278

D-value (decimal reduction time (DRT)) 279

F-value 279

z-value 279

microbial inactivation 288–289

microbial susceptibility 279

moist heat 279–284

dressings 282–283

lumened devices 284

non-parenteral products 281–282

parenteral products 280–281

steam sterilization 279, 279steam sterilizers, types of 283superheated steam 279

time-temperature relationships 280uses 280

spore resistance 289

heavy metal derivatives 41–44

hedaquinium chloride 22, 35

Helicobacter pylori

garlic 554

gastroscopy 461


virino theory of prion diseases 211

helium in gas plasma sterilization 340

HEPA fi ltration system 310, 325, 359, 360, 364–5,

585

hepadnaviruses 180

hepatitis A virus 183, 373

glutaraldehyde 190

heat 196

hospitals 449–450


ozone 320

structural protein VP1 190

hepatitis B virus (HBV) 178, 179, 180

alcohol 194

‘Dane particles’ 190

dentistry 537, 538

duck 180

hand hygiene 419

heat 196, 279

hospital 449–450

medical equipment 446

recreational water venues 483


hepatitis B virus surface (HBsAg) 190

hepatitis C virus (HCV) 178, 179, 180

dentistry 537, 538

haemophilia 390

hand hygiene 419

hospital 449–450


hepatitis non-A, non-B viruses hospital 449–450

2-heptadecyl-2-imidazoline 46

herpes simplex virus

dentistry 541

keratitis 533

Index

598

ozone 320

QACs 22

herpesvirus 419

spread by tonometers 454

hexachlorophene 149



hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide 149

n-hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromides 22

hexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine 49, 49

hexamidine 167

hexamidine diisethionate 18

hexamine derivatives 48–49

hexanedial 24

hexylresourcinol 53

Hibitane see chlorhexidine gluconate (CHL-G)

high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) 168

high-effi ciency particulate air see HEPA

high-intensity light 376

high-level disinfectants (HLDs) 237

for endoscopes 462–463

for MIS endoscopes 460

high-temperature short-time(HTST) processing

286

high-voltage electric pulses 375–376

history 1–4

HIV/AIDS 178, 179, 419

dentistry 537, 538


hemophilia and 390

hospitals 450


irradiation dose in bone transplants 298


ozone 320

PHMB and 193





hive products 556

honey 556–557

as cleansing agent 1

impregnated dressings 557

hospitals 445–454

cleaning 446

contaminated disinfectant solutions 450–451

disinfectant policy 446–449

objective 446–447

risk categories 447

requirements 447

disinfection method 447–449, 448implementation 449

disinfection 446

environment and equipment 451–454

air 452

anaesthetic equipment 453

babies’ incubators 453

baths, washbowls and toilets 452

bedpans and urinals 452

carpets 451–452

cleaning equipment 453

crockery and cutlery 452, 453endoscopes 454

fl oor of surgical ward 451

heat–moisture exchangers (HMEs) 453

respiratory ventilators and associated

equipment 453

stethoscopes and sphygomamanometer cuffs

454

tonometers 454

vaginal specula and other vaginal devices 454

walls of operating theater 451walls, ceilings and fl oors 451

microorganisms 449–450

bacterial spores 449

bloodborne viruses, hepatitis A virus and

prions 449–450

hepatitis B virus 449–450

hepatitis C virus 449–450

hepatitis non-A, non-B viruses 449–450

HIV/AIDS 450

mycobacteria 450

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare 450

Mycobacterium chelonae 450

Mycobacterium tuberculosiss 450

prions 450

sterilization 446

hot springs 480

hot tubs 480

human defense peptides 559

human immunodefi cieny virus (HIV) see HIV/AIDS

Human Mediteck HMTS series 338

Humira (adalimumab) 569

‘hurdle technology’ 285

hydrazinoquinolines 35

hydrochloric acid 13

hydrochlorofl uorocarbon (HCFC) 310

hydrogen peroxide 3, 38–39, 98, 101, 164, 165, 195


gas see vaporized hydrogen peroxide


hepatitis C virus 324

liquid 378–379

synergism with peracetic acid 373

in TSEs 222

UV radiation and 302

hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization

315–317, 335–338, 336, 339

hydrophobic fi lters 352

N-hydroxyethylethylenediamine-NN′N′-triacetic

acid (HDTA) 39, 40, 41

Hygiene Institute of Mainz 241

hypobromous acid (HOBr) 35

hypochlorites 33, 33, 74, 98, 101

hypochlorous acid (HOCl) 35

p-hydroxybenzoic acid, esters of (parabens) 14,

16–17, 172-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 38

8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) 35, 41

8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives 35, 36

Hydroxyxanthene 31

imidazole derivatives 46–47

imidazolidones 46

imidazolines 46

iminodiacetic acid (IDA) 39, 40, 41

imipenem 89

implants, programmable release of active agents

from 494

impressions, dental 543

in TSEs 222

Inadine™ in dressings 517

incineration of clinical waste 476

incubation temperature 80

incubators, baby 453

infection control measures

in dentistry 544

Infection Prevention Society 449

infl uenza

pandemic 538

QACs 22

viruses 419

infrared irradiation 302

injury repair 80

inorganic acids 13–17

chemistry 13–14

mode of action 14

International Colloquium on the Evaluation of

Disinfectants in Europe, Committee of 238

International Standards Organization (ISO) 71, 248

ISO 14729:2001 143

ISO 11138-5-2006 315

ISO 14937-2009 315

ISO 10993 503

ISO 11135 416

ISO 11138 series 413 414

ISO 11140-1 412, 413

ISO 13485 415

ISO 14161 414

ISO 17665-1 413

ISO 20743 525, 526

iodine



dressings 2, 517

free iodine 31–32


protozoa 162–164


iodine compounds 31–33, 31mode of action 33


iodoform 31

iodophors 32, 147


hand washing 420


as virucide 419

Iodosorb 32, 517

Iodozyme™ 517

ionization constant 13

‘iontophoretic’ approach 492

irritant contact dermatitis 433

iseganan 381

isoniazid 100

isopropanol (propan-2-ol) 37, 37, 145, 166, 194

medical equipment disinfectant 448

isoquinoline 36

isoquinoline derivatives 35, 36

Isospora belli 156, 157

Isospora suis 157

isothermal adsorption 99, 99

isothiazolines, adverse reactions to 402

isothiazolinones 99, 395

599

Index

isothiazolones 47–48, 47, 101, 166–167

mode of action 47

iturin-A 150

katadyn silver 42

Kelsey–Sykes (capacity method) test 143, 238, 240,

241

keratinases

in TSEs 223

Klebsella pneumoniae, ERCP and 461

Klebsiella spp.


hand hygiene 432

in skin 418

Klenzyme® 221

kuru 208, 209, 300, 450


lactic acid 14, 15, 41, 53

as fungal carbon source 145

Lactobacillus plantarum, DHA 16

Lactococcus lactis 381, 491

nisin synthesis 552

lactoferrin 41, 72, 73, 559

laminar air fl ow (LAF) conditions 357, 359–360, 360

lamivudine (3TC) 540

lantibiotics 552

Lassavirus 192

latex

in medical devices 502

laundry 471–474

categorization 472–473

infectious linen 473

thermolabile linen 473

used linen 473

chemical disinfection 473

continuous tunnel washing machines (CTWMs)

472, 473

decontamination 473

dry cleaning 474

quality assurance systems 474

routine 471–472

staff uniforms 473

tunnel washer 472

washer extractors 472–473

washing machines in acute clinical areas 474

laurolinium 22

laurolinium acetate 35, 36

lecithin 22

Legionella micdadei 483

Legionella pneumophila 163

bromine 35

in dental unit water lines 542

in dentistry 541

ozone 100

silver nitrate 42

Legionella spp. 158

Airborne 452


legionnaires’ disease 483

Leptospermum, honey and 557

Leptospermum scoparium (Manuka oil) 518

Leptospira spp., fi ltration sterilization 348

Leuven test 241

light, antimicrobial activity 3

light emitt ing diodes (LEDs) 545

lime sulfur 16

linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin 572

lipids, interactions 102

liquids, fi ltration sterilization 357–358

Listeria monocytogenes 72

copper 488


heat treatment 285

Listeria monocytogenes-specifi c phages 572, 586

Listex™ 572

ListShield™ 572

LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability kit stain 97

log reduction value (LRV) 348

log removal factor 348

Loma salmonae 159, 164

low-temperature steam (LTS) 285

formaldehyde (LTSF) 285, 312

sterilizer 315

lubrols 22

lumened devices moist heat 284

lyophilization 288

lysins 573, 586

lysogeny 567

lysozyme 552

magainins 559

maggot therapy 559–560, 560magnetic fi elds 376–377

magnetically controlled drug delivery 493

malachite green dye 30, 30

malic acid 13, 41

as chelator 73

manuka honey 556, 557, 557

mar effl ux system 90

mar operon 92

mechanisms of action 95–103

on cell membrane 99–100

inhibition of energy processes 100

leakage of cell constituents 99–100

on cell wall 99

classes 101–103, 102alkylating and halogenating agents 102

interactions with lipids 102

metal ion-binding agents 102

nucleic acid-binding agents 102

oxidizing agents 101

protein denaturants 102

cytoplasm interaction 100–101

enzymes 100

microbial transcriptome and proteome 101

nucleic acids 100

protein denaturation and coagulation 100

methods for study 96–98

molecular approaches 98

physical and biochemical approaches 96–98

variable parameters 98

site of action 96

uptake, binding and penetration 98–99

medical equipment 445–454

medicines, preservation of 388–402, 389adverse reactions 401–402

consequences of microbial contamination

390–391

effi cacy 392–395, 400–401, 400

microbial growth, formulation effects 391–392

nature 388–390


quality of non-sterile dosage forms 396regulatory aspects 399

test requirements for selected raw materials 395,

395Melaleuca alternifolia see tea tree oil (TTO)

melamine formaldehyde 52, 52

melamine 558

melittin 558

membrane fi lters 344, 350–354, 352

meningitis 15

mercuric chloride 2, 43

mercurochrome 43, 43

mercury compounds 43

meropenem 89

mesoporous silica 56

metal ion-binding agents, actions of 102

metal ions 75

metal nanoparticles 490

metallic salts as virucides 195–196

metals as antifungal agent 147–148

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus see

MRSA

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis

(MRSE) strains 30

methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

bacteriophages 568

ozone 320

methoctramine 99

methyl alcohol (methanol) 37

methyl bromide 52, 147

methyl iodide 147

2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT) 47, 47

N,N′-methylene-bis-(5′(1-hydroxymethyl)-2,5-

dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl urea 46, 46

methylene bisthiocyanate 50, 50

Meveol® 559

microbicidal activity, factors affecting

development of formulation 72–73

culturing for test inocula 72

growth medium and physical parameters 72


fi eld use 73–80

bioavailablility of microbicides 75

concentration 73–74, 73, 74contact time 77

environmental temperature 75–76

factors inherent to microorganisms 77–79

formulation 75

microbial biofi lm 79–80

number of microorganisms (bioburden) 79

oxygenation 76

pH 74, 74relative humidity 76

soiling 76–77

treatment conditions 75–77

type of microorganism 77, 78type of surface 76

post-exposure viability 80


injury repair 80

neutralization of microbicidal activity 80

recovery media 80

Index

600

microbicidal agents, commonly used 372microbicidal dyes 29–31

microbicidal effect (ME) 238

microbicidal peptides 381microbicidal surfaces 381, 382–383

microbicide susceptibility of infectious agents

578–581

microbicides 55

microbiological safety cabinets 360

microbistatic agents, uses 54–55

regulatory requirements 55

selection 55

microcalorimetry 242

microcidin J25 381

Micrococcus luteus 77

microelectrophoresis 97

microplate fl uorescence 97

Microsporidium spp. 158–159, 161, 165

Microsporum audovinii

Salicylanilide 45

Microsporum gypseum

Dantoin 46

microwave irradiation 287, 302, 377

midazolidinone N′,N′-dihalamine 33

minimally invasive surgical (MIS) devices 459,

460

minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 114,

232

minimum effective concentration (MEC) testing

463

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 2, 74,

91, 150, 232, 249

of antifungal drugs 143

measurement 109, 113–114

molluscum contagiosum 482

Monilinia laxa spores, peracetic acid 149

monoquaternary compounds 22

morphological alteration and disintegration test

(MADT)

with hepatitis B virus 96

most probable number (MPN) method 180

MRSA 15, 30, 488

8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) 35

bacteriophages 568

cadexomer-I2 32

in dentistry 541, 542


green tea 555

hand hygiene 424, 432

honey 557

in hospitals 445

hydrogen peroxide vapour 317

on linen 473

ozone 320

povidone-iodine 32

propolis 558


on surfaces 485

tea tree oil 556

MS2 coliphages 183

Mucor piriformis


multidrug resistance (MDR) 109

effl ux 150

multiple sclerosis 487

multiplicity of infection 566

mummifi cation 1

muramic acid-δ-lactam 122

‘mycobacteria other than tuberculosis’ (MOTT)

131

mycobacteria, environmental 78, 139

hospital 450

spread of 132

microbiocidesd 132

testing microbicides 132

Mycobacterium abscessus, recreational water 482

Mycobacterium avium 373


recreational water 482

tea tree oil 51

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

(MAP) 568

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare 450

Mycobacterium bovis 131, 132, 136

microwave exposure 288

transcriptome response to sodium hypochlorite

101

Mycobacterium chelonae 483

glucoprotamine 382

hospital 450


Mycobacterium immunogenum 132

Mycobacterium leprae 131

Mycobacterium marinum 482

Mycobacterium massiliense

antimicrobial resistance 232antibiotic resistance

115

Mycobacterium smegmatis 133

enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (FabI) 100

Mycobacterium spp.

aliphatic alcohols 36

Tego 24

Mycobacterium terrae 136

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 131

in dentistry 541

disinfection 446

hospital 450

identifi cation by bacteriophage technology 568

registered products claiming activity against M.

tuberculosis 135


Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis 136

mycocystins 391

mycolic acid 132


in contact lenses 531

Naegleria fowleri 157–158, 161, 166

Naegleria gruberi 161, 164, 168

Naegleria jadini 161

Naegleria lovanensis 163, 165, 168

Naegleria spp. 159, 162, 163, 164, 167

nanocrystalline silver 515–516

nanodiamonds 585

nanosilver coatings 490

nanotechnology 56–57

naphthaquinones 31

naphthylacetylspermine 99

natron 1

natural antimicrobial agents 55, 490–491

natural products 550–560

of animal origin 556–558

antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) 550–551, 551

bacterial 551–552

of bacterial origin 551–552

of plant origin 552–556, 553natural pools 480

necrotizing enterocolitis 15

nelfi navir 540

Neocallimastix 143


Newcastle disease virus 182, 577

nisin 55, 381, 491, 552

nitric oxide 380

nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) 39, 40, 41

nitrogen in gas plasma sterilization 339

nitrogen dioxide 380

nitromersol 43, 43

nitrosamine 38

nitrous oxide 380

non-parenteral products 281–282

‘non-tuberculous mycobacteria’ (NTM) 131

norovirus 180

North American regulatory process 247–248

Norwalk virus, aggregation and chlorination

resistance 196

Nosema apis 159

Nosema bombycis 164

Noxyfl ex 27

noxythiolin (oxymethylenethiourea) 27, 27

nucleic acid-binding agents, actions of 102

nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

540

nucleotide excision repair (dark repair) 300

nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)

540

Nuosept 95 49, 49

nylon 66 fi lters 344

octamidine 167

2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Skane) 47–48, 47

OECD 182

on antimicrobial-treated textiles 523

ohmic heating 287

Omnilytics 572

optical density (OD), quantitative 243

organic acids 13–17, 13

chemistry 13–14

mode of action 14

organosilicon-substituted (silicon-bonded) QACs

22

ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) 3, 24, 26, 28, 77, 166,

192

chemistry of 28

prevention of germination 125


interactions 28

mode of action 28

structure 28

uses 28

orthopedic devices, antimicrobial 510

otitis externa 481

oxazolo-oxazoles 49–50

oxidizing agents

actions of 101

601

Index


Bacillus subtilis 585


in gaseous sterilization 307, 315–326

protozoa and 164–166

as virucides 195

oxine 34

oxygen 76

in gas plasma sterilization 338–339

oxyrane see ethylene oxide

Oxyzyme™ 5, 7

ozone 53, 164–165, 195, 380



in dentistry 544–545

effect on nucleic acids 100


background 319

properties 319–321, 321

sterilization process and management

321–322


parabens 75, 144, 395


paraformaldehyde 51–52, 146

Paravahlkampfi a francinae 158

parenterals

products 280–281

preservatives 396

Parkinson’s disease, parallel with prion diseases

224

Pasteur, Louis 2

pediocin 55

Penicillium brevicompactum, spores, chlorine and

146

Penicillium chrysogenum, chlorine dioxide 147

Penicillium expansum

DHA 16


Penicillium glaucum

triazines 49

Penicillium notatum

triazines 49


Penicillium oxalicum spores of, chlorine and 146

Penicillium rubrum spores, methyl bromide 147

Penicillium spp.

acetic acid 144

biofi lms 150

chlorine dioxide 379

parabens 144

peptidoglycan 99

peracetic acid (PAA) 3, 39, 101, 164, 165–166,

195





synergism with hydrogen peroxide 373

performic acid 39

peritoneal catheters, antimicrobial 510

permeabilizers 41, 72

peroxides, bacterial spores 126

Peroxone 317

peroxygens 3, 38–39

Perozone 321

personal protective equipment (PPE) for endoscopes

462

pexiganan 381

pexiganan acetate cream 559

PGLYRP series 381

pH 74, 74culture 72

microbial growth 392

preservative effi cacy 393–394

recreation water 380

responsivity 493–494

phenanthrenequinones 31

phenol 72, 74


dressing 2

limitations 371

toxicity and tolerance 101

as virucide 194

phenoxyethanol (phenoxetol) 36, 38, 100, 398

2-phenoxyethanol 37

phenylethanol (phenylethyl alcohol) 38

2-phenylethanol 37

phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) 43, 44


phenylmercuric nitrate (PMN) 43–44, 43


phenylmethanol see benzyl alcohol

o-phenylphenol 98

3-phenylpropanol 22

phospholipids 22

phosphoric acid 196

Photobacterium (Vibrio) fi scheri 242

photocatalytic activity 492

photocatalytic oxidation reaction modules 585

photodynamic therapy 55

in dentistry 545

photoreactivation (light repair) 300

photosensitive dyes 492

physical microbicides, protozoa 167–70

picornavirus 183

α-pinene 556

plague 1 2

plaque assay 180

plasma


defi nition 334

plasma sterilization 323–328, 327Plazlyte® 336

pleated-membrane cartridge 351, 352

Pluronic F68 24

pneumonia (PNEU) 504

polihexanide see polyhexamethylene biguanide

(PHMB)

poliovirus 182, 190, 373

bromine chloride 193

QACs 22

superoxidzed water 56

poliovirus type 1

iodine 192

ozone 320


poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel 493

poly-l-lysine 41, 41

polyaminopropylbiguanide (PAPB) see

polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)

poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polymers 492

poly(N)isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) 493

poly(oxyethylene (dimethylimino)ethylene)

dichloride 22

polycations 41, 72

polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) 502

polyethylene glycol (PEG) 394, 486

polyethylene oxide (PEO) brush coatings and

polymers 486

polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) 20–21, 75,

98, 100, 113, 162, 193–194, 194contact lens solution 531, 532

dressings 515

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 180, 216

polymeric biguanides 20–21

polymeric QACs 22

polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), contact lenses

530

Polyquad 23

polyquaternium-1 (PQ-1) 149


polysorbates 75

polytetrafl uoroethylene (PTFE, Tefl on)

fi lters 344


polyurethane


polyvinyl chloride


polyvinylidine fl uoride (PVDF) fi lters 344

polyvinyl-pyrrolidone iodophores (PVP-I) see

povidone-iodine

Pontiac fever 483

post-exposure viability 80


injury repair 80


recovery media 80

potassium dichloroisocyanurate 33

potassium hydroxide 145

potassium permanganate in TSEs 223

povidone-iodine (PVP-I)) 32, 32, 42

in dressings 517

medical equipment disinfectant 448–449

ppApp 90

pppApp 90

prEN14476 protocol 182

pressures, high, protozoa 168


primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) 158

prion 373

prion diseases see Transmissible Spongiform

Encephalopathies (TSEs)

prions 77, 210, 211, 450

ethylene oxide 309


hospital 449–450

inactivation 54

microbicide susceptibility 578–579

process optimization 372–373

profl avine 30, 102

profl avine hemisulfate 30

pronase in TSEs 223

Index

602

propamidine 18

microbicidal properties 18structure 17

n-propanol 37, 145, 166

propan-2-ol see isopropanol

propidium iodide (PI) dye 98

β-propiolactone 52, 221

propionic acid 14, 15


propolis (bee glue) 557–558

propylene glycol 53

propylene oxide 52, 53, 100

propyl-p-hydroxybenzoic acid 14

prosthetics, dental 543

proteases in TSEs 223

protein denaturants 102

proteinase K in TSEs 223

Proteus mirabilis

biofi lms 486, 488

in skin 418

triclosan inhibition 113

Proteus spp., chlorhexidine 19

Proteus vulgaris

Bronidox 46

Dowicil 200 48

proton-motive force (PMF) 100

protoplasts, study of action of microbicidesn 97

protozoa 155–170, 169amoebae 157–158, 160–161

general descriptions and life cycles 155–161, 156microbicidal resistance

dormant-form cell wall structures 159–161

sensitivity and resistance to 161–170

microsporidia 158–159, 161

waterborne parasitic 155–157

Providencia spp., chlorhexidine 19

PrPc 210, 211–212, 214

PrPres 210–212, 214

Pseudoloma neurophilia 164

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1, 170

2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Skane) 48


antibiotics 569


benzalkonium chloride 22

biofi lm 87, 88, 98

Bronidox 45

cadexomer-I2 32

CDTA 41

cetrimide 23

chlorhexidine 20, 101


in dentistry 541

DHA 16


disinfectants in recreational waters 54

disinfection of 238, 239

Dowicil 200 49

EDTA 39

effl ux 112, 113

effl ux pumps 233

ERCP and 461

gastroscopy 461

honey 557

IDA 41

keratitis 532

MexAB operon 90, 91

mutidrug effl ux pump 90

NTA 41

ortho-phenylphenol 101

parabens 16

phage F116 96

phenoxyethanol 38

PHMB in 20

pretreatment with polysorbate-80 72

QACs 22, 74

recreational water 481

resistance 78

resistance to QACs 111

respiratory ventilators 453

sigma factors, RpoS and AlgU 91

silver compounds 42


tea tree oil 51


triazines 49

triclosan 72

urinary tract infection, recreational water venues

483

Pseudomonas aeruginosa F116 bacteriophage

GTA and 190, 191

phenol 194

Pseudomonas aureofaciens

Germall 46

Pseudomonas fl uorescens

Bronidox 46

Pseudomonas ovale

Germall 46

Pseudomonas putida

Germall 46

phenol and, whole-cell proteome in 101

Pseudomonas spp. ATCC 19146 see Brevundimonas

diminuta

Pseudomonas spp. 158

acetic acid 15

in antiseptic cleaning solutions 391

chlorhexidine 20

eye drops 396

manganese ions 75

Pseudomonas vulgaris

PHMB in 20

Pulsed electric fi elds 168

PuriLens® system 532

Pyridazinoquinoline 35

QacA-G 90

quantitative (real-time) polymerase chain reaction

(PCR) 96

quantitative carrier tests 134–135, 134

quantitative surface disinfectant test (QSDT) 241

quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) 3, 20,

22, 100, 194, 231

chemistry 21–22

detergent and cationic properties 95

fungi 149


mode of action 22

pH 74

protozoa 162

resistance in environment 232

resistance to 109

skin reaction 433

structure and examples 21

uses 22–23

quillaia bark 2

quinacrine 102

quinoline derivatives 35, 36

quinones 30–31, 31

quorum sensing 503

quorum-sensing antagonists 489

radiation sterilization 3, 294–302

applications 299, 299D-value 297

sources 295–296

classifi cation 295, 295source 295–296

units 295

microorganisms, sensitivity/resistance 296–298,

296dose-response aspects 296–297, 296

mechanisms of lethal action 297–298

microbial target site 297

DNA damage 297

DNA repair 297–298

dose 298

sterility assurance level (SAL) 298

effect on product 298

standards and control procedures 298–299

ISO 11137 298, 299

ISO 14937 298

verifi cation dose (VDmax) method 299

high-intensive broad-spectrum, pulsed light

302

Ralstonia 572

Ralstonia pickettii


fi ltration sterilization 348

recombination repair (post-replication repair)

300–301

recovery media 80

recreational water venues, treated 478–483

disinfection 480

engineering design 478–480

health effects 481–483

management and reporting 483

water chemistry 480

registration, evaluation, authorization and

restriction of chemicals (REACH) 259–261

Community Rolling Action Plan 260

defi nitions and scope 259

development 259

downstream users 260–261

legislation evolution 261

operation of 259–260

authorization 260

chemical safety report (CSR) 259

evaluation 260

registration 259–260

restriction 260

safety data sheets 261

timeline 260

regulations 247–254

see under countries and names

regulatory requirements 55

603

Index

relative humidity 76

respiratory syncytial virus 419

respiratory ventilators 453

reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

(RT-PCR) 161

reverse transcription to quantify messenger RNA

96

rhinovirus, organic acids 196

Rhizopus nigricans, DHA 16

rhodamine 123 100

Rhodotorula biofi lms 150

Rhodotorula rubra. biofi lms, sodium hypochlorite

146

Rideal–Walker test 237, 238, 239

Rift Valley fever virus 577

risk analysis biocontamination control (RABC)

system 474

RNA polymerase 554

Rose Bengal dye 492

rotavirus

alcohol 194

royal jelly 558

Sabin live attenuated poliovirus 568

Saccharomyces bailii, sorbic acid and 374

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 327

biosurfactant 150

Bronidox 46

chlorhexidine 150

DHA 16


ethanol 145, 150


mercury compounds 43

Pluronic F68 24

test organism in EN1650 143

triazines 49

Saccharomyces spp.

chlorine dioxide

magnetic fi elds 376

parabens 144

salicylanilide 44, 44, 45, 187

salicylic acid 2, 13, 16

Salmonella enterica


triclosan resistance 233

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium 374,

375

acquired resistance in 110

bioterrorism 576

effl ux 112

phage typing 568

triclosan exposure 101, 112

Salmonella spp.

butyric acid 15

contaminants 392

egg shells 302


ERCP and 461

formic acid 15

gastroscopy 461

heat adaptation 278

high-intensity light 376

propionic acid 15

silver tolerance 382

Salmonella typhi 2

Bronidox 46

Dowicil 200 48

Salmonella typhimurium

Parabens 16

QACs 22

Sappinia spp. 157

Sarcocystis gigantea 165, 166, 168

Sarcocystis miescheriana 167

Sarcocystis neurona 157, 162, 164, 166, 167

Sarcocystis spp. 156

Sarcocystis suihominis 167

Savloclens 144

Savlodil 144

Savlon 20

scarlet fever 3

scrapie 209, 212, 224, 300, 450, 579

autoclaving 213


septic shock syndrome 541

Serratia marcescens 2


ERCP and 461

Bronidox 46

fi ltration sterrilization 348

hydrogen peroxide vapour 317

keratitis 532


QAC susceptibility 112, 233

Serratia rubidaea in dental impressions 543

Serratia spp. 158

Shinva PS™ series 338

sialadenitis 539

sick building syndrome 147, 358

Siculus 2

sigmoidoscope 461

‘silane-quat’ 522

silicone in medical devices 502

silicone acrylate, contact lenses 530

silver 487, 488, 507


dressings 515–517, 516surface 381–382

as virucides 195

silver-based nanotechnology 195

silver compounds 42

silver iodide 56

silver nanoparticles (nanosilver) 56

silver nitrate 42, 148, 382

dressings 515

silver sulfadiazine (SSD) 42, 148, 382

dressings 515

silver toxicity 517

sintered ware 344

Sjögren’s syndrome 539

small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) 289, 301, 573

alpha/beta type 123, 126

gamma-type 123

repair 301

smallpox 578

sodium bicarbonate 145

sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione 481

sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) 33–34,

146, 448

in TSEs 221

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 149

prions 220, 221

sodium hydroxide 145

scrapie 220

sodium hydroxymethylglycinate 50, 50

sodium hypochlorite 33, 146, 151

in TSEs 221

as virucides 192

sodium metasilicate 145

Sofl ens® 530

soiling 76–77

solar disinfection (‘SODIS’) technique 167

solar photocatalytic (TiO2) disinfection methods

167

sonication 377

sorbic acid (2,4-hexadienoic acid) 14, 15, 74, 144

‘sous vide’ products 285

spas 480

Spaulding classifi cation 230, 460

spheroplasts, study of action of microbiocides

97

Sphingomonas paucimobilis


sphygomamanometer cuffs 454

spiroindoquinoline 35

Spiroplasma, virino theory of prion diseases 211

Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee

(SEAC) 540, 541

sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) 208,

211, 450

spore resistance, heat sterilization 289

sporicidin 28

Sporothrix 150

Sporothrix schenckii spores, iodine 147

Stachybotrys chartarum, chlorine dioxide 147

staff uniforms 473

standard operating procedures (SOPs) for

endoscopes 462

standard scrapie cell assay (SSCA) 216

Staphylococcus albus

Germall 46

Staphylococcus aureus 72, 327


alcohol-based hand gels, resistance 110


Bronidox 46

BZC 76

cadexomer-I2 32

cell wall damage 99

chlorhexidine 20


cosmetics 390

crystal violet 30

dental unit water lines 542

in dentistry 541

DHA 16

Dowicil 200 49

effl ux 111


formic acid 15

Germall 46

green tea and 555


8-hydroxyquinoline (oxine) 35

hydroxyxanthene and 29

Index

604

isothiazolones 47

keratitis

microbicide tolerance in 90

ortho-phenylphenol 101

propolis 558

salicylanilide 45

silver nitrate 42

skin 418, 419

triclosan 101

Staphylococcus epidermidis


biofi lms 89

maggots 559

cosmetics 390

crystal violet 30

keratitis 532

susceptibility to ciprofl oxacin 89

Staphylococcus intermedius 77

Staphylococcus pyogenes

penicillin 91

tea tree oil 51

Staphylococcus spp.

eye drops 396

hexamine 48

nisin 381

ozone 320

tea tree oil 51

starch mucilage 394

steam sterilization 279, 279steam sterilizers, types of 283Stenotrophomonas 233

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, triclosan exposure

112

sterility assurance 408–417

bioburden estimation 416

equipment function tests 412

installation qualifi cation (IQ) 412

operational qualifi cation (OQ) 412

performance qualifi cation (PQ) 412

factors affecting 409–410, 410

parametric release of product in practice

416–417

performance verifi cation tests 412–413

biological indicators 413–414

chemical indicators 412–413

in practice 410

process monitoring and parametric release

411–416

process validation practices 412, 414–416

control of complete process 415–416

monitoring the sterilization cycle 415

selection and validation of sterilization process

415

sterility 409, 409

sterility testing 410–411, 411sterility assurance level (SAL) 409, 409

sterile barrier systems (SBS) 417

sterile, defi nition 408–409

sterilized, defi nition 408–409

Sterrad sterilization cycles 337, 337

Sterrad sterilizers 222, 323–328, 335–338, 378

stethoscopes 454

stigmasterol 150

Streptococcus faecalis

Bronidox 46

Streptococcus mutans 77

hydrogen peroxide and chlorhexidine 101

measurement of microbicidal effects 242

Streptococcus pneumoniae

tea tree oil 51

Streptococcus salivarius, adherence to surfaces 486

Streptococcus sanguinis 242

Streptococcus sanguis 77

Streptococcus thermophilus 376

succinaldehyde (butanedial) 24

sulfi tes 16

sulfur dioxide 16

sulfuric acid 13

supercritical carbon dioxide

bacterial spores 127–128

supercritical fl uids 373–375

superheated steam 279

superoxidized water 55–56

hospital equipment, disinfectant 448

surface-active agents 21–24

amphotetic (amphyolytic) agents 24

anionic agents 23

cationic agents 21–23

non-ionic 23–24

surfaces see antimicrobial surfaces

surfacine 56

surfactants as antifungal agent 149–150

surgical site infections (SSIs) 249, 504

suspension tests, fungicidal 143

Suttocide A 50

sutures, antimicrobial 511

swimming bath granuloma 482

swimming pools 479–480

swine fever 577

synergism 373, 585

SYTO9 dye 98

Syzygium aromaticum 51

tablets, medical, preservatives 397

taurine, formaldehyde 27

tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil (TTO) 51,

555–556

Tego compounds 24

Tektamer 38 50, 50

temperature

culture 72


environmental 75–76

microbial growth 392

preservative effi cacy 393–394

protozoa 167

temperature responsivity 493–494

tenofovir (TDF) 540

terpinen-4-ol 556

α-terpineol 556

testing of mycobactericidal agents 131–136, 137–138

protocols 133–135

quantitative carrier tests 134–135, 134

types 132–133

ex vivo tests 133

in vitro carrier tests 132–133

in vivo tests 133

simulated use testing 133

suspension tests 132

testing techniques, antimicrobial 520–527

‘active’ microbial properties on textiles 524

qualitative test methods 525, 525quantitative test methods 525–526, 526

activity measurement 524–527

claim validation 526–527

odor control 526–527

using simulated microbial splash 527, 528

‘passive’ microbial resistance and preservative

testing 524

n-tetradecyl trimethylammonium bromides 22

textiles, antimicrobial 520–527

antimicrobial agents 522

benefi ts 520–521

global regulatory compliance 522

hospital and home 521–522

leaching and non-leaching agents 522

manufacturing and raw materials 521

microbiological growth on textiles 521

mode of antimicrobial action 522

natural and synthetic materials 521

objectives and principles 523–524

resistant bacteria generation 523–524, 524

testing vs. zone of inhibition studies 523–524

tiered antimicrobial testing 523

thambutol 73

thiomersal (merthiolate) 43, 43


thioredoxin reductase554

5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine (TDHT) 300, 301,

302

thymol 51

time-kill kinetic tests 249

time-temperature relationships 280tin compounds (organotins) 44

titanium 44

titanium dioxide 383

coatings 492

tobramycin 88

toilets 452

tonometers 454

total viable counts (TVC) 396

Toxoplasma 157, 164, 165, 166

Toxoplasma gondii 156, 157, 160, 164, 167, 168, 170

oocysts 162, 164, 166

tragacanth 394

training in infection control 544

trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-NNN′N′-tetraacetic

acid (CDTA) 39, 40, 40–41

transcriptional analysis 98

transferrin 41, 72, 73

transmissible degenerative encephalopathies (TDEs)

see transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

(TSEs)

transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) 209

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)

208–224, 209, 446

agent characteristics 210–212

disease-causing agent 210–211

prion strain variation 211–212

chemical inactivation 219–223

acids and bases 219–220, 220alkylating agents 220–221

chaotropes 223

detergents 221

605

Index

halogens 221

organic solvents 221–222

oxidizing agents 222–223

oxidizing salts 223

proteolytic enzymes 223

sodium hydroxide 220

decontamination 213–216

in vivo models 214, 215

temperature 213–214

test methods 214–216, 215

dentistry 540–541

epidemiology 208

future perspectives 223–224

inactivation methods 216–223

chemical see above

physical see below

parallels with other protein-precipitating diseases

224, 224physical inactivation 216–219

dry heat 217

gamma and UV irradiation 216–217

microwave irradiation 217

moist-heat (steam) sterilization 217–219,

218, 219, 219survival in the environment 212

transmission 212–213

dentistry 537

virino theory 211

Tremell1 150

triazines 49

3,4’,5-tribromosalicylanilide (Tribromsalan) 44

tributyltin acetate 43

tributyltin benzoate 44

tributyltin oxide 44, 44trichloramine 482

trichloro-s-triazinetrione 481

trichlorocarbanilide 44, 45

trichloroisocyanuric acid 33, 34

Trichophyton asteroides, Dantoin 46

Trichophyton gypseum


Trichophyton inguinale


Trichophyton interdigitale

DHA 16

Dowicil 200 49

Trichophyton mentagrophytes 143, 144

ozone 148

salicylanilide 45

surfactants 149

Trichophyton rubrum

salicylanilide 45

Trichophyton tonsurans

salicylanilide 45

Trichophyton verrucosum 143

Trichophyton spp., parabens 144

Trichosporon 150

triclosan 3, 72, 98, 149


bacterial population 113

effect on enzymes 100

environment 231, 232

FabI inhibition 95


resistance mechanism 109

skin reaction 433

transcriptome response 101

triethylene tetraamine 72

trihalomethanes (THMs) 482

3-(trimethoxysily) propyloctadecyldimethyl

ammonium chloride 22

triphenylmethane dyes 30, 30

triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction by

bacteria 242

triphenyltin hydroxide 44

1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine (Grotan) 49,

49

Triton 720 23

Triton X-100 24

tuberculosis 541

tunnel washer 472

Tweens 22, 23

twin chain quaternaries 22

typhus 3

ultrahigh pressure homogenization (UHPH)

373–375

ultrasound activated release of antimicrobial agents

493

ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) 54

ultraviolet radiation 3, 294–295, 299–300


effect on bacterial spores 301–302

protozoa 167–168


repair mechanisms 300–301

sensitivity to 300

survival curves following 300, 300

target site and inactivation 300

undecanoic acid (undecylenic acid) 13, 15

United Kingdom

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

Regulations (COSHH) 471

Department of Environment, Food and Rural

Affairs (DEFRA) 179

Department of Health 538

Hazardous Waste Regulations 474

Health and Safety at Work etc. Act (HSAWA) 471

Health and Social Care Act 2008 Code of Practice

474

Medical Devices Directorate 286, 288

Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory

Agency (MHRA) 464, 501, 570

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food

(MAFF) 182

National Health Service Estates, Health Technical

Memoranda (HTMs) 280

United States of America

Antimicrobial Division (AD) 269

Department of Agriculture (USDA) 269

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

248, 269, 270

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide

Act (FIFRA) 269, 270, 274

Food and Drug Administration 135–136, 179,

237, 248, 252, 270, 299, 311, 372, 396

Center for Devices and Radiological Health

(CDRH) 270

Quality System Requirement 415

Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) 269, 270

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

(OSHA) 538

Offi ce of Pesticide Programs (OPP) 269, 270

Antimicrobial Division (AD) 270

Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention

Division (BPPD) 270

Registration Division (RD) 270

Pesticide Registration Improvement Act (PRIA)

269

see also Environmental Protection Agency (US);

US anitmicrobial pesticide regulation

universal precautions 472

urea formaldehyde 52, 52

urinals 452

urinary catheters 487–488

urinary tract infections (UTIs) 504

urofollitropin 179

urological devices, antimicrobial 508–509

US antimicrobial pesticides regulation 269–275

emerging pathogens 271

pesticide history 269–270

public health antimicrobial pesticide categories

270–271

disinfectants 271

sanitizers 271

sterilants 270

regulations 248

vaccinia virus 182, 419

mercuric chloride and p-chloromercuribenzoate

198

QACs 22

vaginal specula 454

van Leeuwenhock, Antonie 2

vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE) 446, 488,

572

in dentistry 541, 542


vancomycin445

vanillic acid esters 17

Vannella 170

Vantocil 20

structure 19

vapor hydrogen peroxide (VHP) technology 317

vapor-phase gaseous disinfectants see gaseous

disinfectants

vapor-phase oxidants 378–380

VAPROX® cartridge 317

variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) 208–209,

210, 211, 212, 450, 537, 540–541

varicella zoster virus (VZV) keratitis 533

vegetative bacteria, microbicide susceptibility

580–581

ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 504

viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) cells 80, 90

vinegar 1, 13, 14

viral hemorrhagic fevers 450

virino theory of prion diseases 211

virolysins 552

virucidal activity 178–199

effi cacy 183–186, 184–186evaluation 179–183

approved tests 182–183

bacteriophage test systems 181, 183

carrier methods 181, 182

Index

606

dialysis 180

gel fi ltration 180

mammalian cell culture systems 180

plaque-suppression tests 181, 182

suspension tests 181–182

testing methods 181–182

tests 180–181, 181

ultrafi ltration 180

virus detection 180

virus enumeration 180

virus propagation 180

virus surrogates 180

heat 196

hygiene and 179

interruption of spread 178–179

irradiation 196

mechanisms of action 187–196, 187

relative humidity 179

resistance 196–198, 197

aggregation 197–198

multiplicity reactivation 198

viral adaptation 198

targets 187–188, 188

virucidal processes 196

virus interactions 189

virus structures 187–188, 188

viruses 79, 373

detection 180

enumeration 180

interactions 189

microbicide susceptibility 581

propagation 180


structures 187–188, 188

surrogates 180


walls

hospital 451

of operating theater 451washbowls 452

washer extractors 472–473

washing machines in acute clinical areas 474

water

microbial growth 391–392, 391preservative effi cacy 394sterilization by fi ltration 3

water-intrusion tests 364

water parks 479–480

whirlpool baths 480

wine as cleansing agent 1

wipe test 232

wood tar as wound dressing 2

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information

System (WHMIS) 263, 264

World Health Organization (WHO) 419

Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care

424

Hand Hygiene Improvement Strategy 423,

423

recommendations for alcohol-based handrub

420

Xanthomonas species 572

XF-73 99

X-rays, in sterilization 3, 294, 295

energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) 97,

193

xylitol 559

Yersinia enterocolitica, hydrostatic pressure–survivor

curves 374

zeolites 488–489

zidovudine (ZVT) 540

zinc chloride 2

zone of inhibition studies 523–524

z-value 279, 287

index [ ] · pdf fileabbreviations used in this index include: ... chemists see aoac...

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