Interpretation Galaxy of Marconi

Ing. Jiří Šnajdar 2012

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Radio is a telecommunication device for one way transmission of the sound on distance. As transmission medium are used most often high-frequency electromagnetic (radio) waves, but are also used metallic lines (local radio, wire radio). Currently the radio broadcasts also with help of internet and from satellites.

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In the 2nd half of the 19th century was the communication sphere in motion (1844 – Morseus device telegraph, 1866 is put into operation undersea cable between America and Europe etc.). New communication mean used the next tens of years get practically from the beginning strong competition – wireless sound transmission by electromagnetic waves. On devices work many physicists, Scot J. C. Maxwell, German H. R. Hertz, Serb N. Tesla, Russian A. S. Popov and the most competent in business Italian Guglielmo Marconi, who demonstrate at the turn of 19th and 20th century successfully long-distance transmitting and reception of radio waves. It was such an important act, that a quarter of century later the radio waves mastered the whole world.

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The first radio programme in the world was broadcasting from Metropolitan opera in New York in the year 1910 and the United States became worldwide pioneers in mass spreading of radio. Ten years later in Pittsburg in the USA starts the first broadcasting with regular programme and in the same year are by radio announced also results of president´s vote.

In the USA was for the first time realised selling of broadcasting time – 10 minutes for real estate company for radio advertisement. From the year 1927 was assigning of radio waves regulated by law.

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In Europe is the first regularly broadcasting station the English BBC (from the year 1922)

Here is the first try dated 28th October 1918 on the occasion of formation of the Czech Republic. In the year 1923 got “Radiozurnal” – Czech Radio concession for regular broadcasting and one year later moved the radio to Vinohradska Street In the year 1925 were first direct broadcastings, but fees did not suffice to cover the expenses and so became state the owner.

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1929 – starts broadcasting of time signal, regular news, radio performance, is grounded orchestra of Czech Radio (today Symphony Orchestra CR). Develop studios in Brno, Bratislava, Ostrava and Kosice – thirtieth years are characterised as golden age of radio. From the year 1936 broadcasts radio also on short waves.

Occupation – submitting to protectoral authorities. For listening of foreign radio threatened death, all radio receivers were registered. The foreign revolt approached the listeners in Protectorate by broadcasting form London (BBC – Jan Masaryk), from Moscow and from the USA on Voice of America (Voskovec and Werich).

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5. 5. 1945 started by radio proclamation Prague Uprising and fight for Czechoslovak radio (for Czech public it was a symbolic event of fight for freedom and democracy).

After the year 1948 was the radio nationalised, censored and centrally managed up to the year 1990.

1948 in Prague international radio exhibition MEVRO – showed first Czechoslovak television

1953 starts to broadcast TV, until 1957 is a part of Czech radio (CR)

60th - FM broadcasting 60-80 MHz – Czechoslovakia II

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Prague Spring – time period of expansion in the society and also in radio ended the occupation of the Czechoslovakia by soldieries of Warsaw Pact on 21st August 1968. The radio was occupied by soldieries, in front of its house was fighting again, 15 people died.

The radio was again immediate centre of process, few days broadcasted impromptu from some workplaces and tried to inform objectively.

After occupation was established normalisation, which meant leaving of some quality employees (Vaculík, Škutina, Dientsbier).

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1988 finished disturbance of foreign stations

1990 CR becomes a member of European Broadcasting Union EBU

1991 public institution, 1. 1. 1993 Czech Radio (Radiozurnal ) - Advice -music-news, Prague-family station educational and entertainment programmes, Vltava-literature and classic music)

1995 CR 6 Radio Free Europe, later CR 6

2000 exist 77 on itself independent stations mainly private, associated except Czech Radio in agencies of Media Marketing Services and Regie Radio Music.

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The radio can be characterised as communication media dominating in the mass communication of the first half of the 20th century. In the second half starts to dominate its sister – television.

In the year 1843 formulated the Scot watchmaker Alexander Bain three principles of picture transmission on long distance :

1. Picture scanning on lines and point,

2. Light points must be transferred on electrical impulses and contrary,

3. Scanning and compounding must run in synchronisation

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Paul Nipkow discovered in the year 1883 electrical telescope – principle of mechanical picture scanning on light points with help of rotating disc (point composed in spiral) – beginning of mechanical system of transmission (showed on the world exhibition in Paris in 1900).

In the year 1897 discovered Ferdinand Braun cathode ray oscillograph (future camera tube). Braun and Marconi got in the year 1909 the Nobel price for physics.

In the year 1923 discovered Kosma Zworykin the camera tube – iconoscope of receiving tube.

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First television company Television Ltd. Established in the year 1925 John Baird 1925.

In the year 1926 showed to members of Royal Institute a mechanical television. But this mechanical system was unreliable, because it required high speed of disc rotation and had low quality.

In the 30th years of the 20th century gets the dominance electronic principle. In England, Soviet Union, USA, France and Germany proceed first experimental TV broadcastings.

On the 2nd November 1936 regularly starts to broadcast BBC (for 300 TV owners. Arisen new mean of mass communication.

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Television or TV set is name of end device for reception of television broadcasting, on which people watch the television broadcasting.

Previously was used in televisions only classical television screen on the base of cathode tubes (CRT), today are more often used LCD (fluid crystals) and plasma screens or LED screens. The newest so called "3D televisions" can display also films in three dimensions.

Integral part of each television receiver is sound unit.

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First tries at television broadcasting in Czechoslovakia are already dated before the 2nd world war. In the year 1935 doc. Safránek (physical institute UK Prague) showed receiving apparatus (had 30 lines and worked on principle of mechanical scanning). Further development proceeded in Televid, established by Germans during occupation by Tanvald.

At the International radio exhibition (MEVRO) is in the year 1948 presented total camera chain in electronic system. It begins to produce the television receiver Tesla. In the same year was the first direct broadcasting from „Sokol“ rally.

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On 1st May 1953 starts first regular probationary public broadcasting from the studio in Měšťanská Beseda (house in Prague Vladislavova street, from where broadcasted in the 90th TV Nova). Studios are also in Brno, Ostrava, Bratislava and Kosice. In September 1961 is already 1 million of concession owners.

In the year 1966 started first television advertisement broadcasting, 1970 starts to broadcast second programme, 1973 starts colour broadcasting. In the year 1978 exceeded the number of reported television receivers in Czechoslovakia 4 million.

In the year 1970 is handed over the first phase of construction Kavci Mountains – construction continues until end of the 70th, in the same year is put into operation the studio Mill Valley in Bratislava.

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From the year 1967 was on CZTV regularly broadcasted advertisement, presented by signature tune Mr. Egg (animator Eduard Hofman), until 1989 is emitted over 500 scenes. The first live advertisement for the company Pramen - Source presented P. Filipovská.

From the 50th was television as the most powerful propagandistic tool in subjection of Central Committee - Communist Party, with break in the year 1968.

Normalisation strengthening of attitudes was the same as in radio, accompanied with similar exodus (Pelikán, Kantůrek, Moučková and others), continued also over perestroika until end the year 1989.

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In the hectic time at the beginning of the 90th arisen 3rd programme OK 3, SNR establishes Slovak television and the federal programme F1 lapsed. At the end of the 20th century are established next channels T 24 and TV Sport. Arise also commercial televisions national and regional, the most significant are Nova, Prima and now also Barandov.

Recently was the basic way of signal transmission analogue broadcasting, at present is almost the 100 percent of the Czech republic covered by digital broadcasting DVB. Among its advantages belongs high quality of transmitted picture, large number of channels and other data flows (service programmes) with several language mutations and coding possibilities. It is also used for surface wireless reception and satellite reception.

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Dual system of broadcasting

Public television and radio broadcasting (CZRO – CZTV). Stations paid from concessionaire charges, in less amount from business activities (selling of programmes, hire of furnishings and appliances) and form advertisement (since 11.11.2011 only CZT2 and CZT4). Fulfilment of public services follows Council for Czech Radio and Council for Czech TV. Its most important competency is to vote and withdraw the director general.

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Operation of commercial television carry on private subjects and financed from advertisement. Licence for broadcasting awards and takes away The Council for Radio and Television Broadcasting, its members are voted by The Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament.