karim amrane - effectively managing transition to lower ... · market new super-market retrofit...
TRANSCRIPT
EffectivelyManagingtheTransitiontoLowerGWPRefrigerants
KarimAmrane,Ph.D.SeniorVicePresident
Air-Conditioning,Heating,andRefrigerationInstitute
12th IEAHeatPumpConference2017May15-18,2017,Rotterdam,Netherlands
1
BigChangesAreComing
Ø HighGWPRefrigerantswillbephaseddownonaglobalscale
Ø Drivers:– MontrealProtocolAmendment– U.S.EPASNAPProgram/ClimateActionPlan– F-gasregulationsinEurope– CaliforniaHFCproposals
Ø Thegoodnews:Ourindustrywillbeprepared
2
CFCs HCFCs HFCs
high chlorine
strong ozone depletion
strong global warming
•1974 – Molina-Rowland theory
•1987 – Montreal Protocol•1990 – CAA amendments•1996 – total phase-out of CFCs
lower chlorine
lower ozone depletion
lower global warming
•2010 - phase-out ofHCFC-22 from new equipment•2020 - total phase-outof HCFC-22
no chlorine
zero ozone depletion
lower global warming
• 2014 – F-Gas Europe• 2015 – EPA SNAP• 2016 – Montreal Protocol
HFC phasedown• 2016 – CARB • 2016 – ECCC Canada
1930s-1990s 1950s-2010s 1990s +
SO2 -NH31920s
toxicflammable
RefrigerantTransition
3
EuropeanF-GasRegulations:Phase-downsteps
Year Reduction by
2015 100%(Freeze)
2016-17 93%
2018-20 63%
2021-23 45%
2024-26 31%
2027-29 24%
2030 21%
93%
63%
45%
31%
24% 21%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20152016 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030
4
F-GasRegulations- GWPlimitsØ 2020/2022 GWP2500and 150 Hermetically sealed systems
(Refrigeratorsand Freezers)Ø 2020 GWP2500 Stationary refrigeration equipmentØ 2022 GWP150and 1500 Largecommercial refrigeration systemsØ 2020 GWP150 Movable room a/cappliancesØ 2025 GWP750 Smallsplit a/csystems
11.Refrigeratorsandfreezers[…]forcommercialuse(hermeticallysealedsystems)
thatcontainHFCswithGWPof2500ormore 1January2020
thatcontainHFCswithGWPof150ormore 1January2022
11a.Stationaryrefrigerationequipment,thatcontains,orthatreliesuponforitsfunctioningHFCswithGWPof 2500ormoreexceptequipmentintendedforapplicationdesignedtocoolproductstotemperaturesbelow-50°C
1January2020
11b.Multipackcentralisedrefrigerationsystemsforcommercialusewithacapacityof40kWormorethatcontain,orthatrelyuponfortheirfunctioning,fluorinatedgreenhousegaseswithGWPof150ormore,exceptintheprimaryrefrigerantcircuitofcascadesystemswherefluorinatedgreenhousegaseswithaGWPoflessthan1500maybeused
1January2022
12. Movableroomair-conditioningappliances(hermeticallysealedequipmentwhichismovablebetweenroomsbytheenduser)thatcontainHFCswithGWPof150ormore
1January2020
12a.Singlesplitair-conditioningsystemscontaininglessthan3kgoffluorinatedgreenhousegases,thatcontain,orthatrelyuponfortheirfunctioning,fluorinatedgreenhousegaseswithGWPof750ormore
1 January2025
5
U.S.RegulatoryActivitiesonHFCs– EPASNAPØ PresidentObama’sClimateActionPlan
– EPAtouseSNAPprogramtoencourageuseofclimatefriendlyalternatives
Ø Severalrulesfinalizedin2015and2016Ø Newrefrigerantswereaddedas“acceptable”substitutes
– Highlyflammablerefrigerants(i.e.propane)subjecttouseconditions
Ø ListingstatusofseveralhighGWPrefrigerantswaschangedto“unacceptable”
6
EPASNAP2015FinalRule– CommercialRefrigerationPhase-OutCandidatesandDates
• RefertoTables4,5and6ofFinalRuleforcompletedetails• Source:RajanRajendranEmerson
Phase-OutRefrigerant
Super-marketNew
Super-marketRetrofit
RemoteCond.UnitNew
RemoteCond.Unit
Retrofit
Stand-Alone
MT<2,200BTU/hr. andnotcontainflooded
evap.New
MT≥2,200BTU/hr.withorwithoutfloodedevap.
New
LTNew
LTandMTRetrofit
R-404A/507A Jan1,2017
July20,2016
Jan1,2018
July20,2016 Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 Jan1,
2020July20,2016
R-410A OK - OK - Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 Jan1,2020 -
R-407A/C/F OK OK OK OK Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 Jan1,2020 OK
HFC-134a OK OK OK OK Jan1,2019 Jan1,2020 OK OK
Reference:FederalRegister/Vol.80,No.138/Monday,July20,2015/RulesandRegulations,42870-42959 7
EPAHFCRestrictions– September2016
PhaseoutRefrigerant
Chillers(new) ColdStorageWarehouse(new)
RetailFoodRefrigeration –
FoodProcessing&Dispensing(new)
R-134a Jan1,2024 OK OKR-404A Jan1,2024 Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021
R-407A&B - Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021R-407C Jan1,2024 - Jan1,2021R-410A Jan1,2024 Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021R-507A Jan1,2024 Jan1,2023 Jan1,2021
RegulatoryOutlook- CaliforniaShort-LivedClimateReductionStrategyØ ProposedtoreduceHFCemissionsby40%by2030
– FirstpublishedinApril2016– ApprovedinMarch2017
Ø Strategy:– Includesincentiveprogramstodefraycostoflow-GWPtechnologies– Stressesimportanceofenergyefficiencyforlow-GWPrefrigerants– ProposesbanonsaleofhighGWPrefrigerants≥2,500and
Ø California-specificHFCphasedownnotnecessaryØ Regulationexpectedtostartinlate2017/early2018
StationaryRefrigerationorStationaryAir-ConditioningSector
RefrigerantsProhibitedinNewEquipmentwitha100-yearGWPValue:
ProposedStartDate
Non-residentialrefrigeration 150orgreater CARB tofurtherevaluateAir-conditioning(non-residentialandresidential)
750orgreater CARB tofurtherevaluate
MontrealProtocolDevelopments
Ø AgreementonHFCphasedownreachedinKigali,Rwanda– Reducesgreenhousegasemissionsby70Gigatons CO2eby2050– SeparatebaselinesandreductionschedulesforA2andA5countries– Willbeguidedbyatechnologyandeconomicreviewprocessevery5years– Providesfinancialassistancetodevelopingcountries– Willgointoeffectin2019– NeedsratificationbyU.S.Congress
PhaseDownScheduleA5Group1 A5Group2 A2
Baseline 2020-2022 2024-2026 2011-2013Formula AverageHFC
consumptionAverageHFCconsumption
AverageHFCconsumption
HCFC 65%baseline 65%baseline 15%baseline*Freeze 2024 2028 -1ststep 2029– 10% 2032– 10% 2019– 10%2ndstep 2035– 30% 2037– 20% 2024– 40%3rdstep 2040– 50% 2042– 30% 2029– 70%4thstep 2034– 80%Plateau 2045– 80% 2047– 85% 2036– 85%
*ForBelarus,RussianFederation,Kazakhstan,Tajikistan,Uzbekistan25%HCFCcomponentofbaselineanddifferentinitial
twosteps(1)5%reductionin2020and(2)35%reductionin2025
Notes:
1. Group1:Article5partiesnotpartofGroup22. Group2:GCC,India,Iran,Iraq,Pakistan3. Technologyreviewin2022andevery5years4. Technologyreview4-5yearsbefore2028toconsiderthecompliancedeferralof2yearsfromthefreezeof2028of
Article5Group2toaddressgrowthinrelevantsectorsabovecertainthreshold.
Low-GWPAREP
Ø Cooperativeresearch&testingprogramtoidentifysuitablealternativestohighGWPrefrigerants
Ø EvaluationofcandidatesstronglydesiredbyOEMsØ TheprogramisNOTtoprioritizerefrigerants,rathertestandpresentobjectiveresultsina
consistentmannerØ PhaseIwascompletedattheendof2013.
– 38refrigerantswereevaluatedinPhaseI– AHRIpublished40testreports
Ø PhaseIIstartedin2014,testingconcludedinDec.2015– 17newrefrigerants,highambienttesting– 34additionalreportswerepublished
Ø FinalreportsavailabletothepublicØ http://www.ahrinet.org/site/514/Resources/Research/AHRI-Low-GWP-Alternative-Refrigerants-
Evaluation
Low-GWPAREP
Ø ViablelowGWPalternativesexist
Ø Manypromisingrefrigerantsareclassified2LunderASHRAE34(mildlyflammable)
Ø ASHRAE15doesnotcurrentlydifferentiatebetween2and2Lrefrigerants
Ø IEC60335-2-40doesnotcurrentlyhaverequirementsfor2Lrefrigerants
RefrigerantSafetyClassification
A2Lsafetygroupclassificationusedbyseveralrefrigerantdesignationstandards:Ø ASHRAEStandard34Ø ISO817
from:ASHRAEStandard34-2010
IndustryisMovingForward
Ø OEMsstartingtoselectalternatives– Commercialrefrigeration:HCs,CO2,Cascadesystems– Chillers:HFO1233zd(E),HFO-1234ze(E)– Unitary:R32,R-452B(DR55)
Ø OEMsaredevelopingcomponentsandequipment
Ø However,regulatoryandsafetybarriersmustbeadaptedtoallowthesafeuseofequipmentusing2Land3refrigerants
ASHRAEStandard15RecentActivities
Ø Proposedrequirementsonequipmentusing2Lrefrigerants– Addendumd
• Addresses“high-probabilitysystems”inapplicationsforhumancomfort
• 2nd PublicReviewcompleted– Addendumh
• Addressesmachineryroomapplications• 1st PublicReviewcompleted
– Moreaddendaareexpectedlater• Willaddressapplicationsfor“industrialoccupanciesandrefrigeratedrooms”
Ø Re-write– ChangeindocumentstructureandorganizationØ Completionexpectedearlyin2018
ASHRAE15.2:SafetyStandardforAirconditioningandHeatPumpSystemsinResidentialApplications
Ø Proposedequipmentcoverage:– splitsystemAC&HPsandsinglepackageAC&HPs– wholehousedehumidifiers,wholehouse
dehumidifiers/ventilators,and– permanentlyconnectedheatpumpwaterheaters
Ø AdvisoryPublicationReview(APR)- June2017Ø PlanTwoPublicationPublicReviews(PPR)in2017Ø Standardtobeapprovedinearly2018
StateofStandardsandCodes– GlobalView
Ø IncreasingchargelimitsforflammablesisglobaltrendØ Expectsafetystandardsin2017/2018;codesfollowstandards
RefrigerantClassification Usage Restriction Application
ASHRAE34Refrigerant Designation & Safety ClassificationUL2182
ASHRAE15Safety Standards for Refrigeration Systems2015-2018
UL1995Heating and CoolingEquipment 2014-2015
UL471CommercialRefrigerators and Freezers 2015-2019
UL621Ice Cream Makers2015-2019
UL60335-2-40Heating and Cooling Equipment -2017
UL60335-2-89Commercial Refrigeration -2018
RefrigerantClassification Usage Restriction Application
ISO817Refrigerant Designation & Safety Classification (2013-2014)
ISO5149Safety and Environmental Requirements, Phase 1Phase 2 2014-2015
IEC60335-2-40Heating and Cooling equipment2015-2017
IEC60335-2-89Commercial Refrigeration2015-2019
IEC60335-2-24Refrigerating appliancesIce and Ice Cream Makers2015-2019
UnitedStates
Internationa
l
complete underrevision
Source:RajanRajendran- Emerson
CodeAdoptionProcessofNewRefrigerantsØ Codeadoptionprocessisslow
– Propersafetyclassification(ASHRAE34)– EPASNAPapproval– Meetrelevantsafetystandards– Meetrelevantbuildingcodes
ASHRAEStandard34DesignationandSafety
Classification
EPASNAPApprovalSignificantNew
AlternativesPolicyProgram
SafetyStandards• RefrigerationSystems:
ASHRAEStandard15• Equipment:relevant
UL/EN/ISOStandards
ModelBuildingCodes
StateandLocalCodes
Incompliancewith Adoptedby
SafetyCodesmustbemodifiedtoeaserestrictionsonuseof2Land3refrigerants
2016 2018 2021 2022+
AHRIFlammableRefrigerantsSubcommittee(FRS)
Ø Surveyedrelevantcodesandstandardscommitteesandorganizationson:– Themainknowledgegapsfortheuseofflammablerefrigerants– Anystandingissuesandgapsthatrequireadditionalresearch– Currentandpastresearchactivitiesonflammablerefrigerants
Ø SevenhighpriorityprojectsandonelongtermprojectwereidentifiedØ Objective:
– Producepubliclyavailabletechnicalresultstosupportcodeandstandardactivitiesrelatedtotheuseofflammablerefrigerants
– Ensureatimelyupdateofrelevantsafetystandardsandbuildingcodes
Responsibilityforhighpriorityprojects
Ø AHRIConducting($1.0million)– (CARB$0.3million):– AHRTI-9007:BenchmarkingRiskbyRealLifeLeaksandIgnitionsTesting– AHRTI-9008:InvestigationofHotsurfaceIgnitionTemperature(HSIT)forA2L
Refrigerants– AHRTI-9009:LeakDetectionofA2LRefrigerantsinHVACREquipment
Ø ASHRAEconducting($1.2million):– ASHRAE-1806:FlammableRefrigerantsPost-IgnitionSimulationandRisk
AssessmentUpdate– ASHRAE-1807:GuidelinesforFlammableRefrigerantHandling,Transporting,
StoringandEquipmentServicing,InstallationandDismantling– ASHRAE-1808:ServicingandInstallingEquipmentusingFlammableRefrigerants:
AssessmentofField-madeMechanicalJointsØ DOEfunding($3.0million):
– ORNL:InvestigatetheproperbasisforsettingchargelimitsofA2L,A2,andA3forvarioustypesofproducts
– NIST:Modelingtoolsforlow-GWPrefrigerantblendsflammability
FutureWorkonFlammableRefrigerants
Ø A3Refrigerants- $0.3MillionfundingfromCARBØ Characterizerefrigerantleakscenarioswithactualequipmentin“on”and“off”
statesØ Realworldignitionsources
– Ignitionenergy– Quantity– Spatiallocationthroughouttheroom– Activationfrequency
EducationandTraining
Ø Educationandtrainingiscriticallyimportant– Mostlower-GWPalternativesareeitherflammableormildly
flammableØ Thereareseriouspotentialsafetyandefficiencyissueswithimproperinstallation
andmaintenanceØ ThewholepurposeofphasingdownHFCsisenvironmentalprotectionØ But,inadditiontodirectemissionoftherefrigerants,improperinstallationand
lackofmaintenancecanresultina
30percentlossofefficiency
EducationandTraining
Ø GlobalRefrigerantManagementInitiative– LaunchedinSeptember2014byAHRI,theAlliancefor
ResponsibleAtmosphericPolicy,andABRAVA(Brazil)– Promotesrecycling,recovery,reclaimingandendoflifedestruction
ofrefrigerantsØ ParticipationbyTradeassociationsinAustralia,Canada,
China,Colombia,theEU,Japan,Mexico,andKoreaØ UNEP-AHRIRefrigerantDriver’sLicense
– Aimstoensuresafemanagementofrefrigerants,especiallyinArticle5nations
– Createsaglobalnetworktosupportsafehandling– Developbestpractices– Developtrainingandcertificationfortechniciansonpropermanagement,servicing,andend-of-
lifepractices
Thankyouforyourattention!