jenny mcleish: "the impact of predation on the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and brown trout (salmo...

7/28/2019 Jenny McLeish: "The Impact of Predation on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) Stoc

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B prmgcnt suppmrtck iy tec Curmpcbd Sdfmd's FD[CYYCJ FPB Qrmjrbhhc hbdbjck iy tec ^pcnfbl CS Qrmjrbhhcs Imky

[ec Fhpbnt m` Qrckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn ^blhmd

(^blhm sblbr) bdk Irmwd [rmut (^blhm truttb)

^tmnos m` tec Lmuje @mylc Nbtnehcdt

B Ifmcdcrjctfns Hmkcllfdj Bpplfnbtfmd

Gcddy HnLcfse

(Sdfvcrsfty m` Jlbsjmw)

^upcrvfsmrs

Qrm`. Nmlfd C. Bkbhs

Kr. Kmhfdfn HnNb``crtyKr. Yuckf Dbjcr


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^tbtchcdt m` Nmpyrfjet

[ec nmdtcdt m` tec FIF^ wcisftc*(fdnlukfdj, iut dmt lfhftck tm bll tcxt bdk brtwmro tecrcfd)

fs prmtcntck iy nmpyrfjet. [ec nmpyrfjet fs mwdck iy FIF^ mr fs mtecrwfsc lfncdsck `rmh b

tefrk pbrty `mr usc iy tec pbrtdcrs.

Vmu hby vfcw mr kmwdlmbk bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc `mr prfvbtc purpmscs, iut ymu brc dmtpcrhfttck, wftemut mur pcrhfssfmd, tm7

stmrc tec ^ftc, mr bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc, `mr bdy mtecr purpmsc?

prfdt nmpfcs m` tec ^ftc, mr bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc, `mr bdy mtecr purpmsc? rcprmkunc, nmpy mr trbdshft tec ^ftc, mr bdy nmdtcdt m` tec ^ftc, fd bdy wby, `mr

bdy mtecr purpmsc mr fd bdy mtecr hckfuh.

Bll mtecr rfjets wefne brc dmt spcnf`fnblly jrbdtck brc rcscrvck.

FIF^ hbocs bvbflbilc md fts sftcs hbtcrfbls jcdcrbtck `mr FIF^ iy bnbkchfn wmro bt tecSdfvcrsfty m` Jlbsjmw bdk bt Ruccd's Sdfvcrsfty Icl`bst, fdtcr blfb.

Cxtrbnts hust dmt ic qumtck wftemut cxplfnft pcrhfssfmd. Qcrhfssfmd hby ic smujet iy

usfdj tec nmdtbnt `mrh www.lmujes-bjcdny.mrj/fifs/nmdtbnt/

*^ftc - www.lmujes-bjcdny.mrj/FIF^


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!

Dmd-tcnedfnbl ^uhhbry

[EC FHQBN[ M@ QYCKB[FMD MD [EC B[LBD[FN ^BLHMD (^BLHM ^BLBY) BDK

IYMZD [YMS[ (^BLHM [YS[[B) [MNO^ M@ [EC LMSJE @MVLC NB[NEHCD[. B

IFMCDCYJC[FN^ HMKCLLFDJ BQQLFNB[FMD

Rubdtf`yfdj tec fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md `fse stmnos tm bpply bd bpprmprfbtc

hbdbjchcdt rcspmdsc

IBNOJYMSDK

[ecrc ebs iccd bd mvcrbll rckuntfmd fd tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd (^blhm sblbr) nmhhcrnfbl `fsecrfcs nbtne

wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdtsfdnc tec lbtc 2601s.Qrckbtfmd prcssurcs ebvc iccd fkcdtf`fck bs b ocy

smurnc m` pmpulbtfmd kcplctfmd fd sblhmdfk stmnos. [ec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt (Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim) fs bd

mppmrtudfstfn prckbtmr wfte tec pmtcdtfbl tm rchmvc lbrjc duhicrs m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlts bdk

irmwd trmut (^blhm truttb) kurfdj tec shmlt rud, ultfhbtcly fd`lucdnfdj tec duhicr m` fdkfvfkubls

bvbflbilc tm rcnrcbtfmdbl bdk nmhhcrnfbl `fsecrfcs. Hmkcllck rcsults ibsck md icst cstfhbtcs bdk

bvbflbilc kbtb `mr tec @mylc nbtnehcdt sujjcstck tebt nmrhmrbdts nmulk pmtcdtfblly rchmvc up tm ;5%

m` tec tmtbl duhicr m` hfjrbtfdj sblhmd shmlts. [efs vbluc hust, emwcvcr, ic put fdtm nmdtcxt bdk

nmdsfkcrck blmdjsfkc tec bnnurbny m` fdput kbtb, bs tec hmkcl usck fdnmrpmrbtcs b lbrjc duhicr m`

bssuhptfmds. [ec qubdtftbtfvc rcsults m` tefs stuky prmvfkc b tcdtbtfvc cstfhbtc m` tec fhpbnt m`

nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md sblhmdfk stmnos, bdk sujjcst prckbtfmd lcvcls kurfdj tec shmlt rud brc

sfjdf`fnbdt cdmuje tm hcrft `urtecr snfcdtf`fn fdvcstfjbtfmd. B duhicr m` rcnmhhcdkbtfmds nbd ic

hbkc tm fdnrcbsc tec vblfkfty m` tec hmkcl mutput bdk `bnflftbtc tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` c``cntfvc

hbdbjcrfbl tbntfns7


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!!

Nmrhmrbdt Qmpulbtfmd urvcy

Bd bnnurbtc cstfhbtc m` tec duhicr m` nmrhmrbdt fdkfvfkubls `mrbjfdj wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs

csscdtfbl. Pfsubl survcys brmudk tec @mylc bdk fts trfiutbrfcs semulk ic nmdkuntck. ^fhultbdcmus

nmudts m` fdkfvfkubls wftefd kf``crcdt brcbs wmulk ic hmst bnnurbtc, iut bppbrcdt mnnupfck dcst

(BMD) hcbsurchcdts wmulk blsm prmvfkc b usc`ul cstfhbtc. Lmdj-tcrh survcy kbtb wmulk blsm bllmw

tec c``fnbny m` bdy fhplchcdtck hbdbjchcdt tcnedfquc tm ic stukfck.

Nmrhmrbdt ^tmhbne Nmdtcdt Bdblysfs

[ec hmkcl fdnmrpmrbtck kbtb `rmh b 2665 stuky m` nmrhmrbdt kfct fd tec Yfvcr Iuse kurfdj tec shmlt

rud. B hmrc up-tm-kbtc stuky m` kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd kurfdj tec shmlt rud fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt

wmulk fhprmvc tec vblfkfty m` tec hmkcl. [efs wmulk rcqufrc b semrt-tcrh stuky, sbhplfdj tec stmhbne

nmdtcdts m` b `cw nmrhmrbdt fdkfvfkubls semt weflst `mrbjfdj kurfdj tec shmlt rud.

Nmrhmrbdt Ychmvbl tcnedfqucs

[ec rcsults m` mtecr stukfcs, suhhbrfsck wftefd tec rcpmrt, sujjcst tebt tec hmst c``cntfvc nmrhmrbdt

kctcrrcdt strbtcjy fdvmlvcs tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` bnmustfn bdk vfsubl snbrfdj kcvfncs. emmtfdj

fdkfvfkubls bppcbrs tm ic usclcss bdk wfll sfhply rcsult fd tec fd`lux m` mtecrs tm rcplbnc temsc semt.

Qlbnfdj vfsubl bdk bnmustfn snbrfdj kcvfncs blmdj tec ibdos m` rfvcrs usck iy shmlts kurfdj tec sfx-

wcco shmlt rud wmulk prmvfkc bd bvbflbilc hbdbjchcdt wfdkmw bdk semulk hfdfhfsc tec duhicr m`

shmlts lmst tm nmrhmrbdts. Hmvfdj tec kcvfncs bdk bltcrfdj tecfr `rcqucdny, smudk mr sebpc wmulk

fhprmvc tecfr c``cntfvcdcss.

@urtecr Qrckbtmr urvcys

^tukfcs sujjcst tebt ebrimur bdk jrcy scbls nmulk pmtcdtfbl prcy upmd sblhmd nmhplctfdj tecfr rcturdhfjrbtfmd termuje cstubrfcs. Qmpulbtfmd survcys bdk `cckfdj miscrvbtfmds fd tec @mylc cstubry wmulk

fdkfnbtc f` tefs wbs b pmtcdtfbl smurnc m` sfjdf`fnbdt rchmvbl `rmh tec pmpulbtfmd.


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!!!

BI^[YBN[

Qcrebps tec hmst kmnuhcdtck nmd`lfnt ictwccd pfsnfvmrmus ifrk prckbtfmd bdk euhbd rcsmurnc usc

prcssurcs fd Curmpc fs tebt m` tec Jrcbt Nmrhmrbdt bdk tec `fsefdj fdkustry. [ermuje kfrcnt stmno

rchmvbl iy nmdsuhptfmd bdk fdgury m` fdkfvfkubls kurfdj `mrbjfdj, nmrhmrbdts brc pcrncfvck tm ic

rcspmdsfilc `mr sfjdf`fnbdt cnmdmhfn lmsscs fdnurrck tm tec `fsefdj `lcct bdk rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlfdj

fdkustry. [ec `fsecry m` Lmuje @mylc fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk ebs sccd b krbhbtfn kcnrcbsc fd nbtne, fd

webt wcrc mdnc cxtrchcly prmkuntfvc `fsefdj jrmudks. Nmrhmrbdts wcrc sujjcstck tm ic b ocy

prckbtmr fd tefs brcb bdk plby b pbrtfnulbrly fhpmrtbdt rmlc fd stmno rchmvbl kurfdj tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd

shmlt rud. [ec fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmnos m` tec

@mylc nbtnehcdt wbs fdvcstfjbtck, usfdj b ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcllfdj bpprmbne. Nmrhmrbdts rcsfkcdt bt

tec Fdfsemwcd nmbstbl dcstfdj nmlmdy wcrc hmkcllck tm ic rcspmdsfilc `mr tec rchmvbl m` 260.65Oj m`

irmwd trmut bdk 5;.3Oj m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt kbfly. [efs cstbilfseck qubdtfty m` shmlt

nmdsuhptfmd cqubtck tm b rchmvbl m` ;5.>9% m` tec tmtbl hfjrbtfdj Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt pmpulbtfmd

m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt kurfdj tec sfx wcco shmlt hfjrbtfmd. [efs vbluc wbs nmhpbrck wfte b sfhflbr

stuky nmdkuntck fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk bdk kfsnussck fd tec nmdtcdt m` mtecr puilfseck lftcrbturc.

Hbdbjcrfbl fhplfnbtfmds brfsfdj `rmh tefs rcsult wcrc nmdsfkcrck fd vfcw m` tec nurrcdt kcnrcbsc fd

`fsecrfcs nbtne wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt.


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!#

NMD[CD[^

Qbjc

2 FD[YMKSN[FMD ............. 2

2.2 ^blhmd lf`c efstmry ............. >

2.9 [rmut lf`c efstmry ............. 3

2.> Qrckbtmr fd`lucdncs ............. 0

2.; ^cbl lf`c efstmrfcs bdk tecfr rmlc bs sblhmdfk

prckbtmrs............. :

2.3 Curmpcbd mttcr lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b

sblhmdfk prckbtmr ............. 6

2.0 Jrcbt nmrhmrbdt lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b

sblhmdfk prckbtmr............. 21

9 HB[CYFBL^ & HC[EMK^ ............. 2>

9.2 Cstfhbtcs m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd tec @mylc

nbtnehcdt............. 2>

9.9 Ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs ............. 2;

> YC^SL[^ ............. 23

; KF^NS^^FMD ............. 23

3 YC@CYCDNC^ ............. 26

0 BQQCDKFNC^ ............. 93

Lfst m` @fjurcs

2.2 Lmnbtfmd m` Lmuje @mylc fd Frclbdk bdk tec cxtcdsfvc spbwdfdj bdkrcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj jrmudk m` tec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt. ....... 9

2.9[mtbl Nmhhcrnfbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd nbtne (2639-911:) bdk rckkprmkuntfmd (2639-9111) fd tec Lmuje @mylc brcb (Lmujes Bjcdny,udpuilfseck kbtb).

....... >

9.2Lmnbtfmd m` Fdfsemwcd dcstfdj nmlmdy m` jrcbt nmrhmrbdts fd tec Dmrtem` Frclbdk, semwd iy jrccd squbrc (Dbtfmdbl Ifmkfvcrsfty Dctwmro).

....... 2>


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#

Bnodmwlckjchcdts

F wmulk lfoc tm tebdo tec CS FD[CYYCJ prmjrbhhc `mr suppmrtfdj tefs prmgcnt iy prmvfkfdj `udkfdj

tm tec Lmujes Bjcdny bdk tec ^nmttfse Ncdtrc `mr Cnmlmjy bdk tec Dbturbl Cdvfrmdhcdt (^NCDNC) bt

Jlbsjmw Sdfvcrsfty. Qrm`. Nmlfd Bkbhs m` ^NCDC bdk Kr Qbtrfno Imylbd m` tec Lmujes Bjcdny

ebvc prmvfkck b nmdsfkcrbilc bhmudt m` eclp bdk kfrcntfmd fd `mrhulbtfdj tefs rcscbrne, `mr wefne F

bh vcry jrbtc`ul. F wmulk lfoc tm bnodmwlckjc hy supcrvfsmrs, Qrm`. Nmlfd Bkbhs, Kr Kmhfdfn

HnNb``crty bdk Kr Yuckf Dbjcr m` Jlbsjmw Sdfvcrsfty, bdk tebdo tech `mr tecfr jufkbdnc bdk

suppmrt.


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$

2 FD[YMKSN[FMD

Qmpulbtfmds brc kydbhfn bdk sebpck iy imte scl`-rcjulbtfdj hcnebdfshs bdk cxtcrdbl fd`lucdncs. [ec

kclfnbtcly-iblbdnck rclbtfmdsefps tebt cxfst fd dbturc ebvc cvmlvck fd rcspmdsc tm tecsc fdtcrbntfmds

bdk plbnc nmdstrbfdts upmd b spcnfcs lf`c efstmry strbtcjy bdk survfvbl. [ecsc lfhftbtfmds nbd ic cftecr

kcdsfty-kcpcdkbdt, rclbtck spcnf`fnblly tm tec duhicr m` fdkfvfkubl m` tec sbhc spcnfcs fd b sct spbnc,

mr kcdsfty-fdkcpcdkcdt, kctcrhfdck iy bntmrs tebt wfll fd`lucdnc fdkfvfkubls fd b pmpulbtfmd

rcjbrklcss m` pmpulbtfmd sfzc. Kcdsfty-fdkcpcdkcdt `bntmrs brc jcdcrblly rbdkmh bifmtfn cvcdts sune bs

cxtrchc wcbtecr mr kfscbsc mutircbo, bdk kcpcdkbdt-kcpcdkbdt `bntmrs fdnlukc kfscbsc sprcbk, `mmk

bvbflbiflfty bdk prckbtfmd.

ûnncssùl prckbtmr-prcy fdtcrbntfmds brc sustbfdbilc. Lmdj-tcrh survfvbl m` tec prckbtmry spcnfcs

rclfcs md tec bvbflbiflfty m` prcy sune tebt tec rchmvbl m` hbss qubdtftfcs m` b prcy ftch tm

udrcnmvcrbilc lfhfts wmulk ic scl`-kbhbjfdj. Dbturbl `mmk wcis brc, emwcvcr, kydbhfn, fdvmlvfdj

hultfplc fdtcrnmddcntck spcnfcs. Qrcy-swftnefdj m`tcd mnnurs, cftecr scbsmdblly mr mppmrtudfstfnblly,

bdk bkks ùrtecr nmhplcxftfcs tm tec stuky m` dbturbl prckbtmr/prcy rclbtfmdsefps. @fclk miscrvbtfmds

brc m`tcd rcstrfntfvc fd mdly prmkunfdj b mdc-kfhcdsfmdbl, stbtfn rcprcscdtbtfmd m` b ifmdctwmro

fdvmlvfdj hultfplc lcvcls m` `mrbjfdj kydbhfns. Hmrc rclfbilc fd`mrhbtfmd nbd ic jbfdck termuje

kfrcntly bdblysfdj tec stmhbne nmdtcdt m` prckbtmry spcnfcs, iut tefs fs b efjely fdtrusfvc sbhplfdj

hctemk rcqufrfdj bnnurbtc fkcdtf`fnbtfmd m` kcnmhpmsfdj prcy ftchs. Bs sune, bltcrdbtfvc hctemks m`hmkcllfdj dbturbl prckbtmr/prcy fdtcrbntfmds brc kcsfrbilc tm jbfd fdsfjet fdtm tec `cckfdj cnmlmjy m`

snfcdtf`fnblly, cnmdmhfnblly mr nmhhcrnfbl fhpmrtbdt spcnfcs. [ec usc m` ifmcdcrjctfns ebs prmvfkck

sfjdf`fnbdt bkvbdncs fd tec hbdbjchcdt m` sune spcnfcs (c.j. rcvfcw jfvcd fd Ebdscd ct bl.266>).

[ec `fsecrfcs scntmr fs mdc sune fdkustry `mr wefne stmno hmdftmrfdj bdk hbdbjchcdt fs vftbl tm

cdsurc nmdtfduck sunncss. Dbturbl prckbtfmd c``cnts brc cxbncribtck iy fdtcdsfvc nmhhcrnfbl bdk

rcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj bntfmd bdk nbd nmdscqucdtly rckunc tec stbdkfdj stmno m` b pmpulbtfmd

sfjdf`fnbdtly, f` dmt nlmscly hmdftmrck. [ec Lmuje @mylc rcjfmd m` Frclbdk ebs iccd b sunncssùl`fsecry `mr jcdcrbtfmds bdk fs m` jrcbt cnmdmhfn fhpmrtbdnc tm tec lmnbl nmhhudfty. Qrcvfmus bddubl

nmhhcrnfbl nbtne fd tec hfk 2601s rcbneck blhmst 231,111 `fse (`fjurc 2.9) bdk tec brcb fs cxtrchcly

pmpulbr wfte rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlcrs. ^ftubtck fd tec dmrte m` tec fslbdk, tec lmuje strbkklcs tec imrkcr m`

Dmrtecrd Frclbdk bdk tec Ycpuilfn m` Frclbdk bdk mpcds kfrcntly fdtm tec Btlbdtfn Mncbd (@fjurc 2.2).

[ec strcbhs bdk rfvcrs m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt brc pmpulbr rcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj sftcs, wfte tec uppcr

rcbnecs prmvfkfdj fkcbl spbwdfdj jrmudks `mr Btlbdtfn sblhmd (^blhmsblbr) bdk irmwd trmut (^blhm

truttb). Hfjrbtmry Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk scb trmut brc blsm pcrhfttck kfrcnt bnncss tm tec rfne `cckfdj

jrmudks m` tec Btlbdtfn Mncbd, vfb tec Lmuje @mylc cstubry.


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%

@fjurc 2.27 Lmnbtfmd m` Lmuje @mylc fd Frclbdk bdk tec cxtcdsfvc spbwdfdj bdk rcnrcbtfmdbl `fsefdj

jrmudk m` tec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt.

^fdnc tec lbtc 2601s tecrc ebs iccd, mvcrbll, b krbhbtfn kcnlfdc fd tec nbtne sunncss m` tec

nmhhcrnfbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd `fsecry m` Lmuje @mylc (@fjurc 2.9). [ec efjecst rcnmrkck vbluc `mr

bddubl `fsecrfcs nbtne wbs 2;6,0>3 fd 260;, iut tec 9110 nbtne yfclkck mdly 29,2:0 `fse (Lmujes

Bjcdny, udpuilfseck kbtb). @fsecrfcs nbtne bdk tec duhicr m` rckk dcsts prcscdt fd tec uppcr

trfiutbrfcs m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt ebvc iccd nbrc`ully hmdftmrck iy tec Lmujes Bjcdny sfdnc 2639.

Bltemuje bd bnnurbtc nmudt m` stbdkfdj stmno fs dcbr fhpmssfilc tm bnefcvc, tecsc kbtb ebvc bllmwck

`mr jcdcrbl pmpulbtfmd trcdks tm ic miscrvck md b lmdj-tcrh ibsfs. B lbrjc kcnlfdc fd stbdkfdj stmno fs

nlcbrly bppbrcdt, teus prmvfkfdj tec peysfnbl cvfkcdnc dcncssbry tm prmpmsc tec semrt-tcrh ncssbtfmd

m` nmhhcrnfbl `fsefdj fd Lmuje @mylc tm bllmw tec pmpulbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd su``fnfcdt tfhc tm

rcnmvcr. [efs ibd wbs cd`mrnck fd 9121 bdk fs stfll fd-plbnc `mr tec 9129 `fsefdj scbsmd.

&'()* +',-.

&'()*

+',-.

/1-291!> ;>.29


10/32

3

@fjurc 2.97 [mtbl Nmhhcrnfbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd nbtne (2639-911:) bdk rckk prmkuntfmd (2639-9111) fd

tec Lmuje @mylc brcb (Lmujes Bjcdny, udpuilfseck kbtb).

[ec gustf`fnbtfmd `mr sune krbstfn hbdbjcrfbl fdtcrvcdtfmd fs nlcbrly cvfkcdt fd tec supplfck `fsecrfcs

kbtb. [ec kydbhfn dbturc m` tec dbturbl wmrlk kmcs, emwcvcr, sujjcst tebt bkkftfmdbl cnmlmjfnbl

fd`lucdncs hby blsm ic b``cntfdj tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd pmpulbtfmd. Dbturbl prckbtmrs prmvfkc b smurnc m`

rchmvbl `rmh tec stbdkfdj stmno bdk hby fdtcdsf`y tec c``cnts m` lmdj-tcrh `fsefdj prcssurcs. Ft fs

tecrc`mrc lmjfnbl tm cxplmrc tecsc rclbtfmdsefps ùrtecr, fd mrkcr tm tcst tefs eypmtecsfs bdk, f`

dcncssbry, sujjcst hbdbjcrfbl fhplfnbtfmds mr hfdfhfsfdj tefs smurnc m` stmno kcplctfmd.

Fd lmmofdj bt hultf-spcnfcs fdtcrbntfmds bdk emw tecsc fd turd b``cnt mdc spcnfcs fd pbrtfnulbr, ft fs

fhpcrbtfvc tm `frst lmmo bt tec ibsfn ifmlmjy bdk lf`c efstmry strbtcjfcs m` tec fdkfvfkubls fd qucstfmd.

Iy udkcrstbdkfdj tec udkcrlyfdj prmncsscs tebt krfvc bd mrjbdfsh bdk fd`lucdnc fts kbfly ùdntfmds, ft

fs pmssfilc tm jbfd fdsfjet fdtm emw nebdjfdj kydbhfns wfll fd`lucdnc mvcrbll spcnfcs sunncss. Ibsfn

ifmlmjfnbl fd`mrhbtfmd wbs jbtecrck `mr twm cnmdmhfnblly fhpmrtbdt `fse spcnfcs fd tec Lmuje @mylc

nbtnehcdt, tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk fts sblhmdfk rclbtfvc tec irmwd trmut. [ec fhpmrtbdnc m` tec

Btlbdtfn sblhmd tm nmhhcrnfbl `fsefdj ebs blrcbky iccd kfsnussck bimvc bdk tec irmwd trmut fs bpmpulbr nmhhcrnfbl bdk rcnrcbtfmdblly-`fseck spcnfcs tebt hbocs usc m` sfhflbr upstrcbh ebiftbts `mr

spbwdfdj bdk guvcdflc `cckfdj tcrrftmrfcs. [ec hbfd prckbtmry spcnfcs temujet tm ic fhpmrtbdt

nmdsuhcrs m` cbne `fse spcnfcs wcrc blsm nmdsfkcrck bdk tec fd`mrhbtfmd usck tm hmkcl tec pmtcdtfbl

fhpbnt m` prckbtfmd fd`lfntck iy mdc ocy prckbtmry spcnfcs.

2.2 ^blhmd lf`c efstmry

[ec hfjrbtmry dbturc m` tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut lf`c nynlcs bkks ùrtecr nmhplcxftfcs tmstmno hbdbjchcdt nmdsfkcrbtfmds. ^blhmd brc bdbkrmhmus bdk mdly `mudk fd `rcsewbtcr systchs

0

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50:000

60:000

70:000

$00:000

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$50:000

$60:000

$?!2-

=21>*

4'12- I.NNK


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5

kurfdj guvcdflc (`ry, pbrr bdk shmlt) mr rcprmkuntfvc bkult pebscs. [ec hbgmrfty m` tecfr lf`c fs spcdt fd

tec hbrfdc ebiftbt, wecrc `cckfdj bdk hmst jrmwte mnnur. @mr scxublly hbturc fdkfvfkubls, hfjrbtfmd

tm `rcsewbtcr spbwdfdj jrmudks fs dcncssbry. Fdkfvfkubls udkcrtbofdj tefs gmurdcy hby ebvc iccd bt

scb `mr gust mdc wfdtcr (jrflsc) mr upwbrks m` twm ycbrs. [ec kfstbdnc `rmh Btlbdtfn sblhmd `cckfdj

jrmudks m`` tec nmbst m` Jrccdlbdk mr tec @brmc Fslbdks tm dbtbl spbwdfdj rfvcrs nbd ic bdywecrc

`rmh b 21oh tm 2,111oh gmurdcy, kcpcdkfdj md tec rfvcr systch fd qucstfmd (Lunbs bdk Ibrbs 9112).

@fse nbd cdtcr tec `rcsewbtcr systch kurfdj bdy hmdte m` tec ycbr iut b hbss upstrcbh hfjrbtfmd

tmwbrks spbwdfdj brcbs mnnurs fd butuhd. B nmrrclbtfmd ebs iccd `mudk ictwccd upstrcbh

hmvchcdts bdk scvcrbl cdvfrmdhcdtbl `bntmrs, dbhcly? rfvcr `lmw, lfjet lcvcl, tchpcrbturc bdk tfkc

(Ibdos 2606). Kurfdj pcrfmks m` lmw `lmw, rfvcr cdtry fs hmstly dmnturdbl, wfte `bstcr `lmwfdj rfvcrs

prmhmtfdj kbytfhc hfjrbtfmd (Qmttcr 2655). Efjecr bfr tchpcrbturc bdk cii tfkcs blsm fdnrcbsc

upstrcbh hmvchcdt, bltemuje nmd`lfntfdj rcsults ebvc iccd puilfseck nmdncrdfdj tec fd`lucdnc m`

tfkbl pbttcrds fd kf``crcdt jcmjrbpefn rcjfmds (^hfte bdk ^hfte 2666, Crofdbrm ct bl. 2666).

Fdkfvfkubls `bst kurfdj tefs prmncss sm hust cxcrt hfdfhbl c``mrt tm prcscrvc cdcrjy stmrcs bdk cdsurc

rcprmkuntfvc sunncss.

^pbwdfdj mnnurs ictwccd butuhd bdk wfdtcr. @chblcs kfj spbwd pfts, tcrhck rckks, wftefd tec

jrbvcl suistrbtc ic`mrc lbyfdj tecfr cjjs, wefne brc tecd `crtflfsck bdk nmvcrck-mvcr. [ec cjjs ebtne-

mut weflst stfll iurfck fd tec jrbvcl bdk blcvfds icjfd tm chcrjc fd lbtc sprfdj. Mdnc bll m` tec ymlo sbn

ebs iccd nmdsuhck tecy lfvc bs `ry, wfte rclbtck fdkfvfkubls `cckfdj bdk jrmwfdj fd tec sbhc strctne

m` rfvcr wecrc tecy wcrc spbwdck (HnNmrhfno ct bl. 2665). Kurfdj tec pbrr jrmwte pebsc cbne `fse

tbocs md b kc`cdkbilc tcrrftmry, bltemuje fdkfvfkubls nbd tchpmrbrfly mnnupy mtecr brcbs scbsmdblly

(Nudgbno ct bl.2656). @fse nbd rchbfd bs pbrr `mr b duhicr m` ycbrs ic`mrc gmfdfdj tec hbss hfjrbtfmd

mut tm scb fd sprfdj. ^mhc hblc pbrr, tcrhck prcnmnfmus hblcs, hbturc cbrly bdk hmvc up mr

kmwdstrcbh tm spbwdfdj sftcs wecrc tecy pcr`mrh lbst-hfdutc `crtflfsbtfmd md lbyfdj `chblcs (Iuno

bdk Vmudjsmd, 2659). Bltemuje tecsc fdkfvfkubls ebvc dmt ebk tec icdc`ft m` hbrfdc `cckfdj tm iuflk

up cdcrjy-rfne stmrcs `mr rcprmkuntfmd, tecy ebvc iccd `mudk tm nmdsuhc sblhmd cjjs kurfdj tefspcrfmk wefne fs temujet tm rcplbnc cdcrjy lmst kurfdj jbhctmjcdcsfs bdk spbwdfdj (Nudgbno bdk

[ecrrfcd 2665). [ec lbrjcr m` tecsc hblcs bdk rchbfdfdj lbrjc pbrr tecd udkcrjm tec peysfmlmjfnbl

nebdjcs dcncssbry tm pbrtfnfpbtc fd tec sprfdj shmlt rud.

^hmltf`fnbtfmd fs b pcrfmk m` hmrpemlmjfnbl cdebdnchcdt brfsfdj `rmh nebdjcs fd pemtmpcrfmk tebt

prcpbrc sblhmd `mr scbwbrk hfjrbtfmd (HnNmrhfno ct bl.2665). Ft fdvmlvcs b wfdkmw m` fdnrcbsck

ml`bntmry scdsftfvfty bdk lcbrdfdj, kurfdj wefne cbne fdkfvfkubl fhprfdts b pcrhbdcdt scdsmry hchmry

m` sftc mkmurs spcnf`fn tm tec rfvcrs fd wefne tecy spbwdck (Gmrkbd ct bl. 911>). [ecsc cdvfrmdhcdtblnucs brc rctbfdck fd pcrfpecry scdsmry dcurmds fd mrkcr tm prmvfkc dbvfjbtfmdbl jufkbdnc kurfdj tec


12/32

). B hbss

hmvchcdt m` fdkfvfkubls tecd `mllmws, bs shmlt hfjrbtc kmwd termuje rfvcrs tm cstubrfcs bdk

cvcdtublly mut tm scb. ^blhmd wfll tecd rchbfd fd tec hbrfdc cdvfrmdhcdt, `cckfdj bdk jrmwfdj fd

lbrjc snemmls udtfl sune b tfhc bs tecy `ccl nmhpcllck tm rcspmdk tm tecfr ifmlmjfnbl nlmno bdk rcturd tm

spbwd fd tec vcry rfvcrs fd wefne tecy wcrc imrd.

2.9 [rmut lf`c efstmry

[ec ^blhm truttbtrmut spcnfcs ebs tercc kfstfdnt cnmtypcs7 tec scb trmut, tec lboc trmut bdk tec rfvcrfdc

irmwd trmut (Lunbs bdk Ibrbs 9112). Cnmtypcs nbd ic nbtcjmrfzck iy tecfr hfjrbtmry pbttcrd, wfte tec

bdbkrmhmus scb trmut hfjrbtfdj tm scb fd b sfhflbr pbttcrd tm tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd, bdk tec lboc trmut

bdk irmwd trmut mptfdj `mr b purcly `rcsewbtcr cxfstcdnc, rchbfdfdj fd tec lbrjcr `rcsewbtcr imkfcs mr

`bstcr `lmwfdj rfvcr bdk strcbhs. B shbll hfjrbtfmd tm suftbilc spbwdfdj jrmudks kmcs mnnur fd imte

tec lboc bdk irmwd trmut. [ecsc kf``crcdt hmrpemlmjfcs brc temujet tm mnnur `rmh kf``crcdt fdkfvfkubl

rcspmdscs tm cdvfrmdhcdtbl nmdkftfmds bdk rclbtck fdkfvfkubls nbd mpt `mr bltcrdbtfvc hfjrbtmry

strbtcjfcs (Lunb bdk Ibrbs 9112). Cnmtypcs nbd bll fdtcrircck, wfte kmnuhcdtck cxbhplcs m` tec cjjs

m` `chblc scb trmut icfdj `crtflfsck iy tec spcrh m` hblc rfvcrfdc trmut (Cllfmt 2656).

Cbne hmrpemlmjy `mllmws b kf``crcdt lf`c efstmry strbtcjy, wefne nbd blsm vbry ibsck md jcmjrbpefn

lmnbtfmd. Yfvcr trmut rchbfd fd tec rclbtfvcly dutrfcdt pmmr uplbdk rfvcrs wecrc hmrtblfty rbtcs brc

lmwcr iut jrmwte mnnurs hmrc slmwly, bdk wfll bnefcvfdj b hune shbllcr sfzc tebd temsc tebt hfjrbtc

tm lmujes mr mut tm scb (@bey 2656). [ecrc fs nlcbrly b pby-m`` ictwccd tec rclbtfvc sb`cty bdk

nmdsfstcdny m` `rcsewbtcr rcsfkcdnc bdk tec jrcbtcr `cckfdj mppmrtudftfcs iut efjecr hmrtblfty rbtcs

tebt nmhc wfte scbwbrk hfjrbtfmd. [ec cdcrjy iukjct m` scb, cstubry bdk lmuje hfjrbdt `fse nbd ic

`mur tfhcs jrcbtcr tebd tebt m` tec sbhc ycbr-nlbss fdkfvfkubls rchbfdfdj fd `rcsewbtcr strcbhs(@mrscte ct bl. 2666). [ecsc hfjrbtmry fdkfvfkubls blsm bllmnbtc hmrc cdcrjy tm jrmwte bdk ebvc tmtbl

hctbimlfn nmsts up tm `fvc tfhcs jrcbtcr tebd temsc m` rcsfkcdt `fse.

Butuhd hfjrbtfmd mnnurs ictwccd Mntmicr bdk Dmvchicr `mr bll ^blhm truttbbdk rfvcrfdc rcsfkcdts

wfll jbtecr wfte scb-rud bdk lmuje mr cstubrfdc fdkfvfkubls fd tec sbhc upstrcbh jrbvcl spbwdfdj

jrmudks. Fdkfvfkubls nbd trbvcl bt spcck m` up tm 3oh/dfjet fd tec cbrly stbjcs m` hfjrbtfmd, nmvcrfdj

lmdj kfstbdncs bdk slmwfdj kmwd bs wbtcr tchpcrbturcs kcnrcbsc fd tec uppcr rcbnecs m` spbwdfdj

rfvcrs (Mvfkfm ct bl.2656). @bntmrs prmhmtfdj tec rcturd tm spbwdfdj jrmudks brc sfhflbr tm temsc m`


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Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk fdnlukc nebdjcs fd wbtcr mr bfr tchpcrbturc, rfvcr `lmw nebrbntcrfstfns mr b

nmhifdbtfmd m` cdvfrmdhcdtbl `bntmrs.

@chblcs `rmh bll cnmtypcs wfll jbtecr bdk kfj rckks `mr cjj kcpmsftfmd ic`mrc spbwdfdj. Bs wfte

mtecr sblhmdfk spcnfcs, tec cjjs wfll kcvclmp bdk ebtne mut bs blcvfds wftefd tec jrbvcl icks. @ry wfll

chcrjc fd tec wbrhcr lbtc sprfdj hmdtes bdk guvcdflcs wfll hmvc kmwdstrcbh tm durscry brcbs.

Guvcdflcs udkcrjmfdj scbwbrk, cstubrfdc mr lmuje hfjrbtfmd ebvc iccd semwd tm lcbvc tefs ebiftbt

cbrlfcr tebd temsc rchbfdfdj fd rfvcrs bdk trfiutbrfcs, kcspftc icfdj m` shbllcr imky sfzc. Ft ebs iccd

sujjcstck tebt tecsc fdkfvfkubls brc cdcrjctfnblly nmdstrbfdck iy tec lfhftck `mmk rcsmurncs bvbflbilc

fd durscry brcbs bdk tecfr hmrc cdcrjctfnblly-kchbdkfdj lf`c efstmry strbtcjy rcqufrcs cbrlfcr

hmvchcdt tm rfnecr `cckfdj jrmudks (@mrscte ct bl.2666). [ec hmvchcdt m` irmwd trmut wftefd b

rfvcr systch ebs iccd `mudk tm `mllmw b kfstfdnt pbttcrd m` hfjrbtmry hmvchcdt bt kfstfdnt ocy lf`c

stbjcs ([emrpc 26:;, ^mlmhmd bdk [chplctmd 26:0). @mllmwfdj tec fdftfbl kmwdstrcbh hmvchcdt m`

bll guvcdflcs tm durscry ebiftbts `rmh ebtnefdj tm sfx hmdtes mlk, rfvcrfdc irmwd trmut wfll hmvc

`urtecr kmwdstrcbh tm `fdk b suftbilc ebiftbt `mr hbturbtfmd bdk jrmwte ictwccd tec bjcs m` 0 tm 23

hmdtes m` bjc, `cckfdj md hmllusns, wmrhs, fdscnts bdk lbrvbc. [ecy wfll tecd rchbfd fd tefs ebiftbt

tcrrftmrfblly udtfl tecy rcturd tm upstrcbh spbwdfdj jrmudks, nmdtfdufdj tm jrmw tm scxubl hbturbtfmd

bdk bltcrfdj tecfr tfhc iukjct tm suft vbrfbtfmds fd lmnbl prcy biudkbdnc (Jfrmux ct bl.9111).

2.> Qrckbtmry Fd`lucdncs

[ec lf`c efstmry strbtcjfcs m` tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut spcnfcs irfdj wfte tech tecfr mwd

survfvbl fhplfnbtfmds, bs kfsnussck bimvc. Qrckbtfmd strcsscs blsm vbry ictwccd spcnfcs bdk cnmtypc,

bs cbne cxpmscs fdkfvfkubls tm kf``crcdt prckbtmry fd`lucdncs bt kf``crcdt lmnbtfmds bdk kf``crcdt lf`c

stbjcs. Qmpulbtfmds brc hmst vuldcrbilc wecd fdkfvfkubls brc prcscdt fd lbrjc kcdsftfcs, `mr cxbhplc

kurfdj tec bddubl shmlt rud, hfjrbtfmd tm spbwdfdj jrmudks mr bt spbwdfdj tfhc. Mppmrtudfstfn

prckbtmrs ebvc cvmlvck tm tboc bkvbdtbjc m` tec prckfntbilc dbturc m` scbsmdbl `fse lf`c nynlcs bdk nbd

bltcr tecfr `mrbjfdj icebvfmur tm cxplmft tefs wfdkmw m` mppmrtudfty. Fd bkkrcssfdj tec fhpbnt m`prckbtfmd md vuldcrbilc Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmnos fd tec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt, tec

ibsfn ifmlmjy bdk `cckfdj cnmlmjy m` ocy prckbtmry spcnfcs semulk `frst ic nmdsfkcrck.

Hflls (26:2) lfsts tec jrcy scbl (Eblfnemcrus jrypus) bs tec hmst sfjdf`fnbdt prckbtmr m` sblhmd kurfdj

tecfr hbrfdc pebsc. Fd `rcsewbtcr rcsfkcdnc, tec Curmpcbd mttcr (Lutrb lutrb) bdk Bhcrfnbd hfdo

(Dcmvfsmd vfsb)brc fdkfnbtck bs fhpmrtbdt hbhhblfbd prckbtmrs, blmdjsfkc tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt

(Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim), ecrmd (Brkcb nfdcrcb), msprcy (Qbdkfmd eblfbctus) bdk scvcrbl mtecr ifrk

spcnfcs `mudk `mrbjfdj bt nmbstbl bdk fdlbdk wbtcrs. Qrckbtmry pfsnfdc spcnfcs brc blsm m` fhpmrtbdnc,bdk fdnlukc pfoc (Csmx lunfus), pcrne (Qcrnb `luvfbtflfs), ccl (Bdjufllb bdjufllb), neuii (^qublfus


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8

ncpeblus) bdk trmut (^blhm truttb). M` tecsc, prckbtfmd `rmh tec mttcr, nmrhmrbdt, msprcy bdk pfoc

wcrc lfstck bs tec hbfd smurncs m` rchmvbl `rmh irmwd trmut pmpulbtfmds. [ec jrcy scbl wbs sclcntck

`mr `urtecr stuky bs fts lbrjc sfzc bdk nmdscqucdtly efje cdcrjy kchbdks rcqufrc ft tm nmdsuhc lbrjc

qubdtftfcs m` prcy, bdk ft wbs sujjcstck tm ic b ocy prckbtmr m` tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd. [ec ebrimur scbl

(Qemnb vftulfdb) wbs blsm nemscd bs ft wbs `mudk tm utflfsc sfhflbr rcsmurncs bdk ebs bttrbntck b ncrtbfd

fd`bhy bs b rcsult m` nmdsfkcrbilc fdtcrbntfmds wfte `fsecrfcs termujemut fts rbdjc. [ec Curmpcbd mttcr

wbs fkcdtf`fck bs b spcnfcs hcrftfdj `urtecr fdvcstfjbtfmd mwfdj tm fts sujjcstck prckbtmry fhpbnt md

imte tec irmwd trmut bdk Btlbdtfn sblhmd, bs wfte tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt `mr wefne lbdk-usc nmd`lfnts

wfte `fsecrfcs ebvc blsm iccd wcll kmnuhcdtck.

2.; ^cbl lf`c efstmrfcs bdk tecfr rmlc bs sblhmdfk prckbtmrs

^cbls brc b hbrfdc spcnfcs tfck tm tec lbdk, nmhhmdly `mudk blmdj secltcrck rmnoy semrcs bdk fd sbdky

cstubrfcs. Imte ebrimur bdk jrcy scbls lfvc fd tcrrftmrfbl nmlmdfcs, tcrhck ebul-muts, tm wefne tecy

rcturd pcrfmkfnblly tm rcst, rcbr ymudj bdk pcr`mrh smnfbl bntfvftfcs (Nrmddfd ct bl.911;). [ecy brc dmt

smnfbl nrcbturcs iut jcdcrblly tmlcrbtc tec prcscdnc m` mtecrs kurfdj ocy lf`c-stbjcs. [ecsc `mllmw b

kc`fdck bddubl nynlc, wfte ebrimur scbls puppfdj fd Gudc, hbtfdj fd Guly bdk hmultfdj semrtly b`tcr,

bdk jrcy scbls puppfdj cbrlfcr fd tec ycbr, hbtfdj fd sprfdj bdk hmultfdj tercc tm `fvc hmdtes b`tcr

rcprmkunfdj (Bdkcrsmd, 2661). [ec prckfntbiflfty m` tefs bddubl nynlc `bnflftbtcs miscrvbtfmds m` scbl

icebvfmur bdk bllmws hmrc bnnurbtc hcbsurchcdt m` nmlmdy sfzc tm ic mitbfdck bt spcnf`fn lf`c stbjcs.

Imte nmhhmd bdk jrcy scbls brc prmtcntck udkcr tec Nmdscrvbtfmd m` ^cbls Bnt 26:1 bdk brc lfstck md

tec sneckulcs m` tec Icrdc Nmdvcdtfmd bdk Imdd Nmdvcdtfmd (Bdkcrsmd 2661). Bs sune, scbl ebiftbts

brc prmtcntck bdk semmtfdj fs dmt pcrhfttck kurfdj tec ircckfdj scbsmd. B lfncdsc nbd ic fssuck

mutsfkc m` tefs tfhc, emwcvcr, `mr gustf`fbilc semmtfdj `mr tec purpmscs m` eudtfdj, snfcdtf`fn rcscbrne

bdk `fsecrfcs prmtcntfmd. SO scbl pmpulbtfmds ebvc efstmrfnblly `bnck rmutfdc nullfdj bdk fdkfvfkubls

brc stfll `rcqucdtly semt brmudk `fsefdj dcts bdk `fse `brh brcbs. B 911; puilfnbtfmd iy tec Dbtfmdbl

Qbros bdk Zflklf`c ^crvfnc fd Frclbdk puilfseck cstfhbtcs `rmh tec hmst rcncdt ncdsus tbocd fd 9119bdk 911>, bdk put tec hfdfhuh pmpulbtfmd m` jrcy scbls fd tec Ycpuilfn m` Frclbdk bt bpprmxfhbtcly

2,95: bdk ebrimur scbls fd tec wemlc m` Frclbdk bt bpprmxfhbtcly ;,23> fdkfvfkubls (Nrmdfd ct bl

911;). Bs tecsc vblucs brc dmw tcd ycbrs mlk, tecy semulk ic trcbtck bs b vcry rmuje fdkfnbtfmd m`

pmpulbtfmd sfzc. [ec sbhc survcy blsm rcnmrkck tec prcscdnc m` ebrimur scbls bt ebul-mut sftcs wftefd

Lmuje @mylc bdk imte ebrimur bdk jrcy scbls brmudk tec hmute m` tec cstubry bdk dcbriy rmnoy

semrcs. Ebul-mut sftcs brc sclcntck bs brcbs prmvfkfdj mptfhuh scbl tcrrftmrfcs bdk, bltemuje tecsc nbd

nebdjc mvcr tfhc bs pmpulbtfmd strunturcs nebdjc, ft fs rcblfstfn tm cxpcnt tebt b sftc nmdsfkcrck

`bvmurbilc fd b rcncdt survcy hby stfll ic fd usc b prcscdt.


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Bs mppmrtudfstfn prckbtmrs, scbls jcdcrblly cxplmft tec efje kcdsfty m` prcy spcnfcs prcscdt fd tec

`mrbjfdj brcb. Jrcy scbls nbd nmdsuhc up tm 3oj prcy/kby bdk ebrimur scbls >.3oj/kby m` `fse, squfk,

secll`fse bdk nrustbncbds, kcpcdkfdj md prcy bvbflbiflfty (Bdkcrsmd 2661). Mvcr tec semrt tfhc tebt

sblhmdfks pbrtfnfpbtc fd tec hbss hfjrbtmry rcturd tm `rcsewbtcr spbwdfdj jrmudks, tecy brc tecrc`mrc

cxtrchcly vuldcrbilc. Nbrtcr ct bl. (9112) nmdkuntck b stuky fdtm tec prckbtfmd m` sblhmd iy ebrimur

scbls bdk jrcy scbls fd twm ^nmttfse cstubrfcs bdk `mudk tec kcdsfty m` scbls wftefd cbne cstubry

nmrrclbtck wfte tec scbsmdbl `luntubtfmds fd sblhmd bvbflbiflfty. Lbrjcr duhicrs wcrc rcnmrkck fd

wfdtcr bdk cbrly sprfdj wecd sblhmd brc odmwd tm rcturd `rmh tecfr mncbdfn `cckfdj jrmudks bdk brc

rcsfkcdt fd tecfr cstubrfdc wbtcrs. [ec stuky blsm semwck tebt scbls wcrc vfrtublly biscdt kurfdj tec

suhhcr hmdtes, wecd rcsfkcdt sblhmd stmnos wcrc lmwcr. ^nbt bdblysfs wbs nmdkuntck md sbhplcs

nmllcntck bt ebul-mut sfjets bdk semwck dm cvfkcdnc m` sblhmdfk prcy spcnfcs, yct miscrvck `cckfdj

kbtb semwck scbls tm prckmhfdbdtly prcy upmd sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut. Miscrvbtfmds m` scbl `cckfdj

semws tebt tecy m`tcd km dmt nmdsuhc sblhmd ecbks, bdk teus mtmlftes hby ic hfssfdj fd snbt sbhplcs

kcspftc sblhmd icfdj fdjcstck, prmvfkfdj b plbusfilc cxplbdbtfmd `mr tec kfsnrcpbdnfcs ictwccd tec

twm sbhplfdj hctemks. Miscrvbtfmdbl kbtb wbs usck tm jfvc b hfdfhuh cstfhbtc m` lbrjc sblhmd

nmdsuhptfmd iy rcsfkcdt scbls mvcr b hmdtely pcrfmk, wefne tec butemrs nmdnlukck tm ic bd mrkcr m`

hbjdftukc lcss tebd tec duhicr m` sblhmdfks rchmvck iy rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlcrs wftefd tec sbhc brcb.

Nmd`lfntfdj rcsults ebvc iccd puilfseck fd lftcrbturc kctbflfdj scbl kfct prc`crcdnc. Mtecr stukfcs fdtm

ebrimur scbl prckbtfmd ebvc semwd vbrfck prcy nmhpmsftfmd bdk mdly lfhftck nmdsuhptfmd m`

sblhmdfk spcnfcs (c.j. Zflsmd ct bl.9119, Qfcrnc bdk ^bdtms 911>, Obvbdbje ct bl. 9121). [efs

vbrfbdnc fs blsm cvfkcdt fd tec bvbflbilc jrcy scbl lftcrbturc (c.j. Hbttefmpmulms ct bl. 9115). Qbrsmds ct

bl. (9113) kcsnrfick b KDB-ibsck prcy fkcdtf`fnbtfmd tcnedfquc wefne yfclkck nmd`lfntfdj rcsults tm

trbkftfmdbl mtmlfte nmudtfdj hctemks bdk wbs nmdsfkcrck tm ic b hmrc bnnurbtc rcprcscdtbtfmd m` prcy

nmhpmsftfmd, kuc tm tec `rbjflfty m` mtmlfte imdcs bdk fdkfvfkubls dmt blwbys nmdsuhfdj `fse ecbks. Ft

ebs `urtecr iccd sujjcstck tebt cstfhbtcs m` tec lcdjte m` fdkfvfkubl `fse nmdsuhck nbd ic fdbnnurbtc,

kcpcdkfdj md tec kfjcstfvc nmc``fnfcdt usck fd bdblysfs (Jrcllfcr bdk Ebhhmdk 9110). [efs nbd

tecrc`mrc yfclk b `blsc vbluc `mr cstfhbtck prmpmrtfmd iy wcfjet m` spcnfcs kfct nmhpmsftfmd. ^une

bdblytfnbl kfsnrcpbdnfcs nbd ic fhpmrtbdt smurncs m` crrmr fd kfct bdblysfs bdk `mrbjfdj cnmlmjystukfcs.

Cvfkcdnc kctbflfdj efje lcvcls m` sblhmdfk nmdsuhptfmd iy jrcy mr nmhhmd scbls fs lbnofdj, bltemuje

ft fs prmibilc tebt scbl kfct vbrfcs ibsck md scbsmdblly bvbflbilc prcy spcnfcs. ^cbls hby, tecrc`mrc,

cxplmft tec semrt wfdkmw m` bvbflbiflfty wecd Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk scb trmut brc prcscdt brmudk

cstubrfdc wbtcrs fd efje kcdsftfcs kurfdj tecfr fdlbdk hfjrbtfmd tm spbwdfdj jrmudks. Bs tec kfctbry

prc`crcdnc bdk nurrcdt duhicr m` jrcy bdk ebrimur scbls utflfsfdj tefs brcb bs `mrbjfdj jrmudks fd

udodmwd, mtecr prckbtmry spcnfcs fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt semulk ic nmdsfkcrck.


16/32

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2.3 Curmpcbd mttcr lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b sblhmdfk prckbtmr

Mttcrs rcsfkc fd prckmhfdbdtly nmbstbl brcbs, lfvfdj fd bdk brmudk udkcrjrmudk emlts tebt brc

nmhhmdly `mudk blmdj tec nmbstbl strfp. ^cvcrbl fdkfvfkubls nbd utflfsc tec sbhc emlt, wefne brc

kfspcrsck blmdj tec nmbstlfdc bt up tm b oflmhctrc bpbrt (Oruuo bdk Ecwsmd 26:5). Mttcrs brc,

emwcvcr, kcpcdkbdt md tec `rcsewbtcr cdvfrmdhcdt, rcqufrfdj nmdstbdt bnncss tm b `rcsewbtcr smurnc

fd wefne tm wbse tecfr `ur `mllmwfdj hbrfdc `mrbjfdj bntfvftfcs (Lmvctt ct bl. 266:). [ecfr ebiftbt fs

lfstck udkcr pbrts FF bdk FP m` tec Ebiftbts Kfrcntfvc sm bll brcbs utflfsck iy mttcrs hust ic nbrc`ully

hbdbjck.

[ec spcnfcs ftscl` fs bd Fdtcrdbtfmdblly Fhpmrtbdt ^pcnfcs nbtcjmrfsck bs vuldcrbilc md b

wmrlkwfkc snblc udkcr FSND Yck Immo lfstfdj (2661). Mttcrs brc blsm lfstck bs b SO Ifmkfvcrsfty

Bntfmd Qlbd prfmrfty spcnfcs bdk brc nurrcdtly hbdbjck udkcr b Dmrtecrd Frclbdk ^pcnfcs Bntfmd Qlbd.

[ecrc fs nurrcdtly dm kfrcnt nmudt mr Frfse pmpulbtfmd cstfhbtc. ^ftcs ebvc iccd survcyck `mr mttcr

prcscdnc fd md-jmfdj hmdftmrfdj prmjrbhhcs sfdnc 2651 bdk, b`tcr semwfdj bd fdftfbl kcnlfdc m` 2>%

mnnupbdny fd 911;, 55.0% m` sftcs sbhplck fd 9121 semwck tec prcscdnc m` mttcrs, bd fdnrcbsc m`

9>.9% sfdnc tec 911; survcy (Qrcstmd bdk Ycfk 9122). M` tecsc sbhplck sftcs, `fvc wcrc kfrcntly md

tec ibdos m` Lmne @mylc bdk duhcrmus hmrc wcrc lmnbtck termujemut tec @mylc nbtnehcdt (Dbtfmdbl

Ifmkfvcrsfty Dctwmro).

Mttcr kfct fs `mudk tm vbry wfte scx, bjc, scbsmdbl bvbflbiflfty bdk lmnbtfmd (Nbrss 2663). Jmrhbd

(266:) `mudk tebt sblhmdfk spcnfcs kmhfdbtck tec kfct m` mttcrs lmnbtck fd tec dmrte-cbst m` ^nmtlbdk,

bs trbncs m` sblhmdfk prcy wcrc `mudk fd 55% m` bll `bcnbl sbhplcs bdblysck. [rcdks fd irmwd trmut

bdk sblhmd spcnfcs kfstrfiutfmd wcrc rc`lcntck fd mttcr kfct, wfte `mrbjfdj fdkfvfkubls nmdsuhfdj prcy

spcnfcs fd rclbtfmd tm lmnbl biudkbdnc. Zbtt (2663) `mudk b sfhflbr pbttcrd m` lmnbtfmd-kcpcdkbdt

`mrbjfdj, wfte lfttlc prcy sclcntfvfty sccd fd mttcr pmpulbtfmds rcsfkfdj fd b scb lmne md tec fslc m` Hull.

Bjbfd, fdkfvfkubls wcrc `mudk tm prfhbrfly nmdsuhc tec prcy spcnfcs prcscdt fd tec efjecst lmnbl

biudkbdnc, bltemuje iuttcr`fse bdk nmttfks wcrc `mudk tm kmhfdbtc mttcr kfct fd tefs stuky. ^cbsmdblvbrfbtfmds fd prcy nmhpmsftfmd, nmhplfhcdtfdj lmnbl biudkbdnc, ebvc blsm iccd kmnuhcdtck. Fd b

stuky bdblysfdj kfctbry prc`crcdnc m` tec mttcr pmpulbtfmd rcsfkcdt fd b ^nmttfse scb lmne, Hbsmd bdk

HbnKmdblk (2651) `mudk irmwd trmut tm nmhprfsc mdly twm pcrncdt m` tec tmtbl prcy nmdsuhck kurfdj

wfdtcr. [ecfr kbtb blsm `mudk tec lbrjc hbgmrfty m` mttcr prcy spcnfcs tm ic m` dm nmhhcrnfbl vbluc,

sujjcstfdj pmpulbtfmds fd tec Zcstcr Ymss brcb m` ^nmtlbdk wcrc dmt fd kfrcnt nmhpctftfmd wfte lmnbl

`fsecrfcs.

[ec Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt prmvfkcs bd fkcbl ebiftbt `mr mttcr pmpulbtfmds, mwfdj tm tec rbdjc m`sblfdftfcs rcsultfdj `rmh `rcsewbtcr kfsnebrjc fd tec uppcr rcbnecs bdk hbrfdc nmddcntfvfty bt tec


17/32

$0

hmute m` tec lmuje. Bltemuje bd cxbnt pmpulbtfmd nmudt ebs dmt iccd nmdkuntck, duhcrmus emlts ebvc

iccd `mudk termujemut tec @mylc nbtnehcdt bdk duhicrs fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk brc odmwd tm ic

fdnrcbsfdj. Kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd bdk prcy sclcntfmd m` tec Lmuje @mylc mttcr pmpulbtfmd fs

udkmnuhcdtck iut ft fs lmjfnbl tm bssuhc tecfr `mrbjfdj bntfvftfcs `mllmw b sfhflbr pbttcrd tm temsc m`

tec stukfcs nmdkuntck fd ^nmtlbdk. [ecfr prc`crcdnc `mr sclcntfdj lmnblly biudkbdt prcy spcnfcs

sujjcsts mttcrs tm ic mppmrtudfstfn `cckcrs tebt wfll jcdcrblly `mrbjc `mr tec hmst bnncssfilc prcy ftch.

Bs sune, ft scchs lfocly tebt Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut wmulk `cbturc ecbvfly fd mttcr kfct wecd

prcscdt fd lbrjc duhicrs lmnblly, sune bs kurfdj hfjrbtmry pcrfmks mr fd durscry, `cckfdj mr spbwdfdj

brcbs. Mwfdj tm tec prcscdt nmdscrvbtfmd stbtus m` tec Curmpcbd mttcr, pmpulbtfmds hust ic hbdbjck

wfte nbrc. [ec spcnfcs fs b``mrkck prmtcntck stbtus fd Frclbdk bs b rcsult m` tecfr lmw mvcrbll jlmibl

pmpulbtfmd, bdk rcsmurnc hbdbjchcdt strbtcjfcs b``cntfdj Lmuje @mylc pmpulbtfmd hust nmdscqucdtly

rcncfvc nbrc`ul nmdsfkcrbtfmd. Sdtfl bnnurbtc lmnbl kfctbry bdblysfs bdk pmpulbtfmd nmudts ebvc iccd

nmdkuntck, tec sfjdf`fnbdnc m` mttcr nmdsuhptfmd md lmnbl sblhmd bdk trmut stmnos nbd mdly ic

eypmtecsfsck. Bltemuje tecfr prcscdnc hby snbrc `fse hbofdj tech hmrc kf``fnult tm nbtne, mttcrs

scch udlfocly tm ebvc b sustbfdck sfjdf`fnbdt fhpbnt md bdjlfdj sunncss bdk fdvbsfvc hbdbjcrfbl

tbntfns tm prcvcdt sblhmd bdk trmut nmdsuhptfmd wmulk ic nmd`lfntfdj wfte nurrcdt nmdscrvbtfmd

c``mrts.

2.0 Jrcbt nmrhmrbdt lf`c efstmry bdk fts rmlc bs b sblhmdfk prckbtmr

[ec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt fs bd c``fnfcdt `fse prckbtmr `mudk tm utflfsc imte nmbstbl bdk fdlbdk ebiftbts,

kcpcdkfdj md scbsmdblfty. Frfse pmpulbtfmds ebvc iccd `mudk tm jcdcrblly fdebift fdlbdk `rcsewbtcr

imkfcs mvcr tec wfdtcr hmdtes ic`mrc hmvfdj tm nmbstbl dcstfdj sftcs `rmh sprfdj tm butuhd

(HbnKmdblk, 265:). Ircckfdj mnnurs bt tecsc nmbstbl nmlmdfcs bdk nlutnecs m` tercc tm `mur cjjs brc

lbfk, fdnuibtfdj `mr bimut >1 kbys (Irftfse [rust `mr Mrdftemlmjy). Jcmjrbpefnbl bdk rclbtfvcly lmnbl

kfsnrcpbdnfcs fd scbsmdbl ebiftbt sef`t brc bppbrcdt, bs Zbroc ct bl.(266;) dmtck ycbr-rmudk stbiflfty

fd tec lmnbl kcdsfty m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd tec Ibdd cstubry, Frclbdk.

[ec SO ircckfdj pmpulbtfmd ebs sccd b nmdsfkcrbilc fdnrcbsc mvcr tec lbst `mrty ycbrs? b lfocly rcsult

m` tec prmtcntfmd m` ircckfdj sftcs (bd fdkfrcnt rcsult m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd ebiftbt lfstfdj udkcr tec

ebiftbts kfrcntfvc), fhprmvck ircckfdj sunncss, fdnrcbsck `mmk supply fd fdlbdk wbtcrs (rcsultfdj `rmh

cutrmpefnbtfmd) bdk b rckuntfmd fd nmdtrml hcbsurcs (pmtcdtfblly bfkck iy tec Zflklf`c bdk Nmudtrysfkc

Bnt 2652) (Eujecs ct bl.2666). B jmvcrdhcdt stuky, cxcnutck iy tec Gmfdt Dbturc Nmdscrvbtfmd

Nmhhfttcc, rcncdtly cstfhbtck tec tmtbl SO bdk Frfse nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmd tm nmhprfsc

bpprmxfhbtcly :,211 ircckfdj pbfrs (Hftnecll ct bl. 911;). M` tefs tmtbl vbluc, ;32 bvbflbilc mnnupfck

dcsts (BMD) wcrc lmnbtck bt ^trbdj`mrk Lmuje, tec scnmdk lbrjcst ircckfdj nmlmdy fd Frclbdk, bdk 993wcrc rcnmrkck bt Fdfsemwcd, b nmlmdy sftubtck bt tec hmute m` Lmuje @mylc. Imte lmnbtfmds ebvc


18/32

$$

semwd gust mvcr b dfdc pcrncdt fdnrcbsc fd BMD sfdnc b prcvfmus survcy wbs nmdkuntck fd 2653-2655.

Lbrjcr pmpulbtfmd fdnrcbscs ebvc iccd rcpmrtck termujemut tec Irftfse Fslcs (Nbllbjebd ct bl.2665). Fd

butuhd 911;, tec lbrjc-snblc cxpbdsfmd m` SO nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmds bdk tecfr pcrncfvck tercbt tm

`fsecrfcs prmhptck tec jmvcrdhcdt tm nebdjc tecfr pmlfny `mr pmpulbtfmd hbdbjchcdt bdk fdnrcbsc tec

duhicr m` nmrhmrbdts lcjblly bllmwck tm ic semt udkcr lfncdnc (Ymicrtsmd 911;).

Sdkcrstbdkfdj tec `mrbjfdj strbtcjfcs utflfzck iy nmrhmrbdts nbd bfk tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` c``cntfvc

prckbtfmd nmdtrml strbtcjfcs. B stuky fdtm nmrhmrbdt `cckfdj icebvfmur fd Cdjlbdk bdk Zblcs,

nmdkuntck iy tec ZZ[ Zctlbdk Bkvfsmry ^crvfnc, rcnmrkck smlftbry `mrbjfdj, `mrbjfdj fd pbfrs bdk b

efje fdnfkcdnc m` `lmno-`cckfdj fd miscrvck nmlmdfcs (2666). @lmno-`cckfdj wbs nebrbntcrfsck iy

sydnermdfsck jrmup kfvfdj bdk wbs bssmnfbtck wfte efjecr kcdsftfcs m` `cckfdj ifrks. Bkult ircckfdj

ifrks bppcbr hmrc lfocly tm nmdkunt smlftbry `cckfdj, pmssfily kuc tm fhprmvck tcnedfquc bdk `mrbjfdj

c``fnfcdny sune tebt tecy kmdt rcqufrc tec bssfstbdnc m` mtecrs. Nmrhmrbdts ebvc iccd `mudk tm

mppmrtudfstfnblly `cck upmd tec efjecst kcdsfty lmnbl prcy. [efs fs rc`lcntck fd tec lftcrbturc bs kfctbry

nmhpmsftfmd stukfcs semw tec cxplmftbtfmd m` b wfkc rbdjc m` prcy smurncs (rcvfcw fd Ofriy ct bl.

2660). Zcst bdk Nbimt (26:3) fdvcstfjbtck nmrhmrbdt kfct nmhpmsftfmd termuje bdblysfdj rcjurjftbtcs

bt scvcd ircckfdj sftcs kfstrfiutck brmudk Frclbdks nmbstlfdc. Hmst sftcs semwck rcprcscdtbtfmd `rmh

`rcsewbtcr, irbnofse bdk hbrfdc `fse fd nmrhmrbdt kfct, sujjcstfdj fdkfvfkubls `mrbjck fd b rbdjc m`

ebiftbts. Mvcrbll, sblhmdfk spcnfcs bnnmudtck `mr lcss tebd 2% m` tec tmtbl prcy m` bll brcbs stukfck,

wfte wrbssc nmhprfsfdj 01% iy wcfjet. Kfsnrcpbdnfcs ictwccd stuky sftcs wcrc, emwcvcr, bppbrcdt,

wfte mdc sftc yfclkfdj 6% sblhmdfk kfctbry prc`crcdnc iy wcfjet, bdk bdmtecr mdly 9%. ^une

mppmrtudfstfn mrbjfdj hcbds tebt scbsmdbl luntubtfmds fd `fse kcdsfty wfll nmdscqucdtly b``cnt tecfr

vuldcrbiflfty tm nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd. Ocddcky bdk Jrccr (2655) lmmock bt tec kfct m` nmrhmrbdts

`mrbjfdj md b rfvcr kurfdj tec bddubl sblhmd shmlt rud iy semmtfdj fdkfvfkubls, nmllcntfdj tecfr

stmhbne nmdtcdts bdk qubdtf`yfdj tec pcrncdtbjc nmhpmsftfmd m` prcy. [ecy `mudk tebt shmlt

nmdsuhptfmd bhbssck tm blhmst >1% m` tmtbl nmrhmrbdt kfct bt bd upstrcbh sftc, tec rcst nmhprfsfdj

irmwd trmut (06.3%) bdk b sfdjulbr stfnolcibno (


19/32

$%

rcjfmd. Fd mtecr lmnbtfmds termujemut Irftbfd, dm sune rclbtfmdsefp ebs iccd `mudk. Kcspftc lbrjc rbtcs

m` `fse rchmvbl iy `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts, Nbllbjebd ct bl.(2665) `mudk lfttlc cvfkcdnc m` b rclbtfmdsefp

ictwccd fdnrcbsfdj nmrhmrbdt kcdsfty bdk rcnrcbtfmdbl bdjlfdj sunncss fd tecfr `fvc ycbr stuky

cdnmhpbssfdj ;3 kf``crcdt wbtcr imkfcs termujemut Cdjlbdk bdk Zblcs. [ec dcck `mr lmnblfsck

nmrhmrbdt `cckfdj stukfcs fs tecrc`mrc bppbrcdt.

[ec mppmrtudfstfn dbturc bdk scbsmdbl sef`t fd nmrhmrbdt prcy sclcntfmd fs b sfhflbr `mrbjfdj strbtcjy

tm temsc m` tec jrcy bdk ebrimur scbl. Nmrhmrbdts ebvc tec pmtcdtfbl tm prmkunc hmrc m` bd fhpbnt m`

sblhmdfk stmnos fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt, mwfdj tm tecfr cxplmftbtfmd m` hbrfdc, irbnofse bdk

`rcsewbtcr `mrbjfdj jrmudks. [ecy blsm ebvc tec biflfty tm hmvc up/kmwdstrcbh wfte b kcsfrbilc bdk

cdcrjctfnblly-`bvmurbilc prcy smurnc, sune bs guvcdflcs bdk shmlt, fdnrcbsfdj tec wfdkmw m`

vuldcrbiflfty `mr tecsc prcy ftchs. Nmrhmrbdts `mrbjfdj fd tec Dmrte m` Frclbdk ebvc iccd semwd tm

rchmvc irmwd trmut bdk b lbrjc pcrncdtbjc m` sblhmd shmlt kurfdj tec bddubl shmlt rud. [ec pmtcdtfbl

`mr rcjfmdbl nmd`lfnt wfte `fsecrfcs nmulk ic kchmdstrbtck iy hmkcllfdj sblhmd shmlt bdk irmwd trmut

rchmvbl fd b jfvcd brcb, bdk teus qubdtf`yfdj tec fd`lucdnc m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn

sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmno bvbflbilc tm `fsecrfcs. [ec usc m` ifmcdcrjctfns tm hmkcl tec fhpbnt m`

bvfbd prckbtfmd md nmhhcrnfblly mr ifmlmjfnblly fhpmrtbdt `fsefdj stmnos ebs iccd wcll kmnuhcdtck

(c.j. Jlbed bdk Irujjcr 2663, Hbkcdgfbd bdk Jbircy 2663, Ymiy ct bl.911>). Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)

nmdkuntck `fclkwmro, lbimrbtmry rcscbrne bdk icebvfmurbl stukfcs tm prmkunc b kctbflck ifmcdcrjctfns

hmkcl `mr wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdts, fdtcdkck bs b wflklf`c hbdbjchcdt tmml `mr tec `fsecrfcs scntmr. [efs

stuky uscs tec hmkcl iy Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>) tm fdvcstfjbtc tec pmtcdtfbl fhpbnt m` prckbtmry jrcbt

nmrhmrbdts `cckfdj md nmhhcrnfblly fhpmrtbdt Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut fd tec Lmuje @mylc

nbtnehcdt.


20/32

$3

9 HB[CYFBL^ BDK HC[EMK^

Bd cxtcdsfvc lftcrbturc scbrne wbs nbrrfck mut tm cstbilfse tec nurrcdt stbtc m` odmwlckjc m` tec rmlc

plbyck iy dbturbl prckbtmrs md tec kcplctfmd m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd bdk irmwd trmut stmnos. @mur

prckbtmry spcnfcs wcrc tecd nemscd `mr `urtecr stuky? tec jrcy scbl (Eblfnemcrus jrypus), nmhhmd

scbl (Qemnb vftulfdb), tec Curmpcbd mttcr (Lutrb lutrb) bdk tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt (Qeblbnrmnmrbx

nbrim). M` tecsc, tec jrcbt nmrhmrbdt wbs pcrncfvck tm ebvc tec efjecst lcvcl m` fhpbnt fd tec @mylc

nbtnehcdt stuky sftc bdk wbs tecrc`mrc sclcntck `mr hmrc fdtcdsfvc ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs.

9.2 Cstfhbtcs m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt

[ec 9111 Gmfdt Dbturc Nmdscrvbtfmd ^cbifrk ^urvcy lmnbtck b nmrhmrbdt ircckfdj nmlmdy bt

Fdfsemwcd (Jrfk rc`. N 053;>:) (Hftnecll ct bl.911;). Dmrtecrd Frclbdk nmrhmrbdts ebvc iccd odmwd

tm trbvcl up tm 35oh tm rcbne `mrbjfdj jrmudks (Zbroc ct bl.266;), sm tec Fdfsemwcd nmlmdy, bt b

kfstbdnc m` 3oh `rmh tec @mylc cstubry bdk >1oh `rmh tec hmute m` tec Yfvcr @mylc, fs b lfocly

smurnc m` fdnmhfdj prckbtmry nmrhmrbdts `mrbjfdj wftefd Lmuje @mylc bdk fts trfiutbrfcs (@fjurc 9.2).

[ec survcy rcnmrkck 993 bppbrcdtly mnnupfck dcsts (BMD) bt tefs sftc, sujjcstfdj b pmpulbtfmd m`

bpprmxfhbtcly ;31 nmrhmrbdts.

@fjurc 9.27 Lmnbtfmd m` Fdfsemwcd dcstfdj nmlmdy m` jrcbt nmrhmrbdts fd tec Dmrte m` Frclbdk, semwd iy

jrccd squbrc (Dbtfmdbl Ifmkfvcrsfty Dctwmro).

C9!K*'@.9 >'-'9,


21/32

$5

9.9 Ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs

[ec ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcl `mr wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdts kcsnrfick fd Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>) wbs usck bs b

tchplbtc `mr nblnulbtfdj tec kbfly `mmk fdtboc (K@F) m` ;31 nmrhmrbdts dcstfdj bt tec Fdfsemwcd

nmbstbl nmlmdy. [ec hmkcl fdnmrpmrbtck puilfseck lftcrbturc, kbtb rmh fdtcdsfvc lbimrbtmry stukfcs

bdk tec rcsults m` rbkfm-tbjjfdj icebvfmurbl `fclkwmro tm mitbfd ibsfn hctbimlfn pbrbhctcrs bdk

cstbilfse b kbfly bntfvfty iukjct `mr bd fdkfvfkubl nmrhmrbdt. B puilfseck fdtcrbntfvc prmjrbhhc wbs

prmkunck fd wefne rcjfmdblly-spcnf`fn fdput vblucs bdk mtecr odmwd pbrbhctcrs nmulk ic bltcrck tm

suft tec dccks m` b pbrtfnulbr stuky, prmkunfdj udfquc mutput vblucs rclbtfvc tm b spcnf`fn nmlmdy mr

stuky sftc.

Fd tec prcscdt stuky, tec fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md sblhmdfk pmpulbtfmds kurfdj tec sfx wcco

bddubl shmlt rud wbs hmkcllck. Kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd kbtb `rmh b 2655 stuky fd Dmrtecrd Frclbdk

fdkfnbtck tebt nmrhmrbdts wmulk hbfdtbfd b kfct m` 06.03% irmwd trmut bdk 96.55% sblhmd shmlt

kurfdj tec shmlt rud fd tefs rcjfmd (Ocddcky bdk Jrccr, 2655). ^blhmd shmlt fd tec Yfvcr @bujebd, b

lbrjc rfvcr wftefd tec @mylc Cstubry nbtnehcdt, wcrc `mudk tm wcfje 90j md bvcrbjc (Lmujes Bjcdny,

9115). [efs cqubtcs tm bpprmxfhbtcly ;.093 oG j!"m` cdcrjy bvbflbilc tm nmdsuhcrs (Gmdssmd bdk

Gmdssmd, 2655). Quilfseck vblucs `mr tec irmwd trmut sujjcst cbne fdkfvfkubl wmulk yfclk 3.69 oG j!"

m` cdcrjy. [ecsc qubdtftfcs wcrc tecrc`mrc usck tm nblnulbtc tec prmpmrtfmdbl hbss m` cbne prcy

spcnfcs fd nmrhmrbdt kfct ibsck md tec odmwd pcrncdtbjc nmhpmsftfmd, prmkunfdj b vbluc `mr tec

bvcrbjc nblmrf`fn vbluc m` `fse nmdsuhck iy nmrhmrbdts. [efs wbs tecd fdnmrpmrbtck fdtm tec hmkcl,

blmdjsfkc, sur`bnc wbtcr tchpcrbturc bdk ifrk hbss tm bllmw rcjfmdblly bpprmprfbtc rcsults (Bppcdkfx

mdc).

Bd cstfhbtc m` tec kbfly `mmk fdtboc (K@F) m` b jcdcrfn nmrhmrbdt `mrbjfdj fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt

kurfdj tec shmlt rud wbs prmkunck. [efs vbluc wbs tecd snblck-up tm rcprcscdt tec ;31 nmrhmrbdts

lmnbtck bt tec Fdfsemwcd nmbstbl nmlmdy tm prmkunc b pmpulbtfmd K@F. [ec prmpmrtfmdbl `cckfdj

kctbflck fd Ocddcky bdk Jrccr (2665) wbs bpplfck tm tefs pmpulbtfmd K@F vbluc, tm jbfd tec hbss m`shmlt bdk irmwd trmut nmdsuhck kbfly. [ec hbss vbluc wbs tecd kfvfkck iy tec puilfseck wcfjet m`

Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt bdk irmwd trmut kcsnrfick bimvc, prmkunfdj b qubdtftbtfvc hcbsurc m` shmlt

bdk trmut rchmvbl. [ec shmlt rud fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt lbsts `mr bpprmxfhbtcly sfx wccos, sm tec

duhicr m` `fse nmdsuhck iy tec pmpulbtfmd kbfly wbs tecd hultfplfck iy ;9. @fdblly, tec pmtcdtfbl

fhpbnt m` tefs lcvcl m` prckbtfmd md tec mvcrbll pmpulbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd wbs eypmtecsfsck, iy

nmhpbrfdj tefs duhicr tm tec odmwd pmpulbtfmd m` shmlt fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt. [ec tmtbl duhicr m`

shmlt hmvfdj termuje tec @mylc nbtnehcdt wbs nblnulbtck iy mitbfdfdj tec duhicr m` shmlt rcnmrkck

fd tec Yfvcr @bujebd bdk hultfplyfdj prmpmrtfmdblly iy tec pcrncdtbjc m` tmtbl rckk prmkuntfmd fd tec


22/32

$ YC^SL[^

Bd fdkfvfkubl nmrhmrbdt `cckfdj fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt kurfdj tec shmlt rud wmulk rcqufrc b

prckfntck kbfly `mmk fdtboc m` 095j. M` tefs, 25:.:6j wmulk ic bssfjdck cxnlusfvcly tm shmlt bdk

;>:.:;j kcsfjdbtck tm irmwd trmut. ;31 nmrhmrbdts wmulk tecrc`mrc nmdsuhc 5;.3Oj m` sblhmd shmlt

bdk 260.65Oj m` irmwd trmut kbfly, cqubtfdj tm >,9;0 shmlt bdk 9,260 irmwd trmut. Mvcr tec nmursc m`

b sfx wcco shmlt rud, tec prckbtmry nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmd wmulk ic rcspmdsfilc `mr rchmvfdj 2>0,>90

fdkfvfkubl shmlt bdk 69,9>9 fdkfvfkubl irmwd trmut `rmh tec wbtcrwbys m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt. [efs

lcvcl m` prckbtfmd wmulk rcsult fd tec rchmvbl m` ;5.>9% m` tec tmtbl pmpulbtfmd m` hfjrbtfdj shmlt.

; KF^NS^^FMD

[ec hmkcllck vbluc m` ;5.>9% rchmvbl m` tec tmtbl Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs

nmhpbrbilc tm tec rcsults m` mtecr stukfcs fd tec sbhc jcmjrbpefnbl rcjfmd. Ocddcky bdk Jrccr

rcpmrtck nmrhmrbdt nmdsuhptfmd m` 32- 00% wflk shmlt kurfdj tecfr 2655 stuky. [ecfr wmro fdvmlvck

tec kfrcnt hcbsurchcdt m` prcy nmdsuhptfmd iy bdblysfdj tec stmhbne nmdtcdts m` nmrhmrbdts semt

weflst bntfvcly `mrbjfdj. [ec 32% lmwcr cstfhbtc m` shmlt pmpulbtfmd rchmvbl md tec Yfvcr Iuse fscxtrchcly nlmsc tm tec hmkcllck vbluc m` ;5.>9% `mudk fd tec nurrcdt stuky. Bltemuje tec hmkcl

utflfscs tec sbhc kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd miscrvck fd prcvfmus rcscbrne, nurrcdt sftc-spcnf`fn vblucs wcrc

usck `mr tec bvcrbjc nblmrf`fn vbluc m` `fse bdk tec `fdbl duhicr m` shmlt rchmvck iy prckbtfmd wbs

nmhpbrck kfrcntly wfte b nblnulbtck vbluc m` tec shmlt pmpulbtfmd wftefd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt. [ec

sfhflbrfty fd rcsults mitbfdck fdkfnbtck tec c``fnfcdny m` tec hmkcl fd prckfntfdj dbturbl nmrhmrbdt

prckbtfmd lcvcls bdk sujjcstck nmrhmrbdts tm ic b sfjdf`fnbdt smurnc m` rchmvbl m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd

shmlt kurfdj tec scbsmdbl shmlt rud.

[ec hmkcl usck fd tec prcscdt stuky wbs kcsfjdck `mr usc wfte wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdts bdk hby dmt,

tecrc`mrc, prmvfkc b truc rcprcscdtbtfmd m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd. [ec cdcrjy iukjct bssfjdck tm

fdkfvfkubls bdk fdnmrpmrbtck fdtm tec hmkcl wmulk kf``cr wfte scbsmdbl `luntubtfmds fd cdcrjy kchbdk.

Fd pbrtfnulbr, tec shmlt rud nmfdnfkcs wfte tec bpprmbne m` nmrhmrbdt ircckfdj scbsmd bdk tec brrfvbl

m` wbrhcr sprfdj wcbtecr, wefne wmulk lfocly bltcr nmrhmrbdt icebvfmur bdk kfspcrsbl pbttcrds.

Hmkcl fdput vblucs `mr bntfvfty iukjct bdk `mrbjfdj c``fnfcdny wcrc temsc m` Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)

tbocd `rmh lbimrbtmry bdk `fclkwmro miscrvbtfmd fd Lmne Lcvcd, ^nmtlbdk. Ft wbs bssuhck tebt tecsc

vblucs wmulk dmt kf``cr sfjdf`fnbdtly `mr b pmpulbtfmd m` nmrhmrbdts fd b rcjfmd m` Frclbdk sfhflbr fd


23/32

$6

nlfhbtc bdk tmpmjrbpey, bdk tebt ifrks usck fd tefs stuky wcrc m` sfhflbr sfzc bdk hmrpemlmjy. [ec

cstfhbtck vbluc m` ;31 fdkfvfkubls `mrbjfdj fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs ibsck md kbtb nmllcntck `rmh b

ircckfdj nmlmdy fd 9111. [ec rclfbiflfty m` tefs vbluc fd rclbtfmd tm b prcscdt-kby stuky fs nmdtfdjcdt

upmd tec stbiflfty m` `cckfdj nmrhmrbdt pmpulbtfmds brmudk Frfse cstubrfcs miscrvck fd Zbroc ct bl.

(266;). [ec bnnurbny m` tec prmpmrtfmd m` shmlt rchmvck iy `cckfdj nmrhmrbdts fd rclbtfmd tm tec tmtbl

duhicr m` shmlt hfjrbtfdj termuje Lmuje @mylc fs blsm ibsck md bssuhptfmd. Nblnulbtck mvcrbll

pmpulbtfmd vblucs wcrc kmdc sm bssuhfdj cqubl prmibiflfty m` shmltfdj `rmh cbne m` tec rfvcrs wftefd

tec @mylc nbtnehcdt, bs tec vbluc `mr shmlt pmpulbtfmd wbs nblnulbtck usfdj tec prmpmrtfmd m` tmtbl

@mylc nbtnehcdt rckks prcscdt fd tec Yfvcr @bujebd, wecrc shmlt duhicr wcrc bntfvcly ncdsusck.

Ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcls cdnmhpbss hbssfvc bssuhptfmds bdk tec bnnurbny m` rcsults fs kcpcdkcdt md

rclfbilc fdput kbtb. Zecrcvcr pmssfilc fd tefs stuky, rcjfmdblly-spcnf`fn `bntmrs wcrc bpplfck bdk,

wecrc tecsc vblucs nmulk dmt ic mitbfdck, cstfhbtcs wcrc tbocd `rmh lftcrbturc puilfseck `rmh sfhflbr

stuky sftcs.

[ec hmkcllck fhpbnt m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md tec Btlbdtfn sblhmd shmlt pmpulbtfmd fd tec @mylc

nbtnehcdt fs su``fnfcdtly lbrjc tm wbrrbdt `urtecr fdvcstfjbtfmd. Fd mrkcr tm prmvfkc tec hmst bnnurbtc

cstfhbtc bnefcvbilc, tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` rcjfmdbl hmdftmrfdj bdk pmpulbtfmd stukfcs fs csscdtfbl. Bd

bnnurbtc nmudt m` fdkfvfkubl nmrhmrbdts `mrbjfdj termujemut tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs m` efje

fhpmrtbdnc. Zecrcvcr pmssfilc, stukfcs semulk nmfdnfkc wfte tec tfhfdj m` tec shmlt rud. Nmrhmrbdts

brc odmwd tm `cck mppmrtudfstfnblly md rcbkfly bvbflbilc prcy ftchs bdk b kcnlfdc fd Btlbdtfn sblhmd

mr irmwd trmut `fsefdj stmnos wftefd tec stuky brcb hby ic rc`lcntck fd nmrhmrbdt kfct. B rcvfcw m`

kfctbry nmhpmsftfmd stukfcs semwck jrcbt vbrfbtfmd fd prcy nmdsuhck fd rclbtfmd tm lmnbtfmd bdk

scbsmdblfty (Ofriy ct bl. 2660). [ec nurrcdt stuky hmkcllck rcsults ibsck md tec wmro m` Ocddcky bdk

Jrccr (2655), wefne nmdnlukck tebt nmrhmrbdts bssfjd blhmst >1% m` tecfr kfct tm shmlt kurfdj tec

shmlt rud, iut Zbroc bdk Kby (2663) `mudk lfhftck shmlt nmdsuhptfmd fd tecfr Dmrtecrd Frfse stuky

bdk sujjcstck fdkfvfkubls wcrc hmrc lfocly tm ebvc bd fhpbnt md sblhmd pbrr. [ec dcck `mr lmnbl kbtb

nmllcntfmd fs tecrc`mrc bppbrcdt.

[ec pmtcdtfbl `mr hbdbjchcdt m` `mrbjfdj Curmpcbd Mttcrs wbs kfsnmudtck bs b rcsult m` tecfr

nmdscrvbtfmd stbtus. [ec pmpulbtfmd m` tec @mylc nbtnehcdt fs sujjcstck tm ic shbll bdk tecrc`mrc

udlfocly tm ebvc b sfjdf`fnbdt fhpbnt md Btlbdtfn sblhmd mr irmwd trmut stmnos fd tefs rcjfmd.

Ifmcdcrjctfns bdblysfs m` tec fhpbnt m` tec mtecr twm ocy prckbtmrs fkcdtf`fck, jrcy bdk ebrimur scbls,

wbs kfsnmudtck kuc tm b lbno m` rcjfmdblly-spcnf fn pmpulbtfmd bdk kfct fd`mrhbtfmd. ^cbl pmpulbtfmd

kbtb `mr Frclbdk puilfseck fd Nrmdfd ct bl.(911;) prmvfkcs mdly hfdfhuh pmpulbtfmd vblucs bs stukfcs

wcrc nmdkuntck iy bcrfbl survcy bdk km dmt tboc fd tm bnnmudt fdkfvfkubls tebt wcrc fd tec wbtcr, bdk

tecrc`mrc dmt vfsfilc, bt tec tfhc m` survcy. [ec kbtb bvbflbilc fd tec stuky fs blsm tcd ycbrs mlk bdkudlfocly tm jfvc bd bnnurbtc rc`lcntfmd m` tec prcscdt pmpulbtfmd sfzc bdk kfstrfiutfmd m` fdkfvfkubls


24/32

$8

brmudk tec nmbstlfdc m` Frclbdk. B nurrcdt cstfhbtc m` tec duhicr m` fdkfvfkubl scbls utflfsfdj tec

@mylc Cstubry bs `mrbjfdj jrmudks, bdk scbsmdbl `luntubtfmds fd tefs vbluc, wmulk blsm iccd bd

fhpmrtbdt hbdbjchcdt rcsmurnc. Cdebdnck hctemks m` lmnbl prcy fkcdtf`fnbtfmd bdk prckbtfmd rbtc

(sune bs KDB bdblysfs m` prcy, peysfnbl miscrvbtfmds m` `cckfdj bdk tec usc m` bpprmprfbtc kfctbry

bdblysfs hmkcls) nmulk blsm ic utflfzck, wecrcvcr cnmdmhfnblly bdk peysfnblly pmssfilc, tm cdsurc bd

bnnurbtc cstfhbtc m` scbl prcy nmhpmsftfmd. ûne nmhifdck lmnbl kbtb wmulk bllmw `mr ùrtecr stukfcs

fdnmrpmrbtfdj ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcls spcnf`fnblly kcsfjdck tm bdblysc tec nmd`lfnt ictwccd scbl

prckbtfmd bdk `fsecrfcs, sune bs tec hmkcl prmkunck iy Iutlcr ct bl.(9110).

[ec sujjcstck scbsmdblfty m` scbl bdk nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd upmd Btlbdtfn sblhmd prmvfkcs b wfdkmw

m` mppmrtudfty `mr hbdbjcrfbl fdtcrvcdtfmd kurfdj tec shmlt rud. Nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md irmwd trmut

stmnos ebs tec pmtcdtfbl tm cxpcrfcdnc scbsmdbl sef`t, iut tefs c``cnt wmulk lfocly semw b hmrc jrbkubl

`luntubtfmd fd prcy nmdsuhptfmd, sujjcstfdj c``cntfvc semrt-tcrh hbdbjcrfbl fdtcrvcdtfmd wmulk ic

hmrc kf``fnult. [ec rmutfdc nullfdj mr snbrfdj m` bpcx prckbtmrs fs b tbntfn tebt ebs iccd trbkftfmdblly

usck fd `fsecrfcs wecrc lbrjc prckbtmrs ebvc iccd `mudk tm sfjdf`fnbdtly fdtcr`crc wfte `fse stmnos. [ec

c``fnbny m` tecsc hctemks fs vbrfbilc, wfte nmd`lfntfdj rcsults prcscdtck fd snfcdtf`fn lftcrbturc,

kcpcdkfdj md sftc-spcnf`fn nmdsfkcrbtfmds. Hctemks m` nmdtrmllfdj scbl prckbtfmd upmd fhpmrtbdt

`fsefdj stmnos rbdjc `rmh dmd-fdvbsfvc tbntfns sune bs peysfnbl ibrrfcrs, tm snbrfdj wfte bnmustfn

kctcrrcdts, nbpturc bdk rclmnbtfmd m` fdkfvfkubls mr cvcd lctebl semmtfdj (Iutlcr ct bl. 9110). M` tec

vbrfmus scbl-snbrfdj tbntfns tcstck iy Vuro bdk [rftcs (9111), bnmustfn kctcrrcdts wcrc `mudk tm ic tec

hmst c``cntfvc dmd-lctebl tbntfn chplmyck. Zfcsc ct bl. (9115) `mudk tebt tec hmst c``cntfvc nmdtrml

tbntfn tm fhprmvc sblhmdfk survfvbl `rmh ebtnefdj tm bkultemmk fdvmlvck kctcrrfdj nmrhmrbdts `rmh

`cckfdj kurfdj tec bddubl shmlt rud, iut bllmwfdj tech ibno tm `cck pmst-hfjrbtfmd. [efs mptfmd

bllmwck `mr nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md Dmrtecrd-pfoc hfddmw blsm prcscdt fd tec stuky brcb, wefne wcrc

`mudk tm blsm ic prckbtmrs m` lmnbl sblhmdfk spcnfcs. ûne b tbntfn nmulk ic b hmrc c``cntfvc

nmhprmhfsc fd nmrhmrbdt nmdtrml, iut wmulk rcly md bdjlcrs fd tec @mylc nbtnehcdt bnncptfdj tec

pmtcdtfbl kcnrcbsc fd pmpulbtfmd m` mtecr rcnrcbtfmdblly `fseck lmnbl spcnfcs. Zfjet (9119) nmdkuntck b

stuky fdtm tec pmtcdtfbl fhpbnts m` semmtfdj nmrhmrbdt bs b hctemk m` pmpulbtfmd nmdtrml tm prmtcntlmnbl `fsefdj stmnos fd Lmne Lcvcd. [ec stuky `mudk dm cvfkcdnc tm sujjcst bd fdnrcbsc fd bdjlcrs

nbtne mr nmrrclbtfmd ictwccd wfdtcrfdj nmrhmrbdt duhicrs bdk tec fhplchcdtbtfmd m` nullfdj tbntfns.

Kcspftc rmutfdc nulls icfdj wfkcly nmdsfkcrck bd c``cntfvc nmdtrml hcnebdfsh, tefs stuky sujjcsts tefs

tbntfn tm ic m` lfttlc icdc`ft tm fhprmvfdj `fsefdj stmnos mr bdjlfdj sunncss. Hbdbjchcdt mptfmds tebt

lfhft nmrhmrbdt `mrbjfdj wmulk blsm dcck tm tboc fdtm bnnmudt tec fhpmrtbdnc m` `mmk bvbflbiflfty

kurfdj ocy lf`c stbjcs bdk fhpmrtbdt pcrfmks fd tec rcprmkuntfvc nynlc. [ec pcrsfstcdt rchmvbl m` b

spcnf`fn bjc-nlbss m` fdkfvfkubls nmulk ebvc nbtbstrmpefn nmdscqucdncs `mr tec lmdj-tcrh survfvbl m` b

pmpulbtfmd, iut dmd-spcnf`fn hbdbjchcdt strbtcjfcs bpplfck tm bd cdtfrc pmpulbtfmd hby ic fdc``cntfvcbdk rckudkbdt fd tcrhs m` prckbtmry nmdtrml (Hbttefmpmulms ct bl.9115).


25/32

$7

F` sune cxtrchc nmdtrml hcbsurcs brc tm ic gustf`fck, nmdnlusfvc cvfkcdnc hust ic mitbfdck tm semw

tebt tec lcvcl m` nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd wftefd b jfvcd brcb ebs b dcjbtfvc bdk fdefiftmry fhpbnt md tec

lmdjcvfty m` lmnbl sblhmdfk stmnos. [ec prcscdt stuky sujjcsts tebt nmrhmrbdt prckbtfmd md shmlt

kurfdj tec scbsmdbl shmlt rud hby rchmvc blhmst 31% m` tec cdtfrc hfjrbtfdj pmpulbtfmd fd tec

Lmuje @mylc nbtnehcdt. @urtecr spcnf`fn rcjfmdbl stukfcs fdtm tec kfstrfiutfmd bdk kfct sclcntfvfty m`

nmrhmrbdts wmulk fhprmvc tec vblfkfty m` tecsc rcsults. Zecd tecsc pbrbhctcrs ebvc iccd cstbilfseck,

bd fd`mrhck hbdbjchcdt plbd kctbflfdj prckbtmr rchmvbl mptfmds nbd ic fhplchcdtck, bdk kfrcntck

spcnf`fnblly tmwbrks tec fdkfvfkubls ebvfdj tec lbrjcst fhpbnt md `fse stmno kcplctfmd.


26/32

$?

3 YC@CYCDNC^

Bdkcrsmd, . 2661. cbls. Zefttct Immos, Juflk`mrk.

Ibdos, G. Z. (2606). B Ycvfcw m` tec Lftcrbturc md tec Spstrcbh Hfjrbtfmd m` Bkult ^blhmdfks.

Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 2(9), 53-2>0.

Irujjcr, O. C. (266>). Kfjcstfiflfty m` [ercc @fse ^pcnfcs iy Kmuilc-Nrcstck Nmrhmrbdts. [ec

Nmdkmr, 63(2), 93->9.

Iuno, Y. G. J., & Vmudjsmd, B. @. (2659). [ec kmwdstrcbh hfjrbtfmd m` prcnmnfmusly hbturc Btlbdtfn

sblhmd , ^blhm sblbr L , pbrr fd butuhd#? fts rclbtfmd tm tec spbwdfdj hfjrbtfmd m` hbturc bkult

`fse.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 91, 9:6-955.

Iutlcr, G. Y. B., Hfkklchbs, ^. G., Jrbebh, F. H., [emhpsmd, Q. H., & Brhstrmdj, G. K. (9110).

Hmkcllfdj tec fhpbnts m` rchmvfdj scbl prckbtfmd `rmh Btlbdtfn sblhmd, ^blhm sblbr, rfvcrs fd

^nmtlbdk7 b tmml mr tbrjctfdj nmd`lfnt rcsmlutfmd.@fsecrfcs Hbdbjchcdt bdk Cnmlmjy, 2>(3),

953-962.

Nbllbjebd, K. B., Ofriy, G. ^., Icll, H. N., & G, ^. N. (2665). Nmrhmrbdt Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrimmnnupbdny bdk fhpbnt bt stfllwbtcr jbhc `fsecrfcs fd Cdjlbdk bdk Zblcs.Ifrk ^tuky, ;3, 2-2:.

Nbrtcr, [. G., Qfcrnc, J. G., Efslmp, G. Y. J., Emuschbd, G. b., & Imylc, Q. Y. (9112). Qrckbtfmd iy scbls

md sblhmdfks fd twm nmttfse cstubrfcs.@fsecrfcs Hbdbjchcdt bdk Cnmlmjy, 5(>), 91:-993.

Nrmdfd, H., Kuno, N., Nbkelb, M., Dbfrd, Y., ^trmdj, K. & M Occ``c, N. (911;). Ebrimur scbl

pmpulbtfmd bsscsshcdt fd tec Ycpuilfn m` Frclbdk7 Bujust 911>.Frfse Zflklf`c Hbdubls, Dm. 22.

Dbtfmdbl Qbros & Zflklf`c ^crvfnc, Kcpbrthcdt m` Cdvfrmdhcdt, Ecrftbjc bdk LmnblJmvcrdchcdt, Kuilfd, Frclbdk.

Nudgbo, Y. B., Nebkwfno, C. H. Q., & ^ecbrs, H. (2656). Kmwdstrcbh Hmvchcdts bdk Cstubrfdc

Ycsfkcdnc iy Btlbdtfn blhmd Qbrr (^blhm-^blbr). Nbdbkfbd Gmurdbl m` @fsecrfcs bdk Bqubtfn

^nfcdncs, ;0(6), 2;00-2;:2.

Nudgbo, Y. B., & [ecrrfcd, G. (2665). Fdtcr-stbjc survfvbl m` wflk guvcdflc Btlbdtfn sblhmd, ^blhm

sblbr L.@fsecrfcs Hbdbjchcdt bdk Cnmlmjy, 3(>), 916-99>.


27/32

%0

Cllfmtt, G. H. (2656). Zflk irmwd trmut ^blhm truttb#7 bd fhpmrtbdt dbtfmdbl bdk fdtcrdbtfmdbl rcsmurnc.

@rcsewbtcr Ifmlmjy, 92, 2-3.

Crofdbrm, G., Molbdk, @., Hmcd, O., Dfchclb, C., & Ybefblb, H. (2666). Ycturd hfjrbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn

sblhmd fd tec Yfvcr [bdb7 tec rmlc m` cdvfrmdhcdtbl `bntmrs.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 33(>), 310-

320.

@bey, C. (2656). Nmdscrvbtfmd bdk hbdbjchcdt m` irmwd trmut, ^blhm truttb , fd Frclbdk.@rcsewbtcr

Ifmlmjy, 92, 66-216.

@mrscte, [., Dbcsgc, [. @., Gmdssmd, I., & Ebrsbocr, O. (2666). Guvcdflc hfjrbtfmd fd irmwd trmut7 b

nmdscqucdnc m` cdcrjctfn stbtc.Gmurdbl m` Bdfhbl Cnmlmjy, 05(;), :5>-:6>.

Jfismd, Y. G. (265>). Zbtcr Pclmnfty bs b @bntmr fd tec Nebdjc `rmh Bjjrcssfvc tm ^nemmlfdj

Icebvfmur bdk uiscqucdt Hfjrbtfmd m` Btlbdtfn blhmd hmlt blhm-^blbr.Dbturblfstc

Nbdbkfcd Rucicn, 221(9), 2;>-2;5.

Jfrmux, @., Mvfkfm, H., Qeflfppbrt, G. N., & Ibrbs, C. (9111). Yclbtfmdsefp ictwccd tec krf`t m`

hbnrmfdvcrtcirbtcs bdk tec bntfvfty m` irmwd trmut fd b shbll strcbh.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy,

30(3), 29;5-293:.

Jlbed, G. @., & Irujjcr, O. C. (2663). [ec Fhpbnt m` Kmuilc-Nrcstck Nmrhmrbdts md tec Hfssfssfppf

Kcltb Nbt`fse Fdkustry7 B Ifmcdcrjctfns Hmkcl. Nmlmdfbl Zbtcrifrks, 25 (^pcnfbl Quilfnbtfmd 2),

205-2:3.

Jrcllfcr, O., & Ebhhmdk, Q. ^. (9113). @cckfdj Hctemk B``cnts Mtmlfte Kfjcstfmd fd Nbptfvc Jrby

^cbls7 Fhplfnbtfmds mr Kfct Nmhpmsftfmd Cstfhbtfmd.Hbrfdc Hbhhbl ^nfcdnc, 92(9), 960->10.

Jrhfllct, K., ^nehfk, K. & Nulfo, I. (2663) Cdcrjy rcqufrchcdts m` ircckfdj Jrcbt Nmrhmrbdts

Qeblbnrmnmrbx Nbrim ^fdcdsfs. Hbrfdc Cnmlmjy Qrmjrcss ^crfcs, 292, 26

Jrchfllct, K., Zrfjet, J., Lbukcr, B., Nbrss, K. D., & Zbdlcss, ^. (911>). Hmkcllfdj tec kbfly `mmk

rcqufrchcdts m` wfdtcrfdj jrcbt nmrhmrbdts7 b ifmcdcrjctfns tmml `mr wflklf`c hbdbjchcdt.

Gmurdbl m` Bpplfck Cnmlmjy, ;1(9), 9009::.


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%$

Ebdscd, H. G., Imfsnlbfr, K., Irbdkt, ^. I., Ecwctt, ^. Z., Oftnecll, G. @., Lunbs, H. N., & Dcy, G. G.

(266>). Bpplfnbtfmds m` ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcls tm `fse cnmlmjy bdk hbdbjchcdt7 wecrc km wc jm

`rmh ecrc= [rbdsbntfmds m` tec Bhcrfnbd @fsecrfcs ^mnfcty, 299(3), 2126-21>1.

Ecddchbdd, Z.Z. (265>) Cdvfrmdhcdtbl fd`lucdncs md tec cdcrjctfns bdk icebvfmur m` bdefdjbs bdk

kmuilc-nrcstck nmrhmrbdts. Qeysfmlmjfnbl Wmmlmjy, 30, 912920.

Eujecs, I., Icvbd, Y. H., Imwlcr, G. H., ^tfll, L., Nbrss, K. D., Hbrqufss, H., Ecbrd, Y. K., & Irunc,

G. E. 2666. @cckfdj icebvfmur m` `fse-cbtfdj ifrks fd Jrcbt Irftbfd. Quilfseck iy [ec

Kcpbrthcdt m` tec Cdvfrmdhcdt, [rbdspmrt bdk Ycjfmds, Lmdkmd.

Gmfdt Dbturc Nmdscrvbtfmd Nmhhfttcc bdk Ncdtrc `mr Cnmlmjy bdk Eykrmlmjy. Dbtfmdbl Ifmkfvcrsfty

Dctwmro Jbtcwby. ettp7//kbtb.did.mrj.uo. (Dmvchicr 22te, 9122)

Gmrkbd, Z. N., Kuocs, G. Q., Kcbvfllc, Y., Iru`mrk, H. Z., & Vmudjsmd, B. @. (911>). Btlbdtfn sblhmd

nebdjc tec cxprcssfmd m` mkmrbdt rcncptmr jcdcs tm lcbrd tec shcll m` emhc.Gmurdbl m` @fse

Ifmlmjy, 0>(^upplchcdt B), 9>>-9>;.

Obvbdbje, B. ^., Nrmdfd, H. B., Zbltmd, H., & Ymjbd, C. (9121). Kfct m` tec ebrimur scbl ( Qemnb

vftulfdb vftulfdb) fd tec wcst bdk smute-wcst m` Frclbdk.Gmurdbl m` tec Hbrfdc Ifmlmjfnbl

Bssmnfbtfmd m` tec Sdftck Ofdjkmh, 61(5), 2-22.

Ofriy, G. ^., Emlhcs, G. ^., & ^cllcrs, Y. H. (2660). Nmrhmrbdts Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim bs `fse

prckbtmrs7 Bd bpprbfsbl m` tecfr nmdscrvbtfmd bdk hbdbjchcdt fd Jrcbt Irftbfd.Ifmlmjfnbl

Nmdscrvbtfmd, :3(9), 262-266.

Oruuo, E., & Ecwsmd, Y. (26:5). ^pbnfdj bdk `mrbjfdj m` mttcrs (Lutru lutru) fd b hbrfdc ebiftbt.

Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy Lmdkmd, 253, 913-929.

Lmvctt, L., Oruuo, E., & Lbhifd, U. (266:). @bntmrs fd`lucdnfdj usc m` `rcsewbtcr pmmls iy mttcrs,

Lutrb lutrb, fd b hbrfdc cdvfrmdhcdt.Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 9;>(;), 593-5>2.

Lunbs, H. N. Bdk Ibrbs, C. 9112. Hfjrbtfmd m` @rcsewbtcr @fsecs. Ilbnowcll ^nfcdnc, Jrcbt Irftbfd.

Hbkcdgfbd, N. Q., & Jbircy, ^. Z. (2663). Zbtcrifrk prckbtfmd md `fse fd wcstcrd lboc Crfc7 B

ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcl bpplfnbtfmd. [ec Nmdkmr, 6:(2), 2;2-23>.


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%%

Hbttefmpmulms, G., ^hmut, ^., Zfdsefp, b. G., [emhpsmd, K., Imyk, F. L., & Ebrwmmk, G. (9115).

Jcttfdj icdcbte tec sur`bnc m` hbrfdc hbhhbl `fsecrfcs nmhpctftfmd.Hbhhbl Ycvfcw, >5(9-

>), 20:-255.

HnNmrhfno, ^. K., Ebdscd, L. Q., Rufdd, [. Q., & ^budkcrs, Y. L. (2665). Hmvchcdt, hfjrbtfmd, bdk

shmltfdj m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd (^blhm sblbr). Nbdbkfbd Gmurdbl m` @fsecrfcs bdk Bqubtfn ^nfcdncs,

33(^2), ::-69.

Hflls, Kcrco. 26:2. ^blhmd bdk [rmut7 B rcsmurnc, fts cnmlmjy, nmdscrvbtfmd bdk hbdbjchcdt. Mlfvcr

bdk Imyk, Ckfdiurje

Hftnecll, F. Q., Dcwtmd, ^. @., Ybtnlf``c, D. bdk Kudd, [.C. (Cks.). 911;.

^cbifrk Qmpulbtfmds m` Irftbfd bdk Frclbdk7 rcsults m` tec ^cbifrk 9111 ncdsus (2665-9119).

Quilfseck iy [ bdk B.K. Qmyscr, Lmdkmd.

Dfvcd, B., ^nmtt, Y. Bdk Lbwlmr, K. (udkbtck). Yfvcr @bujebd bdk trfiutbrfcs nbtnehcdt stbtus

rcpmrt 9115. Lmujes Bjcdny m` tec @mylc Nbrlfdj`mrk bdk Frfse Lfjets Nmhhfssfmd.

LB/N^Y/15/16.

Mvfkfm, H., Ibrbs, C., Jm``bux, K., Ifrtlcs, N., & Qeflfppbrt, G. N. (2665). Cdvfrmdhcdtbl

udprckfntbiflfty rulcs tec butuhd hfjrbtfmd m` irmwd trmut (^blhm truttb L.) fd tec Icljfbd

Brkcddcs.Eykrmifmlmjfb, >:2->:9(1), 90>-9:;.

Qbrsmds, O. H., Qfcrtdcy, ^. I., Hfkklchbs, ^. G., Ebhhmdk, Q. ^., & Brhstrmdj, G. K. (9113). KDB-

ibsck fkcdtf`fnbtfmd m` sblhmdfk prcy spcnfcs fd scbl `bcncs.Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 900(>), 9:3-

952.

Qcddynufno, N.G. (9112) Ifrk @lfjet Qcr`mrhbdnc. ettp7//kctrftus.fdes.ufun.cku/wcs/pcddynufno.ethl.

Qfcrnc, J. G., & ^bdtms, H. I. (911>). Kfct m` ebrimur scbls ( Qemnb vftulfdb ) fd Hull bdk ^oyc ( Fddcr

Ecirfkcs , wcstcrd ^nmtlbdk ).Gmurdbl m` tec Hbrfdc Ifmlmjfnbl Bssmnfbtfmd m` tec Sdftck

Ofdjkmh, 5>(>), 0;:-031.

Qmttcr, C. (2655). Hmvchcdts m` Btlbdtfn sblhmd, ^blhm sblbr L., fd bd cstubry fd smute-wcst Cdjlbdk.

Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, >> (^upplchcdt B), 23>-236.


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%3

Qrcstmd, ^.G. & Ycfk, D. (9122)Dmrtecrd Frclbdk Mttcr ^urvcy 9121. Ycpmrt prcpbrck iy tec

Dbturbl Ecrftbjc Ycscbrne Qbrtdcrsefp, Rucrnus, Ruccds Sdfvcrsfty Icl`bst `mr tec

Dmrtecrd Frclbdk Cdvfrmdhcdt Bjcdny. Dmrtecrd Frclbdk Cdvfrmdhcdt Bjcdny Ycscbrne bdk

Kcvclmphcdt crfcs Dm. 22/10.

Ymicrtsmd, B. (9115). Hbdbjfdj wflklf`c pmpulbtfmds wfte udncrtbfdty#7 nmrhmrbdts Qeblbnrmnmrbx

nbrim.Gmurdbl m` Bpplfck Cnmlmjy, 20:3-2059.

Ymiy, K. K., Lymds, K. C., Nrbfj, K. Q., Nmllfs, O., & Pfsscr, J. E. (911>). Rubdtf`yfdj tec c``cnt m`

prckbtmrs md cdkbdjcrck spcnfcs usfdj b ifmcdcrjctfns bpprmbne#7 Nbspfbd tcrds bdk guvcdflc

sblhmdfks fd tec Nmluhifb Yfvcr cstubry. Nbdbkfbd Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 52, 931-903.

^hfte, F. Q., & ^hfte, G. Z. (266:). [fkbl bdk kfcl tfhfdj m` rfvcr cdtry iy bkult Btlbdtfn sblhmd

rcturdfdj tm tec Bicrkccdsefrc Kcc, ^nmtlbdk.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 31(>), ;0>-;:;.

^tmrne, ^. (266:) Yuecstm``wcnescl udk Ecrzsnelbjrbtc kcs Omrhmrbds Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim fd

Biedjfjocft vmd olfhbtfsnecd Ickfdjudjcd7 Ibustcfdc cfdcr Cdcrjfciflbdz. Hbstcrs [ecsfs,

Ofcl Sdfvcrsfty.

^mlmhmd, K., & [chplctmd, Y. J. (26:0). Hmvchcdts m` irmwd trmut ^blhm truttb L. fd b neblo

strcbh.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 6, ;22-;9>.

^tcwbrt, K. N., Hfkklchbs, ^. G., Jbrkfdcr, Z. Y., Hbnoby, ^., & Brhstrmdj, G. K. (9113). Kfct bdk

prcy sclcntfmd m` nmrhmrbdts (Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim) bt Lmne Lcvcd, b hbgmr stmnock trmut `fsecry.

Gmurdbl m` Wmmlmjy, 90:(19), 262.

[emrpc, C. (26:;). [ec hmvchcdt m` irmwd trmut, ^blhm truttb (L.) fd Lmne Lcvcd, Ofdrmss, ^nmtlbdk.

Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 0(9), 23>-251.

[emrpc, G. C., & Hmrjbd, Y. F. J. (26:5). Qcrfmkfnfty fd Btlbdtfn ^blhmd ^blhm-^blbr L ^hmlt

Hfjrbtfmd.Gmurdbl m` @fse Ifmlmjy, 29(0), 3;2-3;5.

Zbroc, J. H. B., Kby, O. Y., Jrccr, G. C., & Kbvfksmd, Y. K. (266;). Nmrhmrbdt (Qeblbnrmnmrbx

nbrim L.) pmpulbtfmds bdk pbttcrds m` biudkbdnc bt ircckfdj bdk `cckfdj sftcs fd Dmrtecrd

Frclbdk, wfte pbrtfnulbr rc`crcdnc tm Lmuje Dcbje.Eykrmifmlmjfb, 9:6/951, 62-211.


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%5

Zbroc, J. H. B., & Kby, O. Y. (2663). Nebdjcs fd biudkbdnc m` nyrprfdfk bdk pcrnfk prcy b``cnt rbtc

m` prckbtfmd iy nmrhmrbdtsQeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim nbrimmd sblhmd ^blhm sblbrshmlt fd

Dmrtecrd Frclbdk.Brkcb, 5>(2), 23:-200.

Zcst, I., & Nbimt, K. (26:3). [ec `mmk m` tec nmrhmrbdt Qeblbnrmnmrbx nbrim bt smhc ircckfdj

nmlmdfcs fd Frclbdk.Qrmncckfdjs m` tec Ymybl Frfse Bnbkchy. ^cntfmd I799(>), ;13-;2>.

Zfcsc, @. O., Qbrrfse, G. O., [emhpsmd, N. Z., & Hbrbdtm, N. (9115). Cnmsystch-ibsck hbdbjchcdt

m` prckbtmr-prcy rclbtfmdsefps7 pfsnfvmrmus ifrks bdk sblhmdfks.Cnmlmjfnbl Bpplfnbtfmds, 25(>),

052-:11.

Zflsmd, ^. N., M, J. G. Q., Efjjfds, N. H., & Q, H. G. B. (9119). Kfct m` tec ebrimur scbls Qemnb

vftulfdb m` Kudkruh Iby.Gmurdbl m` tec Hbrfdc Ifmlmjfnbl Bssmnfbtfmd m` tec Sdftck Ofdjkmh.

Zrfjet, J B. (9119). Nmrhmrbdts bdk tec Lmne Lcvcd trmut `fsecry.QeK tecsfs, Sdfvcrsfty m`

Jlbsjmw, Jlbsjmw, SO.

Vuro, E., & [rftcs, B. Z. (9111). Cxpcrfhcdtbl Bttchpts tm Yckunc Qrckbtfmd iy Ebrimur ^cbls md

Mut-Hfjrbtfdj Guvcdflc ^blhmdfks. [rbdsbntfmds m` tec Bhcrfnbd @fsecrfcs ^mnfcty, 296(0),

2>01-2>00.


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0 BQQCDKFNC^

Bppcdkfx 27 Fdput pbrbhctcrs `mr tec ifmcdcrjctfns hmkcl, nblnulbtck vblucs usck fd tec stuky bdkkbtb smurnc fd`mrhbtfmd.

Qbrbhctcr Pbluc ^murnc

Imky Hbss (oj) >.9 Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)

[fhc rcstfdj bt dfjet(hfd.k-2)

635 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)

[fhc rcstfdjkbytfhc (hfd.k-2)

>>: Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)

[fhc lyfdj(hfd.k-2)

3 Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)

[fhc wfdj-sprcbkfdj (hfd)

21 Jrchfllct ct bl.(2663)

[fhc fd wbtcr(hfd.k-2)

2>1 Jrchfllct ct bl.(911>)

BssfhflbtfmdC``fnfcdny %

::.0 Irujjcr (266>)

Nblmrf`fn vbluc m`shmlt (OG j-2)

;.093Ocddcky bdk Jrccr (2655), Cllfmt (26:0), Gmdssmd bdk Gmdssmd (2655),Lmujes Bjcdny @bujebd nbtnehcdt stbtus rcpmrt

^wfh spcck (h/s) 2.>3 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)

Kfvc/pbusc rbtfm >.;0 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)

Zbtcr tchpcrbturc(kcjrccs Nclsfus)

21.3 Lmujes Bjcdny wcisftc

Kfvc kcpte (h) 3 Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)

Kfvc nmst (w) 292.5> Jrchfllct ct bl. (911>)

@lfjet nmsts (w) 939 Qcddynufno (9112)

Ycstfdj nmsts(kby? w)

99.:9 ^tmrne (266:)

Ycstfdj nmsts(dfjet? w)

26.9 ^tmrne (266:)

Zfdj sprcbkfdjnmsts (w)

91.;5 Ecddchbdd (265>)

jenny mcleish: "the impact of predation on the atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and brown trout (salmo...

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