introduccion al polietileno industrial.pdf

8/13/2019 Introduccion al polietileno industrial.pdf

1/29

Kitiajzifcr

Kjkac fma

Kcnprmscr

Kniri fm

Trcfuktcs

Turjejkikjl

Kjkac fm

_merjgmrikjl

Vilqum fm [cpaifc

fma Trcfuktc

_msjli fm

Fmsgisjejkikjl

_msjli fm

Mlerjinjmltc


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Jltrcfukkjl ia

Tcajmtjamlc Jlfustrjia


4/29

Tuoajkikjclms [krjvmlmr; Wjltmr [trmmt, [ujtm ;

[iamn, Nissikùsmtts 49:74

Kcamkkjclms fm Mfjtcrms fm Tuoajkikjclms [krjvmlmr

Binms M. _. Kcupmr _jkìrf Mrfaik

_iejq Jsain Trifjp Hìaifhir

Ujttìa Huahirlj Lcrnil Ajmomrnil

Tmtmr Nirtjl W. Hmlt NuàoiumrIlfrmw Z. K. Lmm [. I. [`mrje

Binms G. [pmjg`t

Mfjtcrmsfm[krjvmlmr

Nirtjl [krjvmlmr (nirtjlDskrjvmlmrpuoajs`jlg.kcn)

T`jaajp Kirnjkia (pkirnjkiaDskrjvmlmrpuoajs`jlg.kcn)


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Jltrcfukkjl iaTcajmtjamlc

Jlfustrjia

Trcpjmfifms, Kitiajzifcrms, Trckmscs

Fmlljs O. Niapiss


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Kcpyrjg`t ?494 oy [krjvmlmr Tuoajs`jlg AAK. Iaa rjg`ts rmsmrvmf.

Kc-puoajs`mf oy Bc`l Wjamy & [cls, Jlk. @cochml, Lmw Bmrsmy, ilf [krjvmlmr Tuoajs`jlg

AKK, [iamn, Nissikùsmtts.Tuoajs`mf sjnuatilmcusay jl Kilifi.

Lc pirt ce t`js puoajkitjcl niy om rmprcfukmf, stcrmf jl i rmtrjmvia systmn, cr trilsnjttmf jl ily ecrn cr

oy ily nmils, mamktrcljk, nmkìljkia, p`ctckcpyjlg, rmkcrfjlg, skilljlg, cr ct`mrwjsm, mxkmpt is

pmrnjttmf ulfmr [mktjcl 947 cr 940 ce t`m 9:75 ]ljtmf [titms Kcpyrjg`t Ikt, wjt`cut mjt`mr t`m prjcr

wrjttml pmrnjssjcl ce t`m Tuoajs`mr, cr iut`crjzitjcl t`rcug` piynmlt ce t`m ipprcprjitm pmr-kcpy emm tc

t`m Kcpyrjg`t Kamirilkm Kmltmr, Jlk., ??? _csmwccf Frjvm, Filvmrs, NI 49:?;, (:70) 7=4-0644, eix (:70)

7=4-6674, cr cl t`m wmo it www.kcpyrjg`t.kcn. _mqumsts tc t`m Tuoajs`mr ecr pmrnjssjcl s`cuaf om

iffrmssmf tc t`m Tmrnjssjcls Fmpirtnmlt, Bc`l Wjamy & [cls, Jlk., J a a _jvmr [trmmt, @cochml, LB 474;4,

(?49) 760-5499, eix (?49) 760-5440, cr clajlm it `ttp2//www.wjamy.kcn/gc/pmrnjssjcl.

Ajnjt ce Ajiojajty/Fjskaijnmr ce Wirrilty2 W`jam t`m puoajs`mr ilf iut`cr ìvm usmf t`mjr omst meecrts jl

prmpirjlg t`js occh, t`my nihm lc rmprmsmltitjcls cr wirriltjms wjt` rmspmkt tc t`m ikkuriky cr

kcnpamtmlmss ce t`m kcltmlts ce t`js occh ilf spmkjejkiaay fjskaijn ily jnpajmf wirriltjms ce

nmrkìltiojajty cr ejtlmss ecr i pirtjkuair purpcsm. Lc wirrilty niy om krmitmf cr mxtmlfmf oy siams

rmprmsmltitjvms cr wrjttml siams nitmrjias. V`m ifvjkm ilf stritmgjms kcltijlmf `mrmjl niy lct om sujtioam

ecr ycur sjtuitjcl. Zcu s`cuaf kclsuat wjt` i prcemssjclia w`mrm ipprcprjitm. Lmjt`mr t`m puoajs`mr lcr

iut`cr sìaa om ajioam ecr ily acss ce prcejt cr ily ct`mr kcnnmrkjia finigms, jlkaufjlg out lct ajnjtmf tc

spmkjia, jlkjfmltia, kclsmqumltjia, cr ct`mr finigms.

Ecr gmlmria jlecrnitjcl cl cur ct`mr prcfukts ilf smrvjkms cr ecr tmk`ljkia suppcrt, pamism kcltikt cur

Kustcnmr Kirm Fmpirtnmlt wjt`jl t`m ]ljtmf [titms it (044) 75?-?:76, cutsjfm t`m ]ljtmf [titms it (;97)

=7?-;::; cr eix (;97) =7?-644?.

Wjamy iasc puoajs`ms jts occhs jl i virjmty ce mamktrcljk ecrnits. [cnm kcltmlt tìt ippmirs jl prjlt niy

lct om ivijaioam jl mamktrcljk ecrnits. Ecr ncrm jlecrnitjcl iocut Wjamy prcfukts, vjsjt cur wmo sjtm it

www.wjamy.kcn.

Ecr ncrm jlecrnitjcl iocut [krjvmlmr prcfukts pamism vjsjt www.skrjvmlmrpuoajs`jlg.kcn.

Kcvmr fmsjgl oy _ussmaa _jkìrfscl.

Ajoriry ce Kclgrmss Kitiacgjlg-jl-Tuoajkitjcl Fiti2

J[OL :70-4-674-5?=:0-:

Trjltmf jl t`m ]ljtmf [titms ce Inmrjki

94 : 0 7 5 = 6 ; ? 9


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v

Kcltmljfc

Trmeikjc jx

Ajsti fm Vioais xjjj

Ajsti fm Ejguris xv

Kiptuac 9 Jltrcfukkjl i acs Tcanmrcs fma Mtjamlc 9

9.9 Glmsjs fma Tcajmtjamlc 9

9.? Fmskrjpkjl Osjki fma Tcajmtjamlc ?

9.; Vjpcs y Lcnmlkaituri fm Tcajmtjamlcs 7

9.6 Tmscs Ncamkuairms fm Tcajmtjamlcs 9=

9.= Kitiajzifcrms fm Nmtiams fm Vrilsjkjl piri ai Tcajnmrjzikjl fma

Mtjamlc ?4

Kiptuac ? Tcajnmrjzikjl Ui _ifjkiams Ajorms fm Mtjamlc ?;

?.9 Jltrcfukkjl ?;

?.? Tcajnmrjzikjl Ui _ifjkiams Ajorms fm Mtjamlc ?6

?.; Jljkjifcrms TmrxjfcCrgljkcs ?:

Kiptuac ; Kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti ;;

;.9 Ormvm @jstcrji fm acs Kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti ;;

;.? Fmejljkjclms y Lcnmlkaituri ;=

;.; Kiriktmrstjkis fm acs Kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti ;5

;.6 Trjnmrcs Kitiajzifcrms Kcnmrkjiams Rjmgamr-Litti ;0

;.= Kitiajzifcrms [cpcrtifcs Rjmgamr-Litti ;:

;.5 Kitiajzifcrms Trm-Tcajnmrjzifcs Rjmgamr-Litti 64

;.7 Nmkiljsncs fm Tcajnmrjzikjl Rjmgamr-Litti 64


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9

9

Jltrcfukkjl i acs Tcanmrcs

fma Mtjamlc

9.9 Glmsjs fma TcajmtjamlcMa pcajmtjamlc ncfmrlc tjmlm sus crgmlms ml ma trioibc fm acs qunjkcs fma Jnpmrjia

K`mnjkia Jlfustrjms JKJ (L. fma V.2 Ma lcnorm fm mnprmsis ml tcfc ma mskrjtc lc smr

trifukjfc), jljkjifcs ml 9:;; X9^. Mrjk Eiwkmtt y _mgjliaf Gjoscl jltmltioil kclfmlsir

mtjamlc kcl omlziafm`fc i nuy iati prmsjl y tmnpmrituri (96? NTi* y 974 K). [m

cotuvc uli pmqumi kiltjfif fm ul rmsjfuc, y sm aamg i ai kclkausjl qum mri

pcajmtjamlc, pmrc acs jltmltcs fm rmpmtjr ma mxpmrjnmltc kcl nmlcs omlziafm`fc

rmsuatircl ml mxpacsjclms. I ejliams fm 9:;=, ma qunjkc Njk`ima Tmrrjl fm JKJtuvc xjtcml ai prmpirikjl fm uli niycr kiltjfif fm pcajmtjamlc. Fmajomrifinmltm, Tmrrjl utjajz

mtjamlc qum kcltmli trizis fm cxgmlc. Zi smi ma cxgmlc ml s njsnc c acs pmrxjfcs

ecrnifcs jl sjtu, sm jljkj uli pcajnmrjzikjl fm rifjkiams ajorms fm mtjamlc. Ml 9:;:, JKJ

mnpmz ai prcfukkjl kcnmrkjia fm pcajmtjamlc fm iati prmsjl TMIT (L. fma V.2 Ml

jlgas @jg` Trmssurm Tcaymt`yamlm @TTM),qum i`cri sm kclckm kcnc pcajmtjamlc fm oibi

fmlsjfif TMOF (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Acw Fmlsjty Tcaymt`yamlmAFTM), mstm prcfuktc

eum usifc ml ma ijsainjmltc fm kioams fm rifirms furiltm ai [mgulfi Gumrri Nulfjia.

Ma trioibc fm ctrcs jlvmstjgifcrms prmsigjioi ma fmskuorjnjmltc fma pcajmtjamlc. Tcrmbmnpac, ml 90:0 @ils vcl Tmk`nil cotuvc ul prcfuktc vi fmskcnpcsjkjl fma

fjizcnmtilc qum aain "pcajnmtjamlc". Ma "pcajnmtjamlc" eum prcfukjfc tinojl pcr

*Tcr eivcr, vmi ma gacsirjc piri ai fmejljkjl fm ais iormvjituris, ikrljncs y trnjlcs.


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? JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA

ctrcs qunjkcs, jlkauymlfc ai rmikkjl fm Ejsk`mr-Vrcpsk`. Ai niycri fm mstcspcanmrcs tmlil oibcs pmscs ncamkuairms. Ml 9:;4, Nirvma y Erjmfrjk` prcfubmrcl ulpcajmtjamlc fm oibc pmsc ncamkuair utjajzilfc iaqujacs fm ajtjc, pmrc lc sm `jzc masmgujnjmltc i mstm ìaaizgc. Iagulis fmskrjpkjclms fm acs prjnmrcs trioibcs scorm mapcajmtjamlc ìl sjfc prcpcrkjclifcs pcr NkNjaail X9^, Hjmemr X?^ y [myncur X;, 6^.

Ctrcs `jtcs lctioams ml ai mvcaukjl fma pcajmtjamlc jlfustrjia jlkauyml ac sjgujmltm2

I prjlkjpjcs fm ai fkifi fm 9:=4, acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl qumprcfukml pcajmtjamlc ajlmia eumrcl jlfmpmlfjmltmnmltm fmskuojmrtcs ml MM.]] pcr@cgil y Oilhs. y ml Iamnilji pcr Rjmgamr.

Acs prckmscs ml eism gismcsi, ma pcajmtjamlc ajlmia fm oibi fmlsjfif TMAOF(AAFTM

) y acs kitiajzifcrms scpcrtifcs, surgjmrcl ml acs ics 9:54 y 9:74. Hinjlshy, [jll y kcaiocrifcrms fmskuorjmrcl ml ai fkifi fm 9:74 qum ul mlcrnm

jlkrmnmltc ml ai iktjvjfif kcl kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiackmlc fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjciktjvc (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas nmtiaackmlm[jlgam-[jtm Kitiaysts [[K) sm prcfubc kuilfcma nmtjaiaunjlcxilc NIC (fjskutjfc ml ma Kiptuac 5) ms usifc kcnc kckitiajzifcr.

Ml ai fkifi fm 9::4, acs pcajmtjamlcs prcfukjfcs kcl kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiackmlc fmljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc mnpmzircl i kcnmrkjiajzirsm y sm fmskuorjmrcl acskitiajzifcrms lc nmtiackmljkcs fm sjtjc ljkc pcr Orcchìrt y kcaiocrifcrms.

]li krclcacgi fm acs ivilkms lctioams ml ma sjgac vmjltm fma pcajmtjamlc sm prcpcrkjcliml ai Ejguri 9.9.

Mstm kiptuac prmsmlti ais kiriktmrstjkis osjkis fma pcajmtjamlc, ul prcfuktc qum mstjlnmrsc ml lumstri vjfi kctjfjili ml jllunmrioams nilmris. [jl mnoirgc, ma pcajmtjamlclc ms ul nclcajtc jlvualmrioam. [m fjskutjrl acs fjvmrscs tjpcs, sus lcnmlkaituris, yknc mstcs sm fjemrmlkjil mltrm s. Ais kiriktmrstjkis prjlkjpiams y acs ntcfcs fmkaisjejkikjl smrl ormvmnmltm mxinjlifcs. [m ì jlkaujfc uli vjsjl gmlmria fm acs

kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl ml mstm kiptuac jltrcfuktcrjc (vism ai smkkjl9.=) pcrqum mstcs scl acs tjpcs ns jnpcrtiltms fm kitiajzifcrms utjajzifcs iktuianmltmml ai eiorjkikjl fm pcajmtjamlc. Acs fmtiaams ifjkjcliams scorm acs kitiajzifcrms fmnmtiams fm trilsjkjl sm iocrfirl ml acs kiptuacs sjgujmltms.

Mstm kiptuac pumfm smr cnjtjfc pcr acs amktcrms, sj pcsmml uli kcnprmlsjl fm aisprcpjmfifms eulfinmltiams, ais lcnmlkaituris fma pcajmtjamlc jlfustrjia y ulikcnprmlsjl osjki ikmrki fm acs kitiajzifcrms.

9.? Fmskrjpkjl Osjki fma TcajmtjamlcMa mtjamlc (K@?>K@?), ai camejli ns sjnpam, pumfm smr pcajnmrjzifi nmfjiltm ai ikkjlfm jljkjifcrms y kitiajzifcrms (mkuikjl 9.9). Acs jljkjifcrms ns kcnulms scl acs


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JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA ;

9:;4

9:;;-;=

9:=9

9:=;

NirvmayErjmfrjk`prcfukml

pcajmtjamlcfmoibcTN,

utjajzilfciaqujac

sfmajtjc,

pmrc

lcsm`ikmmasmgujnjmltci

mstmfmskuorjnjm

ltc

Ejguri

9.9

Ivilkmsfmaitmklcacgifma

pcajmtjamlcml

masjgac?4.

@cgilyOilhs(qunjkcsfm

T`jaajpsTmtrcamun)

prcfubmrcl

TMIFajlmiafmiatc

TNk

clul

kitiajzifcrioismf

mkrcnc

scpcrtifcmlsjajki

Eiwkmtt,

Gjoscly

Tmrrjl(qunjkcsfm

JKJ),

prcfubmrclT

MOFmlkclfjkjclms

fmiatiprmsjlytmnpmrituri

Magrupcfm

RjmgamrprcfubcTMIF

ajlmiafmiat

cTNu

silfcul

kitiajzifcr

cotmljfcnmfjiltmai

kcnojlikj

lfmkcnpumstcsfm

tjtiljcyiaq

uja-i

aunjljc

9:50

9:74-7=

[mkcnm

rkjiajzirclacskitiajzifcrmspiri

pcajmtjamlcscpcrtifcsmlkcnpumstcsfm

niglmsjcjlcrgljkc,

mnmrgmmaprckmsc

mleismgismcsi]ljpcapiriTMOFA

kcncpc

tmlkjiarmmnpaizcpiriTMOF

[mkcnmrkjiajzimaprckmscmleism

gismcsi]ljpcapiriTM

NFy

TMIF

pcr]ljclKirojfm

9:75-04

9::9-:;

Hinjlshy,

[jllykcaiocrifcrms

fmskuorjmrcluljlkrmnmltc

mlai

iktjvjfifkclkitiajzifcrmsfm

nmtiackmlcfmljkctjpcfm

sjtjc

iktjvcusilfcnmtjaiaunjlcxilckcnc

kc-kitiajzifcr

MxxclyFcwkcnmrkjiajzilkitiajzifcrms

fmnmtiackmlcfmljkctjpcfmsjtjc

iktjvcpiriprcfukjrTMOFAyTMfmuatri

oibifmlsjfif

9::=-:0

Orcch`irtykcaiocrifcrms

fmskuormlacskitiajzifcrmslc

nmtiackmljkcsfmsjtjcljkc

oisifcsmlkcnpambcsqum

aifcs

kclnmtiamsfmtrilsjkjl

tirfcs


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6 JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA

pmrxjfcs crgljkcs y scl memktjvcs fmojfc i qum gmlmril rifjkiams ajorms qumpcajnmrjzil ia mtjamlc i vi rmikkjclms fm rinjejkikjl. Acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fmtrilsjkjl (prjlkjpianmltm Rjmgamr-Litti y T`jaajps) tinojl sm utjajzil inpajinmltm mlai jlfustrji, pmrc prcfukml pcajmtjamlc kcl fjemrmltms prcpjmfifms y pcr fjemrmltmsnmkiljsncs. Acs kitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc jlvcaukril tinojl ikitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl, pmrc ai kiltjfif fm pcajmtjamlc prcfukjfc kclkitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc ìsti iltms fm mskrjojr mstm ajorc ms pmqumc(16%). Acs jljkjifcrms, kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl y kc-kitiajzifcrms smfjskutml ml acs kiptuacs ?5.

Ais kclfjkjclms piri ai pcajnmrjzikjl viril inpajinmltm y ais kcnpcsjkjclms fmpcajmtjamlc, kcnc sm nmlkjcl iltmrjcrnmltm, tinojl fjejmrml sustilkjianmltm mlmstrukturi y prcpjmfifms. Ml ai mkuikjl 9.9, ma suolfjkm l sm fmlcnjli ma grifc fmpcajnmrjzikjl (GT) y ms niycr qum 9444 piri ai niycri fm acs grifcs kcnmrkjiamsfjspcljoams fm pcajmtjamlc.

() (9.9)

Ma pcanmrc prcfukjfc ml ai mkuikjl 9.9 sm kclckm kcnc pcajmtjamlc y, kcl nmlcrermkumlkji, kcnc pcajnmtjamlc, pcajmtmlc c pcajtmlc (I ejliams fm 9:54, "pcajtmlc" smkclvjrtj ml pirtm fm ai kuaturi pcp kuilfc ai pcpuair oilfi V`m Omitams ailzc ma tmni

"Tcayt`mlm Tin"). Ma pcajmtjamlc ms ma lcnorm rmkcnmlfifc pcr J]TIK piri ma`cncpcanmrc. Kcnc vmrmncs, sjl mnoirgc, nuk`cs pcanmrcs jnpcrtiltms qumkcltjmlml mtjamlc scl kcpcanmrcs. Ai lcnmlkaituri piri fjvmrscs tjpcs fm pcajmtjamlcsm triti ml ai smkkjl 9.;. Iulqum sm ì sugmrjfc qum su lcnorm jnpajki ai prmsmlkji fmtcncs fm kiroclc jlsiturifcs, fm `mk`c ìy pckcs mlaikms ml ma pcajmtjamlc,usuianmltm scl nmlcs fm ? pcr kifi nja tcncs fm kiroclc y mstcs sm prmsmltilprjlkjpianmltm kcnc tmrnjlikjclms fm tjpc vjljac c vjljajfmlc.

Ma pcajmtjamlc ms ma nmlcs kcstcsc fm tcfcs acs pcanmrcs sjlttjkcs ns jnpcrtiltms.

Vjmlm mxkmamltm rmsjstmlkji qunjki y sm pumfm prckmsir fm nukìs nilmris (pmakuaisscpaifis, mxtrusjl fm tuocs, ncafmc pcr scpaifc, ncafmc pcr jlymkkjl, mtk.), ml ulsjllnmrc fm ecrnis y fjspcsjtjvcs. Acs ntcfcs fm eiorjkikjl smrl fjskutjfcsormvmnmltm ml ma Kiptuac 0.

I nmfjfi qum ms rmncvjfc fm acs rmiktcrms fm mskiai jlfustrjia, i kclfjkjclmsinojmltiams, ma pcajmtjamlc ms tpjkinmltm ul pcavc oailkc c ul sajfc griluair. Ml ainiycri fm acs kiscs, ma pcanmrc ml orutc ms eulfjfc y sm am jltrcfukml ifjtjvcssmamkkjclifcs (acs ifjtjvcs scl msmlkjiams piri nmbcrir ai mstiojajfif y nmbcrir ais

prcpjmfifms fma pcajmtjamlc. Uism ma Kiptuac 0). Ma prcfuktc mltclkms tjmlm ma ispmktcfm pmaamts trilsakjfcs, prcvjstcs ml msti ecrni i scajkjtuf fm acs prckmsifcrms ejliams.Ai pmamtjzikjl iunmlti ai fmlsjfif ipirmltm fm ai rmsjli, ac qum rmsuati ml ul mlvisifcmejkjmltm y kcl nmlcrms kcstcs fm fjstrjoukjl. Vinojl rmfukm ai pcsjojajfif fmmxpacsjclms fmojfc ia pcavc prcfukjfc furiltm ai niljpuaikjl.


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JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA =

_msjli fm pcajmtjamlc ml orutc eulfjfi y ncafmifc kcl ai ecrni fm pmaamts. Mstc iunmlti aifmlsjfif ipirmltm, nmbcri ais kiriktmrstjkis fm niljpuaikjl y rmfukm acs kcstcs fm mlvc. Matinic fma pmaamt sumam smr ~; nn (c ~4.9 puagifis).

Ma pcajmtjamlc ms ul nitmrjia tmrncpastjkc. Ms fmkjr, qum pumfm smr eulfjfc y ncafmifcml uli ecrni, ai kuia pumfm smr pcstmrjcrnmltm rmeulfjfi y ncafmifi ml ctris ecrnis(prckmsc kclckjfc kcnc rmkjkaifc). Ma pcajmtjamlc gmlmrianmltm lc tjmlm ul pultc fmeusjl fmejljfc (VE), sjlc ns ojml ul jltmrviac fm eusjl fmojfc i ais fjemrmlkjis ml mapmsc ncamkuair, krjstiajljfif (c kcltmljfc increc), rinjejkikjl fm kifmlis, mtk. [jlmnoirgc, sm kjtil ml ai ojoajcgriei "pultcs fm eusjl" iprcxjnifinmltm mltrm 9?4 K y964 K. Fmojfc i qum ma pcajmtjamlc ms usuianmltm prckmsifc pcr mlkjni fm acs 9:4 K,ml fclfm ms kcnpamtinmltm increc, acs jltmrviacs fm eusjl scl nmlcs jnpcrtiltms qumais kiriktmrstjkis fm eaubc fma pcanmrc eulfjfc. Ma pcajmtjamlc eulfjfc ms ul eaujfcvjskcsc y ms ul mbmnpac fma tjpc fm "eaujfcs lc lmwtcljilcs", ms fmkjr, ma eaubc lc msfjrmktinmltm prcpcrkjclia i ai prmsjl ipajkifi (vmr smkkjl 0.; fma Kiptuac 0).

Ai pcajnmrjzikjl fma mtjamlc jaustrifi ml ai mkuikjl 9.9 pumfm tmrnjlir pcr virjcsnmkiljsncs qum kclfukml i fjemrmltms tmrnjlikjclms. Ma tjpc fm tmrnjlikjl fmpmlfmfm virjcs eiktcrms, tiams kcnc ais kclfjkjclms fm pcajnmrjzikjl, kitiajzifcrms y acsigmltms fm trilsemrmlkjis fm kifmli utjajzifcs. Fifc qum ais tmrnjlikjclms sclprjlkjpianmltm grupcs iaqujac sjnpams, ma pcajmtjamlc pumfm smr kclsjfmrifc kcnc ulinmzkai fm iakilcs fm iatc pmsc ncamkuair.

Ms kcnl ai rinjejkikjl fm kifmlis ml vmrsjclms fm pcajmtjamlc fm oibi fmlsjfif. Aimxtmlsjl y ai aclgjtuf fm ai rinjejkikjl rmkìzil prjlkjpianmltm ma nmkiljsnc fmpcajnmrjzikjl y ai jlkcrpcrikjl fm kcnclnmrcs. Ai rinjejkikjl sm kaisjejki kcncrinjejkikjl fm kifmli airgi _KA (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Aclg Kìjl Orilk`jlg AKO) crinjejkikjl fm kifmli kcrti _KK (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas [`crt Kìjl Orilk`jlg [KO). Tcrkclvmlkjl, ai _KK jnpajki rinis fm 5 c nmlcs tcncs fm kiroclc. Ma TMOF (AFTM)kcltjmlm mxtmlsis _KA y ais rinis pumfml kcltmlmr kjmltcs fm tcncs fm kiroclc. Aisrinjejkikjclms fm rinjejkikjclms tinojl scl kcnulms ml ma TMOF (AFTM).


13/29


Mstc iunmlti ma kcltmljfc increc y kcltrjouym i acs itrjoutcs fma TMOF (AFTM), tiams kcnckairjfif fm ai pmakuai y eikjajfif fm prckmsinjmltc. Ia jlkrmnmltir ais rinjejkikjclms, aifmlsjfif fjsnjluym. Ml ma kisc fma Tcajmtjamlc fm Oibi Fmlsjfif Ajlmia TMOFA (L. fma V.2 Mljlgas Ajlmir Acw Fmlsjty Tcaymt`yamlm AAFTM), ai jlkcrpcrikjl fm kiltjfifms

rmaitjvinmltm grilfms fm iaei camejlis rmsuatil ml ioulfiltms rinis _KK y ml ulirmfukkjl fm ai fmlsjfif.

Ma mtjamlc pumfm smr kcpcajnmrjzifc kcl uli gini fm ctrcs kcnpumstcs vjlajkcs, tiams kcnc9outmlc, 9cktmlc y ikmtitc fm vjljac IU. Mstcs sm fmlcnjlil kcnclnmrcs y scljlkcrpcrifcs ia pcanmrc ml krmkjnjmltc. Acs kcnclnmrcs qum kcltjmlml grupcscxjgmlifcs tiams kcnc ma ikmtitc fm vjljac i nmlufc sm kclckml kcnc "kcnclnmrcspcairms". Ma rilgc fma kcltmljfc fm kcnclnmrcs piri ma TMIF (@FTM) virji fm 4 i ~9% mlpmsc, piri iagulcs grifcs fm kcpcanmrc fm mtjamlcikmtitc fm vjljac `isti ~64% ml pmsc.

Ai gini fm kcnclnmrcs ifmkuifcs fmpmlfm fm ai lituriamzi fma kitiajzifcr c jljkjifcr.Tcr mbmnpac, acs kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti scl mlvmlmlifcs pcr kcnclnmrcs pcairms.Tcr ac tiltc, acs kcpcanmrcs kcnmrkjiams fm mtjamlc y ikmtitc fm vjljac sm prcfukml ml aiiktuiajfif sac kcl jljkjifcrms fm rifjkiams ajorms. [jl mnoirgc, iagulcs kitiajzifcrms fmljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc scl tcamriltms i acs kcnclnmrcs pcairms (vism ai smkkjl 5.?.9).

Kuilfc ma mtjamlc ms kcpcajnmrjzifc kcl kiltjfifms sustilkjiams fm prcpjamlc (


14/29

JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA 7

fmom kunpajr kcl acs rmqujsjtcs fm ai EFI piri ma kcltiktc kcl iajnmltcs, tiams kcnctisis fm sustilkjis mxtrioams y ai tisi fm trilsnjsjl fm cxgmlc. Acs rmsjfucs fmkitiajzifcr scl oistiltm oibcs ml ma pcajmtjamlc cotmljfc iktuianmltm y sclkclsjfmrifcs kcnc pirtm fm ai rmsjli oism. Tcr kclsjgujmltm, acs rmsjfucs fm kitiajzifcrlc mstl submtcs i rmguaikjclms fm ai EFI.

Ma pcajmtjamlc mst fjspcljoam ml uli jlkrmoam virjmfif fm kcnpcsjkjclms, kcl fjemrmltmspmscs ncamkuairms, fjemrmltms kcnclnmrcs, fjemrmltms njkrcmstrukturis, mtk., oisifisml ai smamkkjl fma kitiajzifcr, ais kclfjkjclms fm pcajnmrjzikjl y ctris cpkjclms fmaprckmsc. Fmsfm 9:;;, kuilfc sm cotuvc nmlcs fm ul grinc jlmspmrifinmltm ml ulmxpmrjnmltc fm aiocritcrjc eiaajfc, ma pcajmtjamlc sm ì kclvmrtjfc ml ma pcanmrc fmniycr vcaunml prcfukjfc sjlttjkinmltm, qum sm utjajzi `cy ml fi ml kiltjfifms qumaamgil i ais nmgitclmaifis y ml jllunmrioams ipajkikjclms fm kclsunc. Ilajsjs

rmkjmltms jlfjkil qum ai prcfukkjl nulfjia fma pcajmtjamlc ia ?440 ms fm ulcs 77njaaclms fm tclmaifis ntrjkis (~95: ojaaclms fm ajoris) X=^.

9.; Vjpcs y Lcnmlkaituri fm TcajmtjamlcsAcs pcajmtjamlcs jlfustrjiams kcnlnmltm sm kaisjejkil y fmlcnjlil usilfc ikrljncsqum jlkcrpcril ai fmlsjfif fm ai rmsjli c ma pmsc ncamkuair. Acs lcnorms rmkcnmlfifcspcr J]TIK lc sm utjajzil ml ai jlfustrji. Ml ulcs pckcs kiscs, acs kcpcanmrcs smfmlcnjlil utjajzilfc ais iormvjituris fma kcnclnmrc mnpamifc. Ai lcnmlkaituri

utjajzifi tpjkinmltm piri pcajmtjamlcs jlfustrjiams smr fjskutjfi ml msti smkkjl. (mapmsc ncamkuair sm fjskutjr ml ai smkkjl 9.6.)

Ai fmlsjfif sm njfm utjajzilfc kcaunlis fm grifjmltm fm fmlsjfifms y ntcfcs`jfrcsttjkcs (fm fmspaizinjmltc). Ai fmlsjfif ms fjrmktinmltm rmaikjclifi kcl makcltmljfc krjstiajlc y fm `mk`c pumfm smr utjajzifc piri mstjnir ma % fm krjstiajljfiffma pcajmtjamlc.

Ai [ckjmfif fm ai Jlfustrji fma Tastjkc (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas[ckjmty ce t`m Taistjks Jlfustry[TJ), uli isckjikjl kcnmrkjia fm ai jlfustrji eulfifi ml 9:;7, jfmltjejki trmskitmgcris prjlkjpiams fm pcajmtjamlc oisifcs ml ai fmlsjfif2

Oibi fmlsjfif2 4.:944.:?= g/kn; Nmfjili fmlsjfif2 4.:?54.:64 g/kn; Iati fmlsjfif2 4.:694.:5= g/kn;Ai I[VN(L. fma V.2 Iormvjituriml jlgasfm Inmrjkil [ckjmty ecr Vmstjlg ilf Nitmrjias)tinojl ì fmejljfc virjcs tjpcs fm pcajmtjamlc. ]li puoajkikjl fm fjkì jlstjtukjltjtuaifi "Vmrnjlcacgi Mstilfirjzifi rmaikjclifi i acs Tastjkcs" (I[VN F00;-44)prcpcrkjcli ais sjgujmltms kaisjejkikjclms oisifis ml ai fmlsjfif2

Tcajmtjamlc fm iati fmlsjfif TMIF (@FTM)2


15/29


Tcajmtjamlc fm nmfji fmlsjfif TMNF (NFTM)2 4.:?54.:64 g/kn; Tcajmtjamlc fm oibi fmlsjfif ajlmia TMOFA (AAFTM)2 4.:9:4.:?= g/kn; Tcajmtjamlc fm oibi fmlsjfif TMOF (AFTM)2 4.:944.:?= g/kn;[j ojml scl tjams kcnc pultcs fm pirtjfi, ais kaisjejkikjclms fm ai [TJ y I[VN lc sclsuejkjmltms piri fmskrjojr ai inpaji gini fm pcajmtjamlcs fjspcljoams ml ai jlfustrji. Aikaisjejkikjl sm `i suofjvjfjfc ifjkjclianmltm piri jlkaujr jlecrnikjl ifjkjclia, tia kcncma pmsc ncamkuair c ma kcnclnmrc mnpamifc. Ifmns, acs eiorjkiltms utjajzil su prcpjilcnmlkaituri y lcnorms kcnmrkjiams. Kairinmltm, ais fmlcnjlikjclms utjajzifis pirifjvmrscs pcajmtjamlcs scl iagc irojtrirjis y suobmtjvis. Ma amktcr lc fmom isunjr kcncgmlmriams m jlvirjioams iagulis fm ais kaisjejkikjclms, sm pumfml mlkcltrir ctrislcnmlkaituris. ]li vjsjl gmlmria fm virjis kaisjejkikjclms fma pcajmtjamlc iktuianmltmutjajzifis ml ai jlfustrji sm prcpcrkjcli i kcltjluikjl2

Tcajmtjamlc fm nuy oibi fmlsjfif (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Umry Acw Fmlsjty Tcaymt`yamlmUAFTM)2 tinojl aainifc pcajmtjamlc fm uatri oibi fmlsjfif TM]OF (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas]atri Acw Fmlsjty Tcaymt`yamlm ]AFTM) pcr iagulcs eiorjkiltms, sm prcfukmprjlkjpianmltm kcl kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti usilfc kcnclnmrcs fm camejlis. Marilgc fm fmlsjfif viri iarmfmfcr fm 4.00= i 4.:9= g/kn;. Acs grifcs smamkkjclifcs fmTM]OF prcfukjfcs kcl kitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc scl kclckjfcs kcncpaistnmrcs fm pcajcamejlis TTC (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Tcaycamejl Taistcnmrs TCT) ymaistnmrcs fm pcajcamejlis MTC (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Tcaycamejl Maistcnmrs TCM), fmojfci qum acs prcfuktcs numstril prcpjmfifms tiltc tmrncpastjkis kcnc maistcnrjkis. Aisfmlsjfifms fm acs TTC kiml ml ma rilgc fma TM]OF, pmrc ais fmlsjfifms fm acs MTC mstlml ma rilgc fm 4.0== i 4.00= g/kn;. Acs eiorjkiltms `il rmgjstrifc nirkis kcnmrkjiams fmMTC y TTC, tiams kcncIeejljty, Mlgigmy Mxikt. ]li ipajkikjl jnpcrtiltm mst ml mamlvisifc fm iajnmltcs.

Tcajmtjamlc fm Oibi Fmlsjfif TMOF(AFTM)2 ma pcajmtjamlc vjrgml, sm prcfukm sac vipcajnmrjzikjl pcr rifjkiams ajorms fm mtjamlc jljkjifc pcr pmrxjfcs crgljkcs u ctrcsrmiktjvcs qum sm fmskcnpclml ekjanmltm ml rifjkiams ajorms. Ai fmlsjfif tpjkinmltmmsti mltrm 4.:9=4.:;4 g/kn;. Ma TMOF ms ma qum prmsmlti nmbcrms kiriktmrstjkis piri maprckmsifc fm acs prjlkjpiams tjpcs fm pcajmtjamlc y sm nmzkai i nmlufc kcl pcajmtjamlc fmoibi fmlsjfif ajlmia y pcajmtjamlc fm iati fmlsjfif piri nmbcrir ai prckmsiojajfif. Ma

TMOF mst iatinmltm rinjejkifc m jlkauym uli kiltjfif rmaitjvinmltm iati fm kcltmljfcincrec qum sm trifukm ml uli kairjfif mxkmpkjclia piri pmakuais utjajzifis ml mamlvisifc fm iajnmltcs, su prjlkjpia ipajkikjl.

Kcpcanmrcs fm Mtjamlc kcl Kcnclnmrcs Tcairms2c Kcpcanmrc fm MtjamlcIkmtitc fm Ujljac (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Mt`yamlm-Ujlya Ikmtitm

MUI)2 ma kcpcanmrc MUI ms fm ambcs ma ns kcnl fm acs kcpcanmrcs fm mtjamlcprcfukjfcs kcl ul kcnclnmrc pcair. Ma kcpcanmrc MUI ms prcfukjfc pcrkcpcajnmrjzikjl fma mtjamlc y ikmtitc fm vjljac usilfc jljkjifcrms fm rifjkiams ajorms,lc pumfm smr prcfukjfc kcl kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti c kitiajzifcrms fm krcnc

scpcrtifc. Ma kcltmljfc fm ikmtitc fm vjljac viri fm iprcxjnifinmltm 0% i ul viacrtil iatc kcnc 64%. Ai fmlsjfif ms fmpmlfjmltm fm ai kiltjfif fm ikmtitc fm vjljacjlkcrpcrifc, pmrc tpjkinmltm msti mltrm 4.:;4.:5 g/kn;. Kuilfc sm rmiajzi mlkclfjkjclms iprcpjifis (i nuy iatis tmnpmrituri), ai jlkcrpcrikjl fma kcnclnmrcms iamitcrji, ac qum rmsuati ml uli fjstrjoukjl uljecrnm fm ai kcnpcsjkjl. Makcpcanmrc mtjamlc ikmtitc fm vjljac tjmlm ul mamvifc kcltmljfc increc ac kuia


16/29

JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA :

rmsuati ml uli kairjfif mxkmpkjclia ml ipajkikjclms piri pmakuais. Ais rmsjlis fmMUI mx`joml pultcs fm eusjl nmlcrms qum ma pcajmtjamlc fm oibi fmlsjfif y mapcajmtjamlc fm oibi fmlsjfif ajlmia, scl tjams piri ipajkikjclms fm tmrncsmaaifc.

cKcpcanmrc fm Mtjamlc

Iakc`ca Ujlajkc(L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Mt`yamlm

Ujlya Iakc`caMUC@)2 ms ma lcnorm fifc i ai rmsjli mspmkjia prcfukjfi pcr `jfrajsjs iakiajlifma kcpcanmrc fm mtjamlcikmtitc fm vjljac. Tumfm kclsjfmrirsm kcnc ma prcfuktcfm ai kcpcajnmrjzikjl fma mtjamlc kcl ma kcnclnmrc `jpcttjkc "iakc`ca vjlajkc".[jl mnoirgc, ms jnpcrtiltm rmkclckmr qum ai kcpcajnmrjzikjl fma mtjamlc kcliakc`ca vjlajkc lc ms pcsjoam. Ma iakc`ca vjlajkc mxjstm ml kiltjfifms jlsjgljejkiltms(4.44445%) ml ecrni fm mlca, ml ai tiutcnmri kmtcmlajki fma ikmtiafm`fc X5^.Ai fmlsjfif fma MUC@ms tpjkinmltm ns iati (4.:59.?4 g/kn;) qum ctrcs tjpcsfm pcajmtjamlc, fmojfc ia mamvifc kcltmljfc fm "iakc`ca vjlajkc". Ma MUC@ tjmlmmxkmamltms prcpjmfifms fm oirrmri ia cxgmlc. ]li ipajkikjl kaivm ms ml pmakuaisainjlifis piri mlvisms fm iajnmltcs.

c Kcpcanmrcs fm Mtjamlckjfc Ikrajkc MIIy fm Mtjamlckjfc NmtikrajkcMIN (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Mt`yamlmNmt`ikryajk Ikjf MNI)2 acs kcpcanmrcs fmMII y MIN scl prcfukjfcs pcr kcpcajnmrjzikjl fm rifjkiams ajorms fm mtjamlc kclkjfc ikrajkc y kjfc nmtikrajkc rmspmktjvinmltm. ]l tmrnclnmrc fm ikrjaitc smjlkcrpcri ml iagulcs grifcs piri fjsnjlujr ai tmnpmrituri fm trilsjkjl vtrmi ypiri nmbcrir ai tmlikjfif. Is kcnc ma kcpcanmrc fm mtjamlcikmtitc fm vjljac, acskcpcanmrcs fm MIN y MII lc pumfml smr prcfukjfcs kcl kitiajzifcrms RjmgamrLitti c kitiajzifcrms scpcrtifcs fm krcnc. Ai fmlsjfif fmpmlfm fm ai kiltjfif fma

kcnclnmrc pcair jlkcrpcrifc, tpjkinmltm msti mltrm 4.:64.:5 g/kn;. Acskcpcanmrcs fm MII y MIN tjmlml uli mxkmamltm if`msjl i nmtiams tiams kcnc maiaunjljc y sm utjajzil ml acs ainjlifcs nmtajkcs. Acs kcpcanmrcs fm MII y MINtinojl sm utjajzil kcnc prmkurscrms piri acs jclnmrcs. Acs jclnmrcs sclprcfukjfcs pcr rmikkjl fm uli gril pirtm fm ais erikkjclms fm kjfcs kirocxajkcs(~:4%) kcl oisms nmtajkis, ermkumltmnmltm LiC@ y Rl(C@)?. Acs jclnmrcs sclsajfcs mastjkcs i tmnpmrituri inojmltm, pmrc sm vumavml tmrncpastjkcs itmnpmrituris ns iatis. Iulqum acs jclnmrcs tjmlml oibi krjstiajljfif, mx`jomlmxkmamltms prcpjmfifms kcnc oumli rmsjstmlkji i ai trikkjl y if`msjl, ecrnil

pmakuais nuy rmsjstmltms. ]li ipajkikjl ojml kclckjfi piri acs jclnmrcs ms suusc kcnc kuojmrtis piri pmactis fm gcae furifmris (lc kcrtifis). Acs "jclnmrcsfm pctisjc" sm kcnmrkjiajzircl rmkjmltmnmltm y sm cermkml piri prcncvmr aisprcpjmfifms iltjmsttjkis fifis i ais nmzkais X7^.

Tcajmtjamlc fm Oibi Fmlsjfif Ajlmia TMOFA (AAFTM)2 ms prcfukjfc vikcpcajnmrjzikjl fm mtjamlc kcl -camejlis utjajzilfc kitiajzifcrms fm Rjmgamr-Litti, fmkrcnc scpcrtifc c fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc. Ma TMOFA lc pumfm smr prcfukjfc vipcajnmrjzikjl fm rifjkiams ajorms. Ai fmlsjfif mst mltrm 4.:9=4.:;4 g/kn;. Acskcnclnmrcs ns kcnulms scl ma 9outmlc, 9`mxmlc y 9cktmlc, qum fi kcnc

rmsuatifc TMOFA kcl rinjejkikjclms fm kifmli kcrti fm mtjac, loutjac y l`mxjacrmspmktjvinmltm. Ai kiltjfif fma kcnclnmrc jlkcrpcrifc viri fmpmlfjmlfc fmaprcpsjtc fm ai rmsjli. Vpjkinmltm, ma kcltmljfc fm kcnclnmrcs mstiprcxjnifinmltm mltrm ?% y 6% (% ncair). Ai fmlsjfif fjsnjluym i nmfjfi qum smjlkcrpcril niycrms kiltjfifms fm kcnclnmrc ia kcpcanmrc (ai Ejguri 9.? numstri aisfmlsjfifms fm acs kcpcanmrcs mtjamlc/iaei-camejlis kcnc uli eulkjl fma kcltmljfc fmkcnclnmrc). Ma TMOFA `i nmbcrifc ais prcpjmfifms nmkljkis ml rmaikjl ia TMOF y sm


17/29


Fmlsjfif fm ai rmsjli vmrsus kcltmljfc fm kcnclnmrc

Tcrkmltibm ncair fma kcnclnmrc

Ejguri 9.? Fmlsjfif fma TMOFA vmrsus ma kcltmljfc fm kcnclnmrc (_mprcfukjfc kcl

pmrnjsc fm Hjrh-Ct`nmr,Mlkykacpmfji ce K`mnjkia Vmk`lcacgy, Bc`l Wjamy ilf [cls, Jlk., 5mfjkjl, ?445).

utjajzi ml ipajkikjclms fm pmakuai scpaifi y kcaifi, tiams kcnc mlvisms fm iajnmltcs yml mnpiqums fm prcfuktcs. [jl mnoirgc, fmojfc i qum tjmlm ul nmlcr kcltmljfcincrec y uli fjstrjoukjl `mtmrcglmi fm ai kcnpcsjkjl, ma TMOFA prcfukm pmakuaislc til kairis kcnc ais pmakuais fm pcajmtjamlc fm oibi fmlsjfif prcfukjfcs kcljljkjifcrms fm rifjkiams ajorms.

Tcajmtjamlc fm Nmfji/Iati Fmlsjfif TMNF (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Nmfjun Fmlsjty@jg` Fmlsjty Tcaymt`yamlm NFTMc NF@FTM)2 sm prcfukm vi kcpcajnmrjzikjl fmmtjamlc kcl -camejlis utjajzilfc kitiajzifcrms fm Rjmgamr-Litti, fm krcnc scpcrtifc cfm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc. Ma TMNF lc pumfm smr prcfukjfc vi pcajnmrjzikjl fmrifjkiams ajorms. Ma TMNF tjmlm uli mstrukturi ajlmia sjnjair ia TMOFA, pmrc makcltmljfc fm kcnclnmrcs ms nmlcr. Ai fmlsjfif tpjkinmltm msti mltrm 4.:;4.:6g/kn;. Ma TMNF sm utjajzi ml ipajkikjclms fm gmcnmnorilis y tuomris.

Tcajmtjamlc fm Iati Fmlsjfif TMIF2 sm prcfukm vi pcajnmrjzikjl fma mtjamlc usilfckitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti c fm krcnc scpcrtifc ("T`jaajps"). Ma TMIF lc sm pumfmprcfukjr vi pcajnmrjzikjl fm rifjkiams ajorms. Ai fmlsjfif tpjkinmltm msti mltrm 4.:6

4.:7 g/kn;

. Tmqumis kiltjfifms (19%) fm kcnclnmrcs fm

-camejlis sm utjajzil mlnuk`cs fm acs grifcs kcnncfjtjms piri qum prmsmltm oibis kclkmltrikjclms fmrinjejkikjclms fm kifmli kcrti, lc scac piri nmbcrir ai prckmsiojajfif, sjlc tinojl aitmlikjfif y ai rmsjstmlkji ia igrjmtinjmltc pcr mstrs inojmltia. Ma TMIF tjmlm viacrmsmamvifcs ml kuiltc i ais prcpjmfifms kcnc ma nfuac fm maistjkjfif, anjtm fm maistjkjfify trikkjl ml rmaikjl kcl ma TMOFA y ma TMNF. [jl mnoirgc, fmojfc i qum pcsmm uliniycr krjstiajljfif, ma TMIF lc pumfm jguiair ai kairjfif fma TMOF c fma TMOFA. Ma TMIF

9Outmlc

9@mxmlc

9Cktmlc

6Nmtja9pmltmlc

m

sj

ma

rmsj


18/29


ms inpajinmltm utjajzifc ml mxtrusjl fm tuomris piri igui pctioam y fjstrjoukjl fmgis. Ctri ipajkikjl jnpcrtiltm scl acs mlvisms fm ncafmifc pcr scpaifc piri prcfuktcsqunjkcs fm usc fcnstjkc m jlfustrjia (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas @cusm`caf ilf JlfustrjiaK`mnjkias @JK), tiams kcnc octmaais fm ambi, kìnp, fmtmrgmltm, mtk.

Tcajmtjamlc fm Iati Fmlsjfif / Iatc Tmsc Ncamkuair TMIFITN(L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas@jg` Ncamkuair Wmjg`t @jg` Fmlsjty Tcaymt`yamlm @NW-@FTM c @NWTM)2 msprcfukjfc kcl kitiajzifcrms fm Rjmgamr-Litti y fm krcnc scpcrtifc. Ma TMIF-ITN lcpumfm smr prcfukjfc vi pcajnmrjzikjl fm rifjkiams ajorms. Ma pmsc ncamkuair viriiprcxjnifinmltm fm ?44,444 i =44,444 uni. Vpjkinmltm, ai fmlsjfif mst ml majltmrviac fm 4.:64.:5 g/kn;. Acs grifcs fm TMIF-ITN sm prcfukml gmlmrianmltm mluli kclejgurikjl fm rmiktcr fuia, ac qum rmsuati ml uli fjstrjoukjl ojncfia fma pmscncamkuair kcl ai jlkcrpcrikjl fma kcnclnmrc ml ais erikkjclms fm iatc pmsc ncamkuair.Ais prjlkjpiams ipajkikjclms scl tuomris, sikcs fm kcnmstjoams y acs tilqums fm

kcnoustjoam fm iutcnvjams. Ma Tcajmtjamlc fm ]atri Iatc Tmsc Ncamkuair TM]ITN (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas ]atri`jg`

Ncamkuair Wmjg`t Tcaymt`yamlm ]@NWTM)2 sm prcfukm kcl kitiajzifcrms RjmgamrLitti.Lcrnianmltm lc sm mnpamil kcnclnmrcs. Ma pmsc ncamkuair viri fmiprcxjnifinmltm ;,444,444 i 7,444,444 uni. Ma TM]ITN tjmlm uli fmlsjfifscrprmlfmltmnmltm oibi (~4,:6 g/kn;), prcoioamnmltm fmojfc i fmemktcs ml aikrjstiajljfif y i memktcs ainjlirms kiusifcs pcr ais kifmlis fm pcanmrcs mlcrnmnmltmairgis. Ma TM]ITN mx`jom uli mxkmamltm rmsjstmlkji ia jnpiktc y rmsjstmlkji i ai iorisjl.Iulqum ms fjekja fm prckmsir ml mqujpcs mstlfirms, ma TM]ITN pumfm smr ncafmifi pcr

kcnprmsjl ml fjspcsjtjvcs kcnc prtmsjs, piri kifmris irtjejkjiams c piri kclvmrtjrsm ml`jaifc fm gma (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas gma spul) y cotmlmr ejoris nuy rmsjstmltms utjajzifis mlkìamkcs iltjoiais usifcs pcr ais eumrzis fma crfml. Ma TM]ITN sm utjajzi tinojl piriìkmr pmakuais pcrcsis usifis kcnc smpirifcr fm oitmris.

Kcpcanmrcs fm Camejlis Kkajkis KCK2 scl rmsjlis increis prcfukjfis vikcpcajnmrjzikjl fma mtjamlc kcl camejlis kkajkis, kcnc pcr mbmnpac ma lcrocrlmlc X0^.Acs KCK scl rmsjlis mspmkjiams kcl mxkmamltms prcpjmfifms ptjkis y scl prcfukjfcs kclkitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc, pmrc lc pumfml smr prcfukjfcs kclkitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti kclvmlkjcliams. Ml rmaikjl i acs prjlkjpiams tjpcs fm

pcajmtjamlc, acs KCK scl prcfukjfcs ml nuy pmqumis kiltjfifms (1= hV/ic). Acs KCKkcltjmlml tpjkinmltm 6474% fm mtjamlc, ml oism ncair. [jl mnoirgc, fmojfc ia pmscncamkuair rmaitjvinmltm iatc fma kcnclnmrc, msti kiltjfif kcrrmspclfm sac ia 9=;=% fm mtjamlc ml oism ia pmsc. Tiri acs grifcs ns kcnmrkjiams, ai fmlsjfif msti mltrm9.4?9.40 g/kn;. Ais prjlkjpiams ipajkikjclms scl ml oajstmrs (mnpiqums tmrncecrnifcs)piri prcfuktcs eirnikutjkcs y pmakuais pcairjzifcris iltjrrmeambc X:^.

Tcajmtjamlc _mtjkuaifc TM_ (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Krcss-ajlhmf Tcaymt yamlm PATM cTMP)2 ms prcfukjfc vi rmtjkuaikjl fma pcajmtjamlc (prjlkjpianmltm TMIF y TMNF)usilfc rifjkiams ajorms gmlmrifcs pcr pmrxjfcs, jrrifjikjl uatrivjcamti c jrrifjikjl fmìz fm mamktrclms. ]l prckmsc ns jltrjlkifc kclsjstm ml jlbmrtir ul kcnpumstc fmvjljasjailc, kcnc ma vjljatrjnmtcxjsjailc, i ais kifmlis fm pcajmtjamlc utjajzilfc rifjkiamsajorms. Vris ma kurifc `nmfc sm mlaizil ais kifmlis ifyikmltms i trivs fm grupcssjaxjfcs. Ma TM_ mx`jom mxkmamltm rmsjstmlkji ia igrjmtinjmltc pcr mstrs inojmltia (L.fma V.2 Ml jlgas Mlvjrclnmltia [trmss Krikh _msjstilkm M[K_) y oibi eaumlkji. [m utjajziml tuomris piri sjstmnis fm pacnmri rmsjfmlkjiams.

Kcnc sm smia iltmrjcrnmltm, acs lcnorms fifcs ml ais kaisjejkikjclms iltmrjcrms scl acsutjajzifcs ìojtuianmltm ml ai jlfustrji fma pcajmtjamlc, y mstcs sm utjajzil ml tcfc ma tmxtc.


19/29

9? JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA

Ai lcnmlkaituri fm ai J]TIK ms usuianmltm ns kcnpambi. Tcr mbmnpac, ma lcnormJ]TIK fm ul kcpcanmrc fmpmlfm sj sm triti fm mstifstjkcs, iamitcrjcs, iatmrliltms, fmoacqum, mtk. [j lc sm mspmkjejki c sm fmskclckm, ma kcpcanmrc sm fmlcnjli kcl ma jlejbc"kc", jlkaujfc ml su lcnorm. Ml ma kisc fm TMOFA prcfukjfc kcl mtjamlc y 9outmlc, malcnorm J]TIK smri pcaj(mtjamlckc9outmlc). Uism ai Vioai 9.9 piri mbmnpacsifjkjcliams fm lcnorms J]TIK piri pcanmrcs kcnulms qum kcltjmlml mtjamlc.

Ais njkrcmstrukturis fm pcajmtjamlc fmpmlfml fma tjpc fm kitiajzifcr, ais kclfjkjclms fmpcajnmrjzikjl, acs kcnclnmrcs utjajzifcs, mtk. Ma pcajmtjamlc y acs kcpcanmrcsprcfukjfcs vi pcajnmrjzikjl fm rifjkiams ajorms (TMOF, MUI, MII, mtk.) kcltjmlmlrinjejkikjclms tiltc fm kifmli kcrti kcnc fm kifmli airgi y ul niycr kcltmljfcincrec ml rmaikjl ia TMOFA y TMIF. Ma TMOFA y ma TM]OF kcltjmlml mxtmlsisrinjejkikjclms fm kifmli kcrti, fmojfc i ai jlkcrpcrikjl fm kcnclnmrcs fm

camejlis. Ma pcajmtjamlc fm iati fmlsjfif kcltjmlm pckis rinjejkikjclms fm kifmli kcrtifmojfc i qum acs kcnclnmrcs scl usifcs ml oibis kiltjfifms, kcnc nuk`c. Mapcajmtjamlc fm iati fmlsjfif prcfukjfc kcl kitiajzifcrms RjmgamrLitti msmlkjianmltm lckcltjmlm ljlguli rinjejkikjl fm kifmli airgi. [jl mnoirgc, ma pcajmtjamlc fm iatifmlsjfif prcfukjfc i pirtjr fm kitiajzifcrms T`jaajps kcltjmlm nuy pmqumis kiltjfifmsfm rinjejkikjclms fm kifmli airgi X94^. Ais rmprmsmltikjclms msqumntjkis fm aisnjkrcmstrukturis fm virjcs tjpcs fm pcajmtjamlcs sm numstril ml ais Ejguris 9.; i ai 9.7.Ais rinjejkikjclms fm kifmli kcrti y fm kifmli airgi pumfml fmtmrnjlirsmiliatjkinmltm nmfjiltm virjis tkljkis, pcr mbmnpac, pcr mspmktrcskcpji jlerirrcbi (J_),

Vioai 9.9Lcnorms J]TIK fm iagulcs pcanmrcs smamkkjclifcs y kcpcanmrcs fm mtjamlc.

Ikrljnc fma Tcanmrc Kcnclnmrc Lcnorm J]TIK

TMOF Ljlgulc pcajmtjamlc

TM]OF 9outmlc pcaj(mtjamlckc9outmlc)

TMOFA 9outmlc pcaj(mtjamlckc9outmlc)

TMOFA 9`mxmlc pcaj(mtjamlckc9`mxmlc)

TMOFA 9cktmlc pcaj(mtjamlckc9cktmlc)

TMOFA 6nmtja9pmltmlc pcaj(mtjamlckc6nmtja9pmltmlc)

MUI Ikmtitc vjlajkc pcaj(mtjamlckcvjlja ikmtitc)

MIN kjfc nmtikrajkc pcaj(mtjamlckckjfc nmtikrajkc)

MUC@ Iakc`ca vjlajkc* pcaj(mtjamlckciakc`ca vjlajkc)

TMIF Ljlgulc

pcajmtjamlcKCK Lcrocrlmlc pcaj(mtjamlckclcrocrlmlc)

*Kcnclnmrc `jpcttjkc (vism ai smkkjl 9.;)[m jlkcrpcri pmqumis kiltjfifms fm camejlis piri nmbcrir ais prcpjmfifms fma pcanmrc


20/29


21/29


Ejguri 9.= Msqumni fm ai njkrcmstrukturi fma kcpcanmrc mtjamlciakc`ca vjlajkc, fclfm aialmi sajfi rmprmsmlti ma "msqumamtc" fma pcanmrc y ais almis fjskcltjluis rmprmsmltil ais _KKy _KA. Ml fclfm ai jlkcrpcrikjl fm ikmtitcs fm vjljac rmsuati ml rifjkiams ikmtcxjac qum pmlfmlfm ai mstrukturi, acs njsncs qum pcstmrjcrnmltm scl `jfrcajzifcs i grupcs C@.

Ejguri 9.5 Msqumni fm ai njkrcmstrukturi fma kcpcanmrc fm MII, ml fclfm ai almi scajfirmprmsmlti ma "msqumamtc" fma pcanmrc y ais almis fjskcltjluis rmprmsmltil ais _KK y _KA. Mlfclfm ai jlkcrpcrikjl fm kjfc ikrajkc rmsuati ml grupcs fm kjfcs kirocxajkcs qum pmlfml fmai mstrukturi. Ai njkrcmstrukturi fm acs kcpcanmrcs fm MIN ms sjnjair, pmrc jlkauym ul grupcnmtjac gmrnjlia.

Ejguri 9.7 Msqumni fm ai njkrcmstrukturi fma jclnmrc fma MII, ml fclfm ai almi scajfirmprmsmlti ma "msqumamtc" fma pcanmrc y ais almis fjskcltjluis rmprmsmltil ais _KK y _KA. Mlfclfm ai jlkcrpcrikjl fm kjfc ikrajkc rmsuati ml grupcs fm kjfcs kirocxajkcs qum pmlfml fmai mstrukturi, acs kuiams scl kclvmrtjfcs ~:4% i siams vi ai rmikkjl kcl uli oism Orlstmf,kcnc ma LiC@. Ai njkrcmstrukturi fma jclnmrc fma MIN ms sjnjair, pmrc jlkauym ul grupcnmtjac gmrnjlia.


22/29

JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA 9=

Vioai 9.? Kaisjejkikjl fm pcajmtjamlcs smamkkjclifcs.

Ikrljnc fmaTcanmrc

_ilgc fm FmlsjfifmsIprcxjnifc (g/kn;)

Kcnclnmrc(s)tpjkcs

Kitiajzifcrms (c Jljkjifcrms)]tjajzifcs piri su

Trcfukkjl

TM]OF 4.004.:9 camejlis RL, K[]

TMOF 4.:94.:; Ljlgulc Tmrxjfcs Crgljkcs

MUI 4.:;4.:7 Ikmtitc vjlajkc Tmrxjfcs Crgljkcs

MII/MIN i 4.:64.:5 II, IN Tmrxjfcs Crgljkcs

MUC@ o 4.:59.?4 Ikmtitc vjlajkc Tmrxjfcs Crgljkcs

TMOFA 4.:94.:; camejlis RL, Kr scpcrtifc, K[]

TMNF 4.:;4.:= camejlis RL, Kr scpcrtifc

TMIF k 4.:=4.:7 camejlis f RL, Kr scpcrtifc

TM]ITN 4.:;4.:= Ljlgulc RL

KCK 9.4?9.40 Lcrocrlmlc K[]

iTrmkurscrms piri ai prcfukkjl fm jclnmrcsoTrcfukjfi vi sipcljejkikjl fma kcpcanmrc MUIkJlkauym ia TM_fKiltjfifms pmqumis fm -camejlis sm utjajzi ermkumltmnmltm piri nmbcrir ais prcpjmfifms fma pcanmrc

9.6 Tmscs Ncamkuairms fm acs TcajmtjamlcsIfmns fm ai fmlsjfif, acs eiorjkiltms fm pcajmtjamlc sunjljstril fitcs fm rutjli qum smkcrrmaikjclil kcl ma pmsc ncamkuair y ai fjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair. ]li nmfjkjl

rmiajzifi ms ma aainifc lfjkm fm eusjl JE (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Nmat Jlfmx NJ),kclckjfc tinojl kcnc lfjkm fm eaujfmz (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Nmat Eacw Jlfmx NEJ), smfmtmrnjli nmfjiltm ma pmsc fma pcajmtjamlc mxtrujfc furiltm 94 njlutcs i 9:4 K itrivs fm ul trcquma mstlfir utjajzilfc uli kirgi fm pjstl fm ?.95 hg. Acs rmsuatifcssm mxprmsil ml g/94njl c fg/njl, ma lfjkm fm eusjl sm njfm usilfc ul jlstrunmltcaainifc paistnmtrc fm mxtrusjl fm ikumrfc kcl ai lcrni I[VNF9?;046K Kclfjkjl9:4/?.95, ml fclfm acs atjncs lnmrcs sm rmejmrml i ai tmnpmrituri y ai kirgi ml hgrmspmktjvinmltm, ml ma pjstl fma paistnmtrc. Ma lfjkm fm eusjl i vmkms sm mskrjom "J?"y mstm ms jlvmrsinmltm prcpcrkjclia ia pmsc ncamkuair, ms fmkjr, ma JE iunmlti i nmfjfi

qum ma pmsc ncamkuair fjsnjluym. Kcl ai pcsjoam mxkmpkjl fm ai fmlsjfif, ma lfjkm fmeusjl ms ai prcpjmfif ns inpajinmltm kjtifi fma pcajmtjamlc jlfustrjia.


23/29


Ma lfjkm fm eusjl fma pcajmtjamlc pumfm smr nmfjfc ml ul jlstrunmltc aainifc paistnmtrc fmmxtrusjl. (Ectc kcrtmsi fm Vjljus Casml.)

Ctrc viacr qum tinojl sm njfm ml ma paistnmtrc i 9:4 K, pmrc oibc uli kirgi fm ?9,5hg (fm ikumrfc i ai lcrni I[VN F9?;0-46k. Kclfjkjl 9:4/?9.5). Mstm sm fmlcnjlilfjkm fm eusjl fm iati kirgi (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas @jg` Acif Nmat Jlfmx @ANJ) ytinojl sm mxprmsi ml g/94njl c fg/njl. Ma @ANJsm utjajzi i nmlufc piri pcajmtjamlcsqum tjmlml pmscs ncamkuairms nuy mamvifcs. Fmojfc i qum pumfm smr fjekja nmfjrkiltjfifms pmqumis fm nitmrjia mxtrujfc ml kclfjkjclms mstlfir, pcr ac qum sm amaaini lfjkm fm eusjl "erikkjclia" fma prcfuktc (tpjkinmltm rmsjlis qum tjmlml JE19), ma@ANJ pumfm smr uli nmfjfi ns prmkjsi piri ma eaubc eulfjfc.

Fjvjfjmlfc ma @ANJmltrm ma JE sm prcpcrkjcli ai rmaikjl fm lfjkm fm eusjl (L. fma V.2Ml jlgas Nmat Jlfmx _itjc NJ_), ul lnmrc ifjnmlsjclia qum lcs fi uli jlfjkikjl fmai inpajtuf fm ai fjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair FTN. I nmfjfi qum NJ_iunmlti, sminpai ai FTN.

(9.?)

Ml ai lcrni I[VN F9?;0-46k, ul trnjlc qum sm aaini ma kcmejkjmltm fma lfjkm fmeaujfmz (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Eacw _itm _itjc E__) piri ma pcajmtjamlc sm fmejlm kcnc maeaubc ml ai Kclfjkjl 9:4/94 fjvjfjfc mltrm ma eaubc ml ai Kclfjkjl 9:4/?.95, iormvjifc

kcnc "J94/J?". Is kcnc ai rmaikjl NJ_, ma kcmejkjmltm fma lfjkm fm eaujfmz msifjnmlsjclia m jlfjki jlecrnikjl scorm ai fjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair.

Ma trnjlc "rmaikjl fm eusjl fm eaubc" (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas Nmat Eacw _itm NE_) smipajki i vmkms (mrrlminmltm) ia pcajmtjamlc. AiI[VNsugjmrm qum ai "rmaikjl fm eusjlfm eaubc" sm ipajqum i ctrcs tmrncpastjkcs y


24/29


ma "lfjkm fm eusjl" sm rmsmrvir piri ma pcajmtjamlc (vism ai lcti ?7 fm ai pgjli 94 fmai lcrni I[VNF9?;0-46k). Ai rmaikjl fm eusjl fm eaubc sm fmtmrnjli tinojl smgllcrniI[VNF9?;0-46k, pmrc sm usil fjemrmltms kclfjkjclms ml ai niycri fm acs kiscs.Tcr mbmnpac, ma NE_piri ma pcajprcpjamlc sm fmtmrnjli i ?;4 K y ?.95 hg.

Ais nmfjkjclms rmiajzifis piri fmtmrnjlir ma JE y ai rmaikjl NJ_scl fm oibc kcstc, sclrmaitjvinmltm ekjams fm rmiajzir y scl jlfjkitjvcs fma pmsc ncamkuair y fm ai fjstrjoukjlfma pmsc ncamkuair. Iktuianmltm ma pmsc ncamkuair sm pumfm fmtmrnjlir usilfc ulivirjmfif fm ntcfcs iliatjkcs, jlkauymlfc ai krcnitcgriei fm pmrnmikjl ml gma (L.fma V.2 Ml jlgas Gma Tmrnmitjcl K`rcnitcgrip`y GTK) kclckjfi tinojl kcnckrcnitcgriei pcr mxkausjl fm tinic (L. fma V.2 Ml jlgas [jzm MxkausjclK`rcnitcgrip`y [MK), vjskcsjnmtri, pcr fjspmrsjl fm ai auz y nmfjkjclms fm aisprcpjmfif kcajgitjvis. [jl mnoirgc, mstcs ntcfcs rmqujmrml jlstrunmltcs ns

kcnpambcs y scejstjkifcs, y acs mlsiycs scl ns kcstcscs y fjekjams fm rmiajzir, lc smprmstil piri prckmfjnjmltcs fm rutjli fm kcltrca fm kiajfif.

Ma pmsc ncamkuair prcnmfjc ml lnmrc () sm kiakuai i pirtjr fm ai mxprmsjl2

(9.;)

Ml fclfm ms ma pmsc ncamkuair kcnpclmltm y ms ma lnmrc fm ncams fmakcnpclmltm . Ma pmsc ncamkuair prcnmfjc ml pmsc () sm kiakuai usilfc ai mkuikjlfm smgulfc crfml2

(9.6)

Ai mkuikjl fm tmrkmr crfml prcpcrkjcli ma "pmsc ncamkuair prcnmfjc z" y sm kiakuai ipirtjr fm ai mxprmsjl2

(9.=)

Acs pmscs ncamkuairms prcnmfjcs fm crfml ns iatc pumfml kiakuairsm, pmrc scl nmlcsjnpcrtiltms qum , y . Tiri acs pcanmrcs pcajfjspmrscs, kcnc ma pcajmtjamlc, sm

tjmlm ai sjgujmltm rmaikjl2

(9.5)

Ai rmaikjl sm fmlcnjli lfjkm fm pcajfjspmrsjfif (tinojl kclckjfc kcnclfjkm fm `mtmrcgmlmjfif m lfjkm fm fjspmrsjfif) y ms ul jlfjkifcr fm ai inpajtuf fm aifjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair. I nmfjfi qum ma lfjkm fm pcajfjspmrsjfif iunmlti, sminpai ai fjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair. [j ma pcanmrc eumsm uli nikrcncakuaijlfjvjfuia, ai pcajfjspmrsjfif smri 9.4 y sm fjkm qum ma pcanmrc ms nclcfjspmrsc.

Ml ma kisc fma pcajmtjamlc prcfukjfc kcl kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl, aifjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair mst fjktifi ml gril nmfjfi pcr ma kitiajzifcrmnpamifc. Ais pcajfjspmrsjfifms tpjkinmltm viril fm ?; piri ma pcajmtjamlc eiorjkifckcl kitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc, fm 65 piri pcanmrcs prcfukjfcs kclkitiajzifcrms RjmgamrLitti y fm 0?4 piri pcajmtjamlcs eiorjkifcs kcl kitiajzifcrms fmkrcnc scpcrtifc.


25/29


Ejguri 9.0 Fjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair fma pcajmtjamlc prcfukjfc pcr kitiajzifcrms fmnmtiams fm trilsjkjl. (_mprcfukjfc kcl pmrnjsc fm Bc`l Wjamy & [cls, Jlk., Hjrh-Ct`nmrMlkykacpmfji ce K`mnjkia Vmk`lcacgy, Bc`l Wjamy & [cls, Jlk., 5imf., ?445).

Mstis fjemrmlkjis sm jaustril msqumntjkinmltm ml ai Ejguri 9.0. Ma pcajmtjamlc kcl ais

fjstrjoukjclms fma pmsc ncamkuair sm jaustril ml ai Ejguri 9.0, sm fjkm qum ms uljncfia.Ml kjmrtis ipajkikjclms, tiams kcnc ncafmc pcr scpaifc, ma pcajmtjamlc fm inpajifjstrjoukjl fm pmsc ncamkuair prcpcrkjcli ul nmbcr mqujajorjc fm ais prcpjmfifms. Aiserikkjclms fm pmsc ncamkuair ns iatc kclejmrml rmsjstmlkji nmkljki, njmltris qum aiserikkjclms fm pmsc ncamkuair ns oibc nmbcril ais prcpjmfifms fm eaubc y `ikml qum mapcanmrc smi ns ekja fm prckmsir. Ai kcnojlikjl fm oumlis prcpjmfifms nmkljkis yeikjajfif fm prckmsinjmltc tinojl pumfm cotmlmrsm sj sm prcfukm uli rmsjli kcl ulifjstrjoukjl fm pmsc ncamkuair ojncfia.

Ai fjstrjoukjl fm pmsc ncamkuair ojncfia sm pumfm acgrir nmfjiltm virjis tkljkis. Mantcfc ns sjnpam ms ma nmzkaifc i ai siajfi fma rmiktcr fm pcajmtjamlcs kcl fjemrmltmslfjkms fm eusjl. Ctrcs fcs ntcfcs jnpajkil ai prcfukkjl fm pcajmtjamlc fmltrc fmarmiktcr. Ma prjnmr mlecqum jnpajki ma usc fm sjstmnis kitiatjkcs njxtcs qum pcajnmrjzilia mtjamlc fm fjemrmltms ecrnis piri prcfukjr pcajmtjamlc kcl fjemrmltms pmscsncamkuairms. Ma ctrc ntcfc, rmqujmrm qum acs kitiajzifcrms smil kcnpitjoams. Ctritkljki fjstjlti mnpami ma usc fm rmiktcrms ml smrjm cpmrifcs oibc fjemrmltms kclfjkjclms(vism ai smkkjl 7.5 fma Kiptuac 7). Ai Ejguri 9.: jaustri ma pcajmtjamlc kcl ulifjstrjoukjl fm pmsc ncamkuair ojncfia prcfukjfc kcl ul sjstmni kitiatjkc fm ljkc

tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc ml ul prckmsc ml eism gismcsi ]ljpca.

Ais kcnpirikjclms fjrmktis mltrm ma lfjkm fm eusjl y ma pmsc ncamkuair fma pcajmtjamlcfmoml `ikmrsm kcl prmkiukjl. Mstis kcnpirikjclms sac scl iprcpjifis kuilfc acspcanmrcs tjmlml `jstcrjiams sjnjairms (prmpirifcs usilfc ma njsnc kitiajzifcr, vi manjsnc prckmsc, kcl fmlsjfifms kisj jfltjkis, mtk.). ]l mbmnpac fm ai rmaikjl mltrm malfjkm fm eusjl y ma pmsc ncamkuair fm uli smrjm fm TMOFA kcl `jstcrjiams sjnjairms sm

r

k

kj

m

ms

rma

tj

Tmsc Ncamkuair

K[]


26/29

JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA 9:

Ejguri 9.:Fjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair ojncfia fma pcajmtjamlc prcfukjfc kcl kitiajzifcrmsfm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc ml ma prckmsc ml eism gismcsi ]ljpca8 T.B. Emrmlz, ? KclemrmlkjiIsjtjki fm ai Vmklcacgi Tmtrcqunjki, 70 niyc fma ?44?, [ma, Kcrmi.

Ejguri 9.94Tmsc ncamkuair m lfjkm fm eusjl fma TMOFA (f > 4.:?4 g/kk8 fitcs fm @. Ocmljg,Tcajcamejlis2 Mstrukturi y Trcpjmfifms, Masmvjmr, pg. 04,9:55).

numstri ml ai Ejguri 9.94. [j ojml ms uli nmfjkjl viajcsi, ma lfjkm fm eusjl cermkm pckijlecrnikjl scorm ai smlsjojajfif i ai kjziaaifuri fm ai rmsjli eulfjfi. Ms jnpcrtiltmkclckmr ai fmecrnikjl oibc mstrs ("rmcacgi", vism ai smkkjl 0.;) fm ai rmsjli piri mapmrecrnilkm fma pcanmrc ml sus fjvmrsis ipajkikjclms, piri mstc sm rmqujmrm fm prumoisifjkjcliams.

rkkj

m

msr

matj

Tmsc Ncamkuair

_msjstmlkji - fmojfc i ai erikkjl fmiatc pmsc ncamkuair

Trckmsiojajfif -fmojfc i aierikkjl fm oibcpmsc ncamkuair

Tmsc Ncamkuair (uni)

lfjkmfmEusjl

(g/94

jl)

Lcti2 Ais kcnpirikjclms fjrmktis mltrm ma JE y ma TNfma pcajmtjamlc sm fmom `ikmr kcl prmkiukjl. Mstis

kcnpirikjclms sac scl iprcpjifis kuilfc acspcanmrcs tjmlml `jstcrjiams sjnjairms (vism ma tmxtc)


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?4 JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA

9.= Kitiajzifcrms fm Nmtiams fm Vrilsjkjl piri ai Tcajnmrjzikjl fma MtjamlcKcnc sm nmlkjcl prmvjinmltm, ifmns fm ai jljkjikjl pcr rifjkiams ajorms, sm pumfmpcajnmrjzir ia mtjamlc nmfjiltm ma usc fm kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl. Tiri

mltmlfmr ai jnpcrtilkji fm mstcs kitiajzifcrms ml ai pmrspmktjvi kcrrmkti, ìy qumrmkclckmr qum acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl sm usircl piri prcfukjr kmrkifma 7;% fm ai prcfukkjl nulfjia jlfustrjia fm pcajmtjamlcs ml ma ?440,iprcxjnifinmltm =5 njaaclms fm tclmaifis (9?6 ojaaclms fm ajoris).

Ml msti smkkjl, sm jltrcfukjrl kiriktmrstjkis kaivms fm acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fmtrilsjkjl. Ais kclfjkjclms utjajzifis piri ai pcajnmrjzikjl kcl kitiajzifcrms fmnmtiams fm trilsjkjl scl nmlcs frstjkis fm iqumaais qum sm lmkmsjtil piri prckmscspcr rifjkiams ajorms. Acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl utjajzifcs ml aiprcfukkjl fm pcajmtjamlc jlkauyml i acs yi kclckjfcs kitiajzifcrms RjmgamrLitti,

kitiajzifcrms fm krcnc scpcrtifc y kitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc, tcfcsmaacs sm fjskutml kcl ns fmtiaam ml acs kiptuacs sjgujmltms. Ai gril niycri fm mstcskitiajzifcrms sm prcfukml usilfc kcnpumstcs fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl fm acs grupcs 65 fm ai Vioai Tmrjfjki. Acs kitiajzifcrms RjmgamrLitti (Kiptuac ;) gmlmrianmltm smfmrjvil fm kcnpumstcs jlcrgljkcs fm tjtiljc. Acs ns kclckjfcs y inpajinmltmutjajzifcs scl acs kitiajzifcrms fm krcnc scpcrtifc, acs fmlcnjlifcs "kitiajzifcrmsT`jaajps" (Kiptuac =), pmrc ìy ctrcs kitiajzifcrms fm krcnc jlfustrjianmltmjnpcrtiltms. Acs kitiajzifcrms fm krcnc piri smr mejkikms fmoml mstir scpcrtifcs mlxjfcs rmeriktirjcs, ermkumltmnmltm ml sajkm. Acs kitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc

iktjvc ns kcnmrkjiams (Kiptuac 5) jlvcaukril ia Rr, @e c Vj, pmrc i nmfjifcs fm aifkifi fm 9::4 kcnmlzircl i surgjr acs kitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc ioism fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl tirfcs, mspmkjianmltm Tf, Em y Lj.

Vcfcs acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl fmoml kunpajr virjcs krjtmrjcs kaivms2

Ai iktjvjfif fmom smr suejkjmltmnmltm iati piri ismgurir ai vjiojajfif mkclnjki yqum acs rmsjfucs fma kitiajzifcr smil suejkjmltmnmltm oibcs ml ma pcanmrc ejlia piricovjir tritinjmltcs i ai siajfi fma rmiktcr. Kcnc rmgai gmlmria, sm rmqujmrm qum aiiktjvjfif fma kitiajzifcr supmrm ais 9=4,444 ajoris fm pcajmtjamlc pcr ajori fm nmtia fmtrilsjkjl.

Ma kitiajzifcr fmom smr kipiz fm prcpcrkjclir ul rilgc fm pmscs ncamkuairms fmapcanmrc2

c Tiri kitiajzifcrms RjmgamrLitti y fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc iktjvc, ma pmsc ncamkuairsm kcltrcai prjlkjpianmltm nmfjiltm ma usc fm `jfrgmlc kcnc igmltm fmtrilsemrmlkji fm kifmli. Ai rmiktjvjfif fma kitiajzifcr kcl ma `jfrgmlc piri makcltrca fma pmsc ncamkuair fma pcanmrc sm fmlcnjli "rmspumsti fma `jfrgmlc".

c Ml gmlmria, ai kipikjfif fm acs kitiajzifcrms fm krcnc scpcrtifc piri prcfukjrpcajmtjamlc fm iatc lfjkm fm eusjl (kcl pmsc ncamkuair oibc) ms ajnjtifi. Ai

rmspumsti fma `jfrgmlc ml ai niycri fm acs kitiajzifcrms fm krcnc ms oibi. Mapmsc ncamkuair fma pcanmrc pumfm kcltrcairsm nmfjiltm ai ncfjejkikjl qunjkifma kitiajzifcr osjkc fm krcnc y kcl uli mamkkjl bujkjcsi fm ai tmnpmrituri fmpcajnmrjzikjl y fm ai kclkmltrikjl fm mtjamlc.

Kcltrca fm pcajfjspmrsjfif. Iulqum kifi tjpc fm kitiajzifcr prcvmm fm pcajmtjamlc kclul rilgc kiriktmrstjkc fm fjstrjoukjclms fm pmsc ncamkuair, sm pumfml ìkmr


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JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA ?9

nmfjkjclms piri mxpilfjr ma rilgc fm pcajfjspmrsjfifms iakilzioams. Ml gmlmria, mapcajmtjamlc kcl uli inpaji fjstrjoukjl fma pmsc ncamkuair prcpcrkjcli ul oumloiailkm mltrm ai eikjajfif fm prckmsinjmltc njmltris sm niltjmlml ais prcpjmfifmsnmkljkis fmsmioams (nfuac, tmlikjfif, mtk.).

[j ma cobmtjvc ms ai rmsjli fm ul kcpcanmrc kcnc ma TM]OF c TMOFA, sm fmom acgrir aijlkcrpcrikjl sitjseiktcrji fma kcnclnmrc. Mstc sm niljejmsti pcr ai kiltjfif fmakcnclnmrc jlkcrpcrifc (mvjfmlkjifc pcr ai fmlsjfif) y ai fjstrjoukjl fmakcnclnmrc ml ma pcanmrc (mvjfmlkjifc pcr ai fjstrjoukjl fm ai kcnpcsjkjl). Mlgmlmria, acs kitiajzifcrms fm xjfc fm krcnc scpcrtifc jlkcrpcril kcnclnmrcsns ekjanmltm qum acs kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti.

Fmom tmlmrsm uli iprcpjifi vmackjfif fm pcajnmrjzikjl, ms fmkjr, su "pmreja kjltjkc"fmom ibustirsm ia prckmsc smamkkjclifc. Acs tjpcs fm pmrejams kjltjkcs rmprmsmltitjvcs

sm numstril ml ai Ejguri 9.99.Ml acs kiptuacs sjgujmltms sm prcpcrkjclil fmtiaams ifjkjcliams scorm ai kcnpcsjkjl yma eulkjclinjmltc fm acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl.

Acs kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl scl krukjiams piri ai prcfukkjl fmpcajmtjamlc. Ml memktc, lc smri prktjkc prcfukjr vmrsjclms ajlmiams fm pcajmtjamlc sjlmstcs kitiajzifcrms. Ms fjekja jnigjlir ul nulfc sjl acs prcfuktcs maiocrifcs i pirtjrfm mstcs pcanmrcs vmrstjams ml lumstrcs `cgirms, vm`kuacs y augirms fm trioibc. Acskitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti y fm krcnc scpcrtifc smgujrl sjmlfc acs kitiajzifcrms

fcnjliltms piri ma TMOFA y ma TMIF ml ma euturc prmvjsjoam.

Ejguri 9.99 Ais vmackjfifms fm pcajnmrjzikjl kcl kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjlpumfml smr nuy fjemrmltms fmojfc i ai ikkmsjojajfif fm acs kmltrcs iktjvcs, ai prmsmlkji fmkcnpumstcs qum prcfukml mlvmlmlinjmltc, nmkiljsncs fm iktjvikjl, mtk. Ma pmreja kjltjkcfmom smr ikcncfifc pcr ais kclfjkjclms fma prckmsc (vism ma Kiptuac 7).

makj

m

a

j

mrjzkj

Vjmnpc

I > Umackjfif fm pcajnmrjzikjl jljkjia mamvifi smgujfi pcr fmsiktjvikjl

O > Iunmltc grifuia fm ai vmackjfif kjltjki8 kitiajzifcr fm airgi vjfi

K > Umackjfif kjltjki jljkjia amlti (pmrcfc fm jlfukkjl), smgujfc fm ul

kitiajzifcr fm airgi vjfi


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?? JLV_CF]KKJL IA TCAJMVJAMLC JLF][V_JIA

Vioai 9.; Trjlkjpiams kiriktmrstjkis fm acs kitiajzifcrms qum kcltjmlml nmtiams trilsjkjl piriai prcfukkjl fm pcajmtjamlc.

RjmgamrLittiFm xjfcsNmtajkcs[cpcrtifc

Fm ljkc Vjpc fm

[jtjc Iktjvc

Nmtiams fm trilsjkjlkcnlnmltm utjajzifcs2

Niycrnmltm Vj8pmqumis kiltjfifms

fm U

Niycrnmltm Kr8pmqumis

kiltjfifms fm Nc

Trjlkjpianmltm Rr yVj

[cpcrtms fmaKitiajzifcr2

NgKa?, [jC?[jC?, [jC?Ia?C;,

Ia?C;, IJTC6Tcr ac gmlmria lc

scpcrtifc

Kckitiajzifcr(ms)tpjkcs2

VMIALjlgulc piri ai9rigmlmrikjl

T`jaajps

NIC, NICN yocrilcs

Trjlkjpiams pcanmrcskcnmrkjiams prcfukjfcs2

TMOFA, TM]OF, TMIF TMIF, TMOFA TMOFA, TM]OF

_ilgcs fmpcajfjspmrsjfif tpjkcs2

6 5 0 ?4 ? ;

[jl mnoirgc, i nmfjfi qum ais tmklcacgis fm acs kitiajzifcrms fm ljkc tjpc fm sjtjc

iktjvc iakilkml ai nifurmz, mstis iunmltirl ml jnpcrtilkji y kcnc kcnpamnmltc fmacs kitiajzifcrms Rjmgamr-Litti y fm krcnc piri ai eiorjkikjl fm pcajmtjamlc. ]l rmsunmlfm ais kiriktmrstjkis fm acs fjemrmltms kitiajzifcrms fm nmtiams fm trilsjkjl sm numstriml ai Vioai 9.;.

_memrmlkjis

9. EN. NkNjaail, V`m K`ijl [trijg`tmlmrs, NikNjaail Tuoajs`jlg Kcnpily, Aclfrms (9:7:).?. FN. Hjmemr, Vcfiy's K`mnjst it Wcrh, Buljc 9::7, p =9.;. _O. [myncur y V. K`mlg, @jstcry ce Tcaycamejls, F. _mjfma Tuoajs`jlg Kc., Fcrfrmk`t, @cailfi,9:0=.6. _O. [myncur,Ifvilkms jl Tcaycamejls, Tamlun Trmss, Lumvi Zcrh, ; (9:0=).=. K. Amm ilf O. [jlg`, K`mnjkia Nirhmtjlg _mscurkms, Wmostmr, Vmxis, kcnuljkikjl pmrsclia,

Buljc, ?44:.5. NO. [njt` ilf B Nirk`, Nirk`'s Ifvilkmf Crgiljk K`mnjstry, Bc`l Wjamy & [cls, Lumvi

Zcrh, =t` mf., p 76 (?449).7. O. Ncrrjs, Jltmrlitjclia Kclemrmlkm cl Tcaycamejls, [ckjmfif Jlgmljmrcs fma Tastjkc, @custcl,

Vmxis, Emormrc ?=-?0, ?447.0. _F. Bmstmr, Jltmrlitjclia Kclemrmlkm cl Tcaycamejls, [ckjmfif Jlgmljmrcs fma Tastjkc,

@custcl, Vmxis, Emormrc ?=-?0, ?447.:. Ilcl.,ITMAKykac Camejl Kcpcaynmr Trcfukt [`mmt, Njtsuj K`mnjkias Inmrjkis, Jlk., ?447.94. NT. NkFiljma, Niluia fm Kitajsjs @mtmrcglmi, 9ri mf, 9::7, G Mrta, @. Hlczjlgmr y B.

Wmjthinp, (mfjtcrms), UK@ Umraigsgmsmaask`iet, Wmjl`mjn, Uca =, ?644.

introduccion al polietileno industrial.pdf

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